Cover of book: The Legitimacy of the Afghan Amnesty Law under International Law
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Book Titles No access

The Legitimacy of the Afghan Amnesty Law under International Law

Authors:
Publisher:
 24.11.2020

Summary

Die anhaltende Bedeutung von Amnestien, einer Form der Straffreiheit, wird am Beispiel Afghanistans deutlich, wo 2010 ein bedingungsloses Amnestiegesetz in Kraft trat. Erklärte Ziele des Gesetzes waren Frieden und Aussöhnung. Ob dies durch eine so umfassende Generalamnestie für schwere internationale Verbrechen erreicht werden kann, ist eine schwierige Frage. Im ersten Hauptteil dieses Buches wird untersucht, ob die Bestimmungen des afghanischen Amnestiegesetzes mit den völkerrechtlichen (Strafverfolgungs-)Verpflichtungen Afghanistans vereinbar sind. Im zweiten Teil werden Vorschläge für einen ganzheitlichen Friedensprozess in Afghanistan unterbreitet, um den Weg für dauerhaften Frieden und Versöhnung, für Gerechtigkeit und Achtung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit zu ebnen. Die Studie analysiert internationale Statuten, Konventionen und Dokumente sowie ausgewählte Rechtsprechung, Staatenpraxis, die Praxis der Vereinten Nationen und die akademische Debatte in Bezug auf Amnestien.

Bibliographic data

Publication year
2020
Publication date
24.11.2020
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-7910-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2237-7
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Leipziger Schriften zum Völkerrecht, Europarecht und ausländischen öffentlichen Recht
Volume
23
Language
English
Pages
335
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 10
    1. 1.1 Purpose of the Study No access
    2. 1.2 Methodology and Interdisciplinarity No access
    3. 1.3 Outline of the Chapters No access
    1. 2.1 Amnesties in General No access
    2. 2.2 The Case of Afghanistan – History of Conflicts No access
    3. 2.3 The Afghan Amnesty Law of 2010 No access
      1. 3.1.1 Does the Afghan Amnesty Law Violate Explicit Statutory Provisions on Amnesties? No access
      2. 3.1.2 Does the Afghan Amnesty Law Violate Other Statutory Provisions? No access
      3. 3.1.3 The Afghan Amnesty Law and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court No access
      4. 3.1.4 Conclusion No access
        1. 3.2.1.1 Latin American States No access
        2. 3.2.1.2 African States No access
        3. 3.2.1.3 Asian States No access
        4. 3.2.1.4 European States and the US No access
        5. 3.2.1.5 States on Foreign Amnesties No access
        6. 3.2.1.6 Conclusion No access
      2. 3.2.2 The United Nations on Amnesties No access
      3. 3.2.3 The Afghan Amnesty Law and Customary International Law No access
    3. 3.3 Do the General Principles of Law Preclude the Afghan Amnesty Law? No access
      1. 3.4.1 The Inter-American Human Rights System No access
      2. 3.4.2 The Special Court for Sierra Leone No access
      3. 3.4.3 The European Court of Human Rights No access
      4. 3.4.4 The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia No access
      5. 3.4.5 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia No access
      6. 3.4.6 Conclusion No access
      1. 3.5.1 Amnesty Guidelines No access
      2. 3.5.2 Is the Afghan Amnesty Law Consistent with these Amnesty Guidelines? No access
    6. 3.6 Conclusion No access
    1. 4.1 Democratic Legitimacy of the Amnesty Law No access
    2. 4.2 The Scope of the Amnesty Law No access
      1. 4.3.1 National Courts No access
      2. 4.3.2 Ad hoc International Tribunal No access
      3. 4.3.3 Hybrid Court No access
      4. 4.3.4 The International Criminal Court No access
      5. 4.3.5 Universal Jurisdiction No access
      6. 4.3.6 Conclusion No access
    4. 4.4 The Role of Traditional Justice Processes No access
    5. 4.5 Encouraging Participation in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Programmes No access
    6. 4.6 Testifying before a Truth Commission No access
    7. 4.7 Reparations for Victims No access
    8. 4.8 Institutional Reforms No access
    9. 4.9 Conclusion No access
  6. 5 Final Remarks and Future Prospects No access 290 - 300
  7. 6 References No access 301 - 335

Bibliography (563)

  1. A Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/244849/A_DECLARATION_OF_COMMITMENT_TO_END_SEXUAL_VIOLENCE_IN_CONFLICT__TO_PRINT…pdf (24 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  2. Abrão, P. and Torelly, M. D., ‘Resistance to Change: Brazil's Persistent Amnesty and its Alternatives for Truth and Justice’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 152–81. Open Google Scholar
  3. Adams, M., Husa, J. and Oderkerk, M. (eds.), Comparative Law Methodology, The international library of comparative law (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017), vol. 3. Open Google Scholar
  4. Adhikari G., Nepal Inches Towards Truth About War. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/nepal-inches-towards-truth-about-war/article4526543.ece (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  5. adveniat – Blickpunkt Lateinamerika, Chile: Schleppende Aufarbeitung von Militärdiktatur. http://www.blickpunkt-lateinamerika.de/news-details/article/schleppende-aufarbeitung-von-militaerdiktatur.html?no_cache=1&cHash=de4bd055606f8b214b963d9df7809aff (08 January 2015). Open Google Scholar
  6. Afghan Civil Society Forum-organization (ACSFo), A First Step on a Long Journey: How People Define Violence and Justice in Afghanistan (1958-2008). https://af.boell.org/sites/default/files/pdvj_final_20.4.2011.pdf (08 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  7. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. http://www.aihrc.org.af/ (22.01.16). Open Google Scholar
  8. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), A Call for Justice: A National Consultation on past Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan. http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47fdfad50.pdf (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  9. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), Discussion Paper on the Legality of Amnesties. http://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Reports/Thematic%20reports/Amnesties_paper_23_Feb_2010.pdf (25 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  10. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), Afghan People's Dialogue on Peace: Laying the Foundations for an Inclusive Peace Process. http://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/People%27s%20Dialogue%20FINAL%20report.pdf (08 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  11. Afghanistan National Development Strategy Secretariat/Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS). http://www.undp.org.af/publications/KeyDocuments/ANDS_Full_Eng.pdf (16 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  12. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), Afghanistan Research Newsletter Number 24, January/February 2010. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1006E-Afghanistan%20Research%20Newsletter%2024%20Jan-Feb%202010.pdf (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  13. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), When Will Transitional Justice in Afghanistan Become a Part of the Transitional Decade?: A Roundtable Discussion. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1612E%20When%20Will%20Transitional%20Justice%20in%20Afghanistan1.pdf (28 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  14. Afghanistan: Immunity to Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities Greenlights Impunity (IRIN, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  15. Afghanistan: Justice Action Plan Heading for Oblivion (IRIN Asia, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  16. Aguilar, P., ‘The Spanish Amnesty Law of 1977 in Comparative Perspective: From a Law for Democracy to a Law for Impunity’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 315–35. Open Google Scholar
