Business-to-Business Data Sharing for Artificial Intelligence Development

Dr. Marta Duque Lizarralde

doi:10.5771/9783748955375

Summary

The EU is already falling behind in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) race. Greater data availability is needed to train Machine learning (ML) models. Nonetheless, collecting data and making it available can be costly. Data holders are, therefore, reluctant to share without incentives. Some companies are already sharing data, and this trend is expected to increase. Still, these companies share only a small proportion of the data they hold. Data is not being used to its full potential, and there are legal, administrative and technological barriers to business-to-business (B2B) data sharing. This book analyses whether the current EU legal framework can be leveraged to address these barriers and promote B2B data sharing for AI development.

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2025
Publication date: 20.10.2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1999-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-5537-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Schriften zum Daten-, Informations- und Medienrecht
Volume: 82
Language: English
Pages: 404
Product type: Book Titles

1. Acknowledgements No access
2. List of abbreviations No access
1. A. Landscape No access
2. 1. I. What is artificial intelligence No access
  2. 1. 1. Machine learning models development No access
    2. 2. Training method No access
    3. 3. Deep learning No access
  3. 1. 1. Data lifecycle No access
    2. 2. Model-centric v. data-centric approach No access
3. 1. I. Definition of data No access
  2. II. Economic characteristics of data No access
  3. 1. 1. Personal and non-personal data No access
    2. 2. Data by structure and organisation No access
    3. 3. Data by origin No access
4. D. Players and business models No access
5. 1. I. Legal barriers No access
  2. II. Administrative/organisational barriers No access
  3. III. Technical barriers No access
6. F. Current European legal framework for business-to-business data sharing No access
7. G. Scope of this thesis No access
1. 1. I. Protected works and conferred rights No access
  2. 1. 1. Collection No access
    2. 2. Pre-processing No access
    3. 3. Processing and obtaining the trained model No access
    4. 4. Production of outputs and litigation surrounding generative artificial intelligence No access
    5. 5. Moral rights No access
    6. 6. Respect for the idea-expression dichotomy No access
  3. 1. 1. Temporary copies No access
    2. 2. Text and data mining No access
  4. IV. Evaluation of copyright protection and possible ways forward No access
2. 1. I. Notion of database No access
  2. 1. 1. Protected works and conferred rights No access
    2. 2. Rightholder No access
    3. 3. Infringement No access
    4. 1. a) Normal use of the database No access
      2. b) Text and data mining No access
  3. 1. 1. Requirements for protection No access
    2. 2. Exclusive rights No access
    3. 3. Database maker No access
    4. 4. Time of protection No access
    5. 5. Infringement No access
    6. 1. a) Insubstantial parts of the database No access
      2. b) Text and data mining No access
    7. 7. Evaluation of the sui generis database right No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Unfair imitation No access
    2. 2. Umbrella Clause No access
  2. II. Prohibited practices related to data under unfair competition in other Member States No access
  3. III. Evaluation of unfair competition protection No access
4. 1. 1. 1. Secrecy No access
    2. 2. Commercial value because of the secrecy No access
    3. 3. Reasonable measures taken to preserve the secrecy No access
  2. II. Conferred rights and infringement No access
  3. III. Lawful acquisition, use, and disclosure of trade secrets No access
  4. IV. Trade secret holder No access
  5. V. Evaluation of trade secret protection No access
5. 1. I. Freely accessible content (data scraping) No access
  2. 1. 1. “Exceptions” to the principle of the privity of contracts. No access
  3. III. Evaluation of factual protection No access
6. 1. I. Adequate legal procedural framework No access
  2. II. Principles and model contracts No access
  3. III. Unfair contractual terms control No access
1. 1. 1. 1. Market power, barriers to entry and relevant market No access
    2. 1. a) Case law No access
      2. b) Summary of the essential facilities doctrine requirements and new developments No access
      3. c) Distinction of the essential facilities doctrine from other related theories of harm No access
      4. aa) A Brief look at the merger decisions considering big data aspects No access
        bb) Meeting the requirements of the essential facilities doctrine in data settings No access
    3. 3. Evaluation of the essential facilities doctrine as a means to foster data sharing for AI development No access
  2. 1. 1. Goals and application No access
    2. 1. a) Obligation to grant end users access to data No access
      2. b) Obligation to grant business users access to data No access
      3. c) Obligation of search engine operators to provide search data No access
    3. 3. Evaluation of the Digital Markets Act No access
  3. 1. 1. Goals, scope and sharing obligations. No access
    2. 2. Evaluation of the Data Act No access
2. 1. I. Data intermediaries vs data intermediation services providers No access
  2. II. Notification and certification procedures No access
  3. III. Substantive conditions No access
  4. IV. Evaluation of the Data Governance Act No access
3. C. Evaluation of public law instruments to foster business-to-business data sharing and possible ways forward No access
Chapter 4: Conclusions No access Pages 363 - 374
1. A. Books No access
2. B. Contributions to collective works No access
3. C. Articles No access
4. D. Online resources No access