  17. Ahmed, F., ‘Judicial Reform in Afghanistan: A Case Study in the New Criminal Procedure Code’, Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 29 (2005-2006), 93–134. Open Google Scholar
  18. Ahmed, F., ‘Shari’a, Custom, and Statutory Law: Comparing State Approaches to Islamic Jurisprudence, Tribal Autonomy, and Legal Development in Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Global Jurist 7 (2007). Open Google Scholar
  19. Al Jazeera, Afghan Official: No Plans to Revive Taliban Peace Talks. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/afghan-official-plans-revive-taliban-peace-talks-160714083916947.html (11 October 2016). Open Google Scholar
  20. Al Jazeera America, Nepal Parliament Passes Amnesty Bill. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/04/nepal-parliament-passes-amnesty-bill-20144271502645838.html (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  21. Al Jazeera America, UN Rights Chief: War Crimes Not to Be Part of Any Syria Amnesty Deal. http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2016/2/1/un-rights-chief-war-crimes-not-to-be-part-of-any-syria-amnesty-deal.html (08 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  22. al Sharjabi A. M., Yemen’s Revolutionary Ideals Stumble. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/01/yemen-revolution-saleh-hadi-garden-public-space-mohsen.html (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  23. Alford-Jones K., Guatemala's New 'Right-wing' Attorney General Raises Questions and Fears. http://upsidedownworld.org/main/guatemala-archives-33/4851-guatemalas-new-right-wing-attorney-general-raises-questions-and-fears- (15 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  24. Al-Samei M., Derailment of Transitional Justice Law Provokes Exchange of Wild Accusations. http://www.yementimes.com/en/1592/report/1189/Derailment-of-Transitional-Justice-Law-provokes-exchange-of-wild-accusations.html (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  25. Ambos, K., ‘The Legal Framework of Transitional Justice: A Systematic Study with a Special Focus on the Role of the ICC’ in K. Ambos, J. Large and M. Wierda (eds.), Building a Future on Peace and Justice: Studies on Transitional Justice, Conflict Resolution and Development. The Nuremberg Declaration on Peace and Justice (Berlin: Springer, 2009), pp. 19–103. Open Google Scholar
  26. Ambos, K., Internationales Strafrecht: Strafanwendungsrecht, Völkerstrafrecht, Europäisches Strafrecht, Rechtshilfe, 4th edn. (München: C.H. Beck, 2014). Open Google Scholar
  27. American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (AMICC), Countries Concluding Bilateral Immunity Agreements. http://www.amicc.org/usicc/bialist (26 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  28. Amin, A. S., ‘Transitional Justice and the Culture of Impunity in Afghanistan’, Dissertation, University of Erfurt (2013). Open Google Scholar
  29. Amnesty International, Annul Report: Algeria 2015/2016. https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/algeria/report-algeria/ (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  30. Amnesty International, Chile – Transition at the Crossroads: Human Rights Violations under Pinochet Rule Remain the Crux. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/172000/amr220011996en.pdf (04 January 2019). Open Google Scholar
  31. Amnesty International, International Criminal Court: US Efforts to Obtain Impunity for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crime, IOR 40/025/2002. http://www.amicc.org/docs/aiusimpunity.pdf (27 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  32. Amnesty International, Afghanistan: “First Execution since Fall of Taliban”. http://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-first-execution-fall-taliban (27 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  33. Amnesty International, Afghanistan: Addressing the Past to Secure the Future. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/003/2005/en/ (28 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  34. Amnesty International, Getting away with Murder?: The Impunity of International Forces in Afghanistan. https://doc.es.amnesty.org/cgi-bin/ai/BRSCGI/GETTING%20AWAY%20WITH%20MURDER?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=29040884646 (07 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  35. Amnesty International, Afghanistan: 10-Point Human Rights Agenda for President Karzai. https://www.amnesty.nl/sites/default/files/public/afghanistan_10point_human_rights_agenda_for_president_karzai.pdf (12 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  36. Amnesty International, Taleban Should Be Prosecuted for War Crimes in Afghanistan. https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/afghanistan-taliban-should-be-prosecuted-for-war-crimes-2/ (13 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  37. Amnesty International, The Time for Justice Is Now: New Strategy Needed in The Democratic Republic of the Congo, AFR 62/006/2011. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR62/006/2011/en/ (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  38. Amnesty International, Yemen’s Immunity Law: Breach of International Obligations. https://doc.es.amnesty.org/cgi-bin/ai/BRSCGI/mde310072012en?CMD=VEROBJ&MLKOB=30564653838 (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  39. Amnesty International, Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Annual Report 2013. http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-democratic-republic-of-congo-2013?page=show (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  40. Amnesty International, Annual Report: Suriname 2013. http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-suriname-2013 (20 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  41. Amnesty International, Ukraine: Abuses and War Crimes by the Aidar Volunteer Battalion in the North Luhansk Region, AI Index: EUR 50/040/2014. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/EUR50/040/2014/en/ (24 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  42. Amnesty International, Annual Report – Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015/2016. https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/report-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  43. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2017/18 – Yemen. https://www.refworld.org/publisher,AMNESTY,ANNUALREPORT,YEM,5a99382fa,0.html (05 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  44. Anderson P., Calls Grow to Tackle Afghan War Crimes (2005). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4258343.stm (10 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  45. Apple J. G., What are General Principles of International Law? http://www.judicialmonitor.org/archive_0707/generalprinciples.html (06 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  46. Asian Centre for Human Rights, Afghan Charter of Impunity: President Karzai as the Lame Duck. http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2007/155-07.htm (25 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  47. Auswärtiges Amt, Afghanistan nach der Bonner Konferenz. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/AfghanistanZentralasien/Bonn_Konferenz_2011/111227-AFG-nach-Bonnkonferenz-node.html (14 May 2012). Open Google Scholar
  48. Azanian Peoples Organisation (AZAPO) and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and others: Case CCT 17/96, Explanatory Note. http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/1996/16media.pdf (05 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  49. Bai L., Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Afghanistan. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SRR/Volume13/laxmibai.html (16 July 2012). Open Google Scholar
  50. Baker, R. B., ‘Customary International Law in the 21st Century: Old Challenges and New Debates’, European Journal of International Law 21 (2010), 173–204. Open Google Scholar
  51. Barbour E. C. and Weed M. C., The International Criminal Court (ICC): Jurisdiction, Extradition, and U.S. Policy. http://www.amicc.org/docs/R41116_20100316.pdf (01 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  52. Barfield T., Nojumi N. and Thier A. J., The Clash of Two Goods: State and Non-State Dispute Resolution in Afghanistan. http://www.usip.org/files/file/clash_two_goods.pdf (04 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  53. Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law and Other Serious Violations of Human Rights’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), Post-Conflict Justice (Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2002), pp. 3–54. Open Google Scholar
  54. Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Proposed Guiding Principles for Combating Impunity for International Crimes’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), Post-Conflict Justice (Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2002), pp. 255–82. Open Google Scholar
  55. Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Reflections on Contemporary Developments in International Criminal Justice’ in B. S. Brown (ed.), Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Research handbooks in international law (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 409–17. Open Google Scholar
  56. Bassiouni, M. C., Introduction to International Criminal Law, Second revised edition (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2013). Open Google Scholar
  57. BBC, Ex-Paramilitaries Jailed for Guatemala Massacre. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17454434 (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  58. BBC, David Cameron: Safe Passage for Syria's Assad Acceptable. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20223759 (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  59. BBC, Nepal to Investigate Civil War Crimes. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37118106 (19 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  60. Beaudoin S., Appeals Court’s Decision Suspends Genocide Trial. http://www.ijmonitor.org/2015/10/appeals-courts-decision-suspends-genocide-trial/ (17 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  61. Beaudoin S., Guatemala Opens a New Court to Hear Cases Related to Grave Crimes. http://www.ijmonitor.org/2015/11/guatemala-opens-a-new-court-to-hear-cases-related-to-grave-crimes/ (17 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  62. Bell, C., The ‘New Law’ of Transitional Justice, Building a Future on Peace and Justice, “Workshop 1 – From Mediation to Sustainable Peace” (Nuremberg, 2007). Open Google Scholar
  63. Bellal, A., Giacca, G. and Casey-Maslen, S., ‘International Law and Armed Non-State Actors in Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red Cross 93 (2011), 47–79. Open Google Scholar
  64. Bengali, S. and Faizy, S., ‘Afghanistan Takes a Step Toward Peace With Notorious Ex-Warlord’, Los Angeles Times, 22 September 2016. Open Google Scholar
  65. Benish A. J., Between Impunity And Accountability: A Comparative Overview of Transitional Justice Processes in Two Post-Conflict South Asian Countries: Nepal and Afghanistan. http://www.watchafghanistan.org/files/Between_Impunity_and_Accountability_english.pdf (06 March 2012). Open Google Scholar
  66. Binder, C., ‘The Prohibition of Amnesties by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’, German Law Journal 12 (2011), 1203–30. Open Google Scholar
  67. Blum C. P., Magarrell L. and Wierda M., Prosecuting Abuses of Detainees in U.S. Counter- terrorism Operations: Criminal Justice for Criminal Policy. https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-USA-Criminal-Justice-2009-English.pdf (25 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  68. Boone J., Afghanistan Quietly Brings into Force Taliban Amnesty Law. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/11/taliban-amnesty-law-enacted (27 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  69. Boraine, A., ‘Transitional Justice’ in S. Chesterman, M. Ignatieff and R. C. Thakur (eds.), Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance (Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press, 2005), pp. 318–38. Open Google Scholar
  70. Borger J., Smuggled Syrian Documents Enough to Indict Bashar al-Assad, Say Investigators. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/12/smuggled-syrian-documents-indict-assad-investigators (01 June 2015). Open Google Scholar
  71. Bos, A., ‘From the International Law Commission to the Rome Conference (1994-1998)’ in A. Cassese, P. Gaeta and J. R. W. D. Jones (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3 vols. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 35–66. Open Google Scholar
  72. Boyle, A. E., ‘Soft Law in International Law-Making’ in M. D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 122–40. Open Google Scholar
  73. Boyle, A. E. and Chinkin, C. M., The Making of International Law, Foundations of public international law (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). Open Google Scholar
  74. Braid, E. and Roht-Arriaza, N., ‘De Facto and De Jure Amnesty Laws: The Central American Case’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 182–209. Open Google Scholar
  75. ‘Brazil to Focus on Past Abuses’, The New York Times, 01 April 2014. Open Google Scholar
  76. Brodzinsky S. and Watts J., Former Guatemalan Dictator Convicted of Genocide and Jailed for 80 Years. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/11/guatemalan-dictator-rios-montt-jailed-genocide (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  77. Brussels Conference on Afghanistan, Partnership for Prosperity and Peace: Communiqué of the Participants. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/10/05-afghanistan-conference-joint-communique/ (11 October 2016). Open Google Scholar
  78. Buckley-Zistel, S., ‘Einleitung: Nach Krieg, Gewalt und Repression’ in S. Buckley-Zistel and T. Kater (eds.), Nach Krieg, Gewalt und Repression: Vom schwierigen Umgang mit der Vergangenheit, 1st edn. (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011), pp. 7–20. Open Google Scholar
  79. Burke-White, W. W., ‘Reframing Impunity: Applying Liberal International Law Theory to an Analysis of Amnesty Legislation’, Harvard International Law.Journal 42 (2001), 467–533. Open Google Scholar
  80. Burnet, J. E., ‘(In)Justice: Truth, Reconciliation, and Revenge in Rwanda's Gacaca’ in A. L. Hinton (ed.), Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011), pp. 95–118. Open Google Scholar
  81. Buyse A., Amnesty and Torture. http://echrblog.blogspot.de/2009/03/amnesty-and-torture.html (17 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  82. Carasik L., Rios Montt Edges Closer to Escaping Accountability for Genocide. http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/11/rios-montt-guatemalagenocidetrial.html (17 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  83. Casey, N., ‘Colombia’s Congress Approves Peace Accord With FARC’, The New York Times, 30 November 2016. Open Google Scholar
  84. Cassel, D., ‘Lessons from the Americas: Guidelines for International Response to Amnesties for Atrocities’, Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (1996), 197–230. Open Google Scholar
  85. Cassese, A., The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  86. Cassese, A. and Gaeta, P., Cassese's International Criminal Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Open Google Scholar
  87. Castillo M. and Vasquez P., Guatemala Genocide Trial Hits Hurdles: Rios Montt Accused in Massacres of 1,700 Ixil Mayans in '80s. http://www.wptz.com/guatemala-genocide-trial-hits-hurdles/30559846 (07 January 2015). Open Google Scholar
  88. Center for Constitutional Rights, Military Commissions Act of 2006: A Summary of the Law. http://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/assets/files/report_MCA.pdf (26 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  89. Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS), Estadísticas. http://www.cels.org.ar/blogs/estadisticas/ (02 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  90. Cespedes T. and Wade T., Peru's Fujimori Gets 25 Years Prison for Massacres. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-fujimori-idUSTRE5363RH20090407 (09 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  91. Charbonneau, L., ICC Prosecutor Eyes Possible Afghanistan War Crimes (Reuters, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  92. Charbonneau L., Hague Prosecutor Urges Libya Not to Grant Amnesty for War Crimes. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-libya-icc-idUSBRE8A629N20121107 (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  93. Choudhury, N., ‘Reconceptualising Legal Pluralism in Afghanistan’, Selected Proceedings of the Annual Canadian Law Student Conference, Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues Inaugural Volume (2010), 21–52. Open Google Scholar
  94. Clark, P., ‘Reconciliation, Peace, Justice: A Conceptual Framework for Transitional Justice and Rebuilding Society’, IP Journal (2010), 19–25. Open Google Scholar
  95. Claude A.-C., Afghanistan – Justice and Reconciliation: The Informal Justice System in Afghanistan. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6AC2F49A58EF764B492577EF00071C46-Full_Report.pdf (19 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  96. Close J., Amnesty Provisions in the Constitutions of the World: A Comparative Analysis. https://aninternationallawblog.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/amnesty-provisions-in-the-constitutions-of-the-world-a-comparative-analysis/ (08 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  97. Coburn N. and Dempsey J., Informal Dispute Resolution in Afghanistan. http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr247_0.pdf (25 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  98. Cockburn K., How to Prove a Role of Customary International Criminal Law: Re-imaging a Definition of CIL. http://www.publiclaw.uct.ac.za/usr/public_law/LLMPapers/cockburn.pdf (03 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  99. Cryer, R., Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime, Cambridge studies in international and comparative law (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Open Google Scholar
  100. Cryer, R., ‘International Criminal Law’ in M. D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 752–83. Open Google Scholar
  101. Cryer, R., Friman, H., Robinson, D. and Wilmshurst, E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  102. CTV News, No Peace without Justice, Says Envoy to Afghanistan. http://www.ctvnews.ca/no-peace-without-justice-says-envoy-to-afghanistan-1.503738 (27 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  103. DailyMail – MailOnline, Court: Murder Trial Against Suriname President Must Continue. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3634186/Court-Murder-trial-against-Suriname-leader-continue.html (20 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  104. Danchin, P. G., ‘Transitional Justice in Afghanistan: Confronting Violations of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 4 (2001), 3–51. Open Google Scholar
  105. Dayal A., The Institutional Returns of Amnesty?: Evaluating Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Cases. http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p413445_index.html (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  106. Decree of the Presidency of the Interim Administration of Afghanistan on the Establishment of an Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (2002). Open Google Scholar
  107. Del Vecchio, G., General Principles of Law (Littleton, Colo.: F.B. Rothman, 1986, 1956). Open Google Scholar
  108. Democratic Republic of Congo: Peace Agreement Between the Government and the Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple (CNDP), Goma, March 23, 2009. http://friendsofthecongo.org/images/pdf/cndp_accord.pdf (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  109. Demonstrators in Kabul Call for Bringing War Criminals to Justice (Xinhua | English.news.cn, 2011). Open Google Scholar
  110. Dempsey J. and Coburn N., Traditional Dispute Resolution and Stability in Afghanistan. http://www.usip.org/files/resources/PB%2010%20Traditional%20Dispute%20Resolution%20and%20Stability%20in%20Afghanistan.pdf (27 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  111. Derksen D., Impact or Illusion? Reintegration under the Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program. http://www.usip.org/files/resources/PB%20106.pdf (18 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  112. Derksen D., The Politics of Disarmament and Rearmament in Afghanistan. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW110-The-Politics-of-Disarmament-and-Rearmament-in-Afghanistan.pdf (16 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  113. Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, Public Law 109-148 of December 30, 2007, Title X; 119 STAT. 2739. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization/ic-legal-reference-book/ref-book-detainee-treatment-act-of-2005 (24 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  114. Deutsche Welle (DW), UN to Set Up War Crimes Panel for Syria Investigations. http://www.dw.com/en/un-to-set-up-war-crimes-panel-for-syria-investigations/a-36869596?maca=en-Twitter-sharing (04 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  115. Deutschlandfunk, Bundesregierung Lobt Friedensabkommen Zwischen Kabul und Hisb-e Islami (2016). Open Google Scholar
  116. Dickinson, L. A., ‘Transitional Justice in Afghanistan: The Promise of Mixed Tribunals’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 31 (2002-2003), 23–42. Open Google Scholar
  117. Dinstein, Y., The Interaction between Customary International Law and Treaties, Recueil des cours (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007), vol. 322. Open Google Scholar
  118. Drumble, M. A., ‘Rights, Culture, and Crime: The Role of Rule of Law for the Women of Afghanistan’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 42 (2004), 349–90. Open Google Scholar
  119. Duthie, R., ‘Afterword: The Consequences of Transitional Justice in Particular Context’ in A. L. Hinton (ed.), Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011), pp. 249–56. Open Google Scholar
  120. Easterday J., No Justice Cascade in Spain. http://www.intlawgrrls.com/2012/03/no-justice-cascade-in-spain.html (14 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  121. Echavez, Chona R., Pilongo, Leah Wilfreda RE, Jayakody A., Noorzai, Ahmad Saboor Hamza, Markova M. and Narasimhaiah S., Transitional Justice: Views from the Ground on How Afghanistan Fares. https://areu.org.af/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1622E-Transitional-Justice-Views-from-the-Ground-on-How-Afghanistan-Fares.pdf (30 November 2017). Open Google Scholar
  122. Eichhofer, A., ‘Die Rechtsquellen des Völkerstrafrechts’ in H.-H. Kühne, R. Esser and M. Gerding (eds.), Völkerstrafrecht, 1st edn. (Osnabrück: Julius Jonscher Verlag, 2007), pp. 1–22. Open Google Scholar
  123. Eisikovits N., Transitional Justice. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-transitional/ (05 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  124. Ending Recruitment and Use of Children by Armed Forces and Groups: Contributing to Peace, Justice and Development, N’DJAMENA DECLARATION – N’Djamena, 7–9 June 2010. https://www.unicef.org/protection/files/DDR_Conference_Declarations_de_NDjamena.pdf (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  125. Engstrom, P. and Pereira, G., ‘From Amnesty to Accountability: The Ebbs and Flows in the Search for Justice in Argentina’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 97–122. Open Google Scholar
  126. Escudero, R., ‘Road to Impunity: The Absence of Transitional Justice Programs in Spain’, Human Rights Quarterly 36 (2014), 123–46. Open Google Scholar
  127. FARC-EP International, Agreement Victims. http://farc-epeace.org/peace-process/agreements/agreements/item/939-agreement-victims (22 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  128. Federal Political Department, Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: Volume IX. http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC-records_Vol-9.pdf (23 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  129. Ferdinandusse, W. N., Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts (The Hague, West Nyack, NY: TMC Asser Press; Cambridge University Press, 2006). Open Google Scholar
  130. Ferreira-Hidaka L. J., Accountability for Gross Human Rights Violations in Brazil: The Araguaia Case and Its Repercussions. http://lostintranslationbrazil.wordpress.com/2013/12/10/accountability-for-gross-human-rights-violations-in-brazil-the-araguaia-case-and-its-repercussions/ (19 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  131. Ferrié, J.-N., ‘The Uncertainties of Democratic Promotion in Afghanistan’ in Z. Laidi (ed.), EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World: Normative Power and Social Preferences, 1st edn. (Oxon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 134–42. Open Google Scholar
  132. Figgins S., After Libya’s Elections, Transitional Justice in the Balance. http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/after-libya-s-elections-transitional-justice-balance (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  133. France 24, Assad Exit not Necessary for Syria Transition, Says Fabius. http://www.france24.com/en/20151205-assad-exit-not-necessary-syria-transition-france-fabius-islamic-state-group (17 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  134. Freeman, M., Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice (Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  135. Freeman, M. and Pensky, M., ‘The Amnesty Controversy in International Law’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 42–65. Open Google Scholar
  136. Friedman D., Pactat L. and Weisell A., Accountability and Impunity: Afghanistan, Kosovo and Argentina. http://www.gpia.info/files/practicum/28/2008%20Spring%20-%20Human%20Rights%20Watch%20-%20Accountability%20and%20Impunity.pdf (12 June 2012). Open Google Scholar
  137. Gall, C., ‘With Killer's Execution, Karzai Signals Move on Warlords’, The New York Times, 03 May 2004. Open Google Scholar
  138. Gall, C., ‘Afghanistan Offers Amnesty to Wanted Taliban Rebels’, The New York Times, 09 May 2005. Open Google Scholar
  139. Gang R., Community-Based Dispute Resolution Processes in Kabul City. https://areu.org.af/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1107E-CBDR-Processes-in-Kabul-City-CS-2011-web.pdf (19 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  140. Gaudin A., IACHR Rules Against Uruguay in Operacion Condor Case. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IACHR+rules+against+Uruguay+in+Operacion+Condor+case.-a0254827283 (12 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  141. Gavron, J., ‘Amnesties in the Light of Developments in International Law and the Establishment of the International Criminal Court’, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 51 (2002), 91–117. Open Google Scholar
  142. Georg, H., ‘Kolonialisten kommen zurück – NATO-Staaten inclusive Deutschland setzen auf afghanische Warlords’, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 31 March 2010. Open Google Scholar
  143. Gerding, M., ‘Völkerstrafrecht vor Internationalen Strafgerichten’ in H.-H. Kühne, R. Esser and M. Gerding (eds.), Völkerstrafrecht, 1st edn. (Osnabrück: Julius Jonscher Verlag, 2007), pp. 251–91. Open Google Scholar
  144. German Federal Foreign Office, Nuremberg Declaration on Peace and Justice, press release. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Infoservice/Presse/Meldungen/2008/080620-Nuernberger-Erklaerung.html (07 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  145. Gilbert, J., ‘Ex-Military Officers Convicted of Human Rights Crimes During Argentina Dictatorship’, The New York Times, 25 August 2016. Open Google Scholar
  146. Girke P. and Kamp M., Norduganda: Frieden versus Gerechtigkeit? http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18362-1522-1-30.pdf?091209114909 (05 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  147. Gossman, P., The Past as Present: War Crimes, Impunity and the Rule of Law, State Reconstruction and International Engagement in Afghanistan (2003). Open Google Scholar
  148. Gossman P., Transitional Justice and DDR: The Case of Afghanistan. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-DDR-Afghanistan-ResearchBrief-2009-English.pdf (12 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  149. Gossman, P., ‘Kabul's Stealth Attack on Human Rights’, The New York Times, 26 December 2011. Open Google Scholar
  150. Gossman P., Afghanistan: The Past as a Prologue: Leveraging the Coming Transition to Break the Cycle of Abuse in Afghanistan. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Afghanistan-Briefing-English-%202012.pdf?utm_source=International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice+Newsletter&utm_campaign=98396109c7-PR_Afghanistan_Briefing_24-July-2012&utm_medium=email (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  151. Gossman P., Afghanistan War Crimes Suspect Comes Home: Hekmatyar Deal an Affront to Victims of Grave Abuses. https://www.hrw.org/print/294431 (12 October 2016). Open Google Scholar
  152. Gossman P. and Kouvo S., Tell Us How This Ends: Transitional Justice and Prospects for Peace in Afghanistan. http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/2013-06_AAN_TransitionalJustice2.pdf (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  153. Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Action Plan on Peace, Reconciliation and Justice in Afghanistan. http://www.aihrc.org.af/media/files/Reports/Thematic%20reports/Action_Pln_Gov_Af.pdf (22 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  154. ‘Govt’s Disregard for Court Order Upsets Victims of Conflict’, 16 November 2015. Open Google Scholar
  155. Graham-Harrison E. and Roth A., Taliban and Afghan Groups Find Common Ground in Landmark Talks: Insurgents attend Moscow peace summit, but Afghan president is excluded. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/06/taliban-say-they-have-no-plans-to-seize-afghanistan-by-force (07 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  156. Greiff P. de, Transitional Justice, Security, and Development: Security and Justice Thematic Paper, World Development Report 2011 Background Paper. http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01306/web/pdf/wdr%20background%20paper_de%20greiff_0.pdf (08 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  157. Häberle, P., Der Sonntag als Verfassungsprinzip, Schriften zum Öffentlichen Recht, 2. Aufl. (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2006), vol. 551. Open Google Scholar
  158. Hakimi, A. and Suhrke, A., ‘A Poisonous Chalice: The Struggle for Human Rights and Accountability in Afghanistan’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 31 (2013), 201–23. Open Google Scholar
  159. Harris Rimmer S., Building Democracy and Justice After Conflict: The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/BD-WorkingPaper5.pdf (11 June 2012). Open Google Scholar
  160. Hartmann, M. E., ‘Casualties of Myopia’ in W. Mason (ed.), The Rule of Law in Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 172–204. Open Google Scholar
  161. Hartmann M. E. and Klonowiecka-Milart A., Impunity Prevails in Afghanistan. http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2010/12/01/impunity-prevails-in-afghanistan.html (22 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  162. Hayner, P. B., Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions (New York: Routledge Chapman & Hall, 2002). Open Google Scholar
  163. Hazdra, P., ‘Verurteilen – Vergessen – Versöhnen. Die wichtigsten Ansätze zur Konfliktaufarbeitung im Überblick’, Humanitäres Völkerrecht – Informationsschriften / Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (2006), 156–67. Open Google Scholar
  164. Heintze, H.-J., ‘On the Relationship Between Human Rights Law Protection and International Humanitarian Law’, International Review of the Red Cross 86 (2004), 789–814. Open Google Scholar
  165. Henckaerts, J.-M. and Doswald-Beck, L. (eds.), Customary International Humanitarian Law: Volume II: Practice – Part 1 and 2 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Open Google Scholar
  166. Henckaerts, J.-M. and Doswald-Beck, L. (eds.), Customary International Humanitarian Law: Volume I: Rules, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  167. Henrard, K., ‘The Viability of National Amnesties in View of the Increasing Recognition of Individual Criminal Responsibility at International Law’, Michigan State University-DCL Journal of International Law 8 (1999), 595–649. Open Google Scholar
  168. Hesse, K., Grundzüge des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (C.F. Müller GmbH, 1999). Open Google Scholar
  169. Higgins, A. and Mashal, M., ‘Taliban Peace Talks in Moscow End With Hope the U.S. Exits, if Not Too Quickly’, The New York Times, 06 February 2019. Open Google Scholar
  170. Nkadimeng and Others v National Director of Public Prosecutions and Others (High Court of South Africa, 12 December 2008). Open Google Scholar
  171. Hinton, A. L., ‘Introduction: Toward an Anthropology of Transitional Justice’ in A. L. Hinton (ed.), Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011), pp. 1–22. Open Google Scholar
  172. Hoffman, M. B. and Berring, R. C., International Legal Research in a Nutshell, West nutshell series (St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2008). Open Google Scholar
  173. Hollinder, B. D., How to Build a Better Truth Commission: Applying Lessons from Past Truth Commissions to the Selection of Commissioners for an Afghanistan Truth Commission (2006). Open Google Scholar
  174. Hovell, D., ‘The Authority of Universal Jurisdiction’, European Journal of International Law 29 (2018), 427–56. Open Google Scholar
  175. Hudson, M. O., ‘Working Paper’, A/CN.4/16 in United Nations (ed.), Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950 Volume II (1957), pp. 24–33. Open Google Scholar
  176. Human Rights Watch, Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/afghanistan0605.pdf (21 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  177. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Bring War Criminals to Justice: Special Court Needed for Past Atrocities. http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/07/07/afghanistan-bring-war-criminals-justice (26 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  178. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Justice for War Criminals Essential to Peace. https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/12/12/afghanistan-justice-war-criminals-essential-peace (22 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  179. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2008: Algeria. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/algeria (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  180. Human Rights Watch, Selling Justice Short: Why Accountability Matters for Peace. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ij0709webwcover_3.pdf (29 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  181. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Repeal Amnesty Law. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/03/10/afghanistan-repeal-amnesty-law (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  182. Human Rights Watch, Seductions of “Sequencing”: The Risks of Putting Justice Aside for Peace. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/Sequencing%20Paper%2012.7.10.pdf (28 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  183. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2011: Afghanistan. http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/afghanistan (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  184. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Little Progress on Rights. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/23/afghanistan-little-progress-rights (18 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  185. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012: Afghanistan. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/afghanistan_2012.pdf.pdf (08 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  186. Human Rights Watch, Suriname: Revoke Amnesty Legislation. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/04/18/suriname-revoke-amnesty-legislation (20 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  187. Human Rights Watch, Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte. https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/10/16/death-dictator/bloody-vengeance-sirte (20 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  188. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: ICC Prosecutor Finds Grave Crimes. http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/01/afghanistan-icc-prosecutor-finds-grave-crimes (02 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  189. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2015: Afghanistan. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/afghanistan (04 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  190. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2016: Afghanistan. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/afghanistan (28 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  191. Human Rights Watch, Burundi: ICC Withdrawal Major Loss to Victims. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/27/burundi-icc-withdrawal-major-loss-victims (30 October 2017). Open Google Scholar
  192. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2017: Ukraine. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/ukraine (24 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  193. Human Security Network, Annual Ministerial Meeting: Statement by Ms. Patricia O’Brien, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, The Legal Counsel. http://legal.un.org/ola/media/info_from_lc/POB-keynote.pdf (08 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  194. Iliopoulos K., Afghan Amnesty Law a Setback for Peace. http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/afghan-amnesty-law-a-setback-for-peace/ (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  195. Inazumi, M., Universal Jurisdiction in Modern International Law: Expansion of National Jurisdiction for Prosecuting Serious Crimes under International Law, Teilw. zugl.: Utrecht, Univ., Diss., 2004, School of Human Rights research series (Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2005), vol. 19. Open Google Scholar
  196. Ingelaere, B., ‘The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda’ in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds.), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences (Stockholm, Sweden, 2008), pp. 25–59. Open Google Scholar
  197. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report Nº 29/92: Cases 10.029, 10.036, 10.145, 10.305, 10.372, 10.373, 10.374 and 10.375 Uruguay. https://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/92eng/Uruguay10.029.htm (04 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  198. International Afghanistan Conference in Bonn, 5 December 2011 – Conference Conclusions. http://afghanistan-un.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Konferenzschlussfolgerung_engl.pdf (14 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  199. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Afghanistan: Addressing the Past. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Afghanistan-Addressing-Past-2005-English.pdf (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  200. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Amnesty Must Not Equal Impunity. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-DRC-Amnesty-Facts-2009-English.pdf (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  201. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Challenges to Peace and Justice in Afghanistan. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Afghanistan-Peace-Justice-2009-English.pdf (12 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  202. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Stabilizing Afghanistan: Legitimacy and Accountability in Governance. http://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Afghanistan-Stabilizing-Accountability-2010-English.pdf (19 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  203. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), ICTJ Statement on Afghanistan: Amnesty Law. http://www.saajs.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:-ictj-statement-on-afghanistan-amnesty-law&catid=42&Itemid=2 (16 October 2012). Open Google Scholar
  204. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), A Year of Change – A Decade of Hope: Annual Report 2011. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Global-Annual-Report-2011-English_0.pdf (24 June 2017). Open Google Scholar
  205. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Facing a Troubled Past, Yemen Debates Transitional Justice Measures. https://ictj.org/news/facing-troubled-past-yemen-debates-transitional-justice-measures (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  206. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Afghanistan Mapping Report Opportunity to Break Cycles of Abuse. http://www.ictj.org/news/afghanistan-mapping-report-opportunity-break-cycles-abuse (28 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  207. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Briefing Note on the Recent Political Developments in Nepal Leading to a Lack of Access to Justice for Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations and International Humanitarian Law. http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/Briefing%20Note%20to%20the%20SR%20on%20TJ%2023%2008%202012.pdf (20 January 2014). Open Google Scholar
  208. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), No One Above the Law: Vetting the Security Sector in Nepal. https://ictj.org/news/no-one-above-law-vetting-security-sector-nepal (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  209. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), What is Transitional Justice? http://ictj.org/about/transitional-justice (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  210. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Conviction of Ríos Montt on Genocide a Victory for Justice in Guatemala, and Everywhere. http://www.ictj.org/news/ictj-conviction-rios-montt-genocide-victory-justice-guatemala-and-everywhere (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  211. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Twenty Years Later, A Chance for Accountability in El Salvador. http://ictj.org/news/twenty-years-later-chance-accountability-el-salvador (13 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  212. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Lawyers for Guatemala’s Ixil Community Take Justice Demands to Inter-American Commission. http://ictj.org/news/lawyers-ixil-justice-demands (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  213. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), ICTJ Urges Nepal to Amend Flawed Bill on Truth Seeking. http://ictj.org/news/ictj-urges-nepal-amend-flawed-bill-truth-seeking (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  214. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), DRC: Refusal to Pardon Serious Crimes Signals Justice Could Be on the Way. http://ictj.org/news/drc-refusal-pardon-serious-crimes-signals-justice-could-be-way (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  215. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Anniversary of Guatemala’s Genocide Verdict Marked by Denial and Polarization. http://ictj.org/multimedia/audio/anniversary-guatemala-genocide-verdict-marked-denial-and-polarization?utm_source=International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice+Newsletter&utm_campaign=5c2da04a39-World_Report_Issue_35_May_2014&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2d90950d4d-5c2da04a39-237811229 (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  216. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), ICTJ Program Report: Nepal. http://ictj.org/news/ictj-program-report-nepal (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  217. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Experts Gather in Kinshasa to Discuss the National Judicial Response to Serious Crimes in the DRC. http://www.ictj.org/news/experts-gather-kinshasa-discuss-national-judicial-response-serious-crimes-drc (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  218. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), ICTJ Welcomes the Historic Final Report from Brazil’s National Truth Commission. http://www.ictj.org/news/ictj-welcomes-historic-final-report-brazil%E2%80%99s-national-truth-commission (18 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  219. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), South Africa. https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa (04 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  220. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), South Africa: Impunity, Political Interference Emerge Below Veneer of a Celebrated Reconciliation Process. https://www.ictj.org/multimedia/audio/south-africa-impunity-nokuthula-simelane-justice (05 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  221. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), With Amnesty Law Overturned in El Salvador, Prosecutors Must Work with Victims to Investigate Civil War Atrocities. https://www.ictj.org/news/amnesty-el-salvador-civil-war (29 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  222. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), ICTJ Denounces South African Government’s Attempt to Exit the International Criminal Court. https://www.ictj.org/news/ictj-denounces-south-africa-icc-withdrawl (29 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  223. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), Sustainable Peace After Mass Atrocities: The Case for Transitional Justice: Recommendations of the Working Group on Transitional Justice and SDG16+. https://www.ictj.org/news/recommendations-working-group-transitional-justice-and-sdg16 (08 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  224. International Commission of Jurists, Independent Observation Mission to the Trial of President Desiré Delano Bouterse and Others in Relation to Extrajudicial Executions That Took Place in December 1982 at Fort Zeelandia, Paramaribo, Suriname: Statement on the Importance of Resuming the Trial Without Undue Delay. https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Suriname-Justice-delayed-Bouterse-case-Advocacy-2017-ENG.pdf (04 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  225. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Practice Relating to Rule 159. Amnesty. http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule159 (05 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  226. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Afghanistan Accedes to Additional Protocols I and II in Historic Step to Limit Wartime Suffering. https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2009-and-earlier/afganistan-news-240609.htm (11.02.16). Open Google Scholar
  227. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), IHL and human rights law. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/ihl-other-legal-regmies/ihl-human-rights/overview-ihl-and-human-rights.htm (20 December 2018). Open Google Scholar
  228. International Criminal Court (ICC), Preliminary Examination: Afghanistan. https://www.icc-cpi.int/afghanistan (31 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  229. International Criminal Court (ICC), ICC Judges Reject Opening of an Investigation Regarding Afghanistan Situation, ICC-CPI-20190412-PR1448. https://www.icc-cpi.int//Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1448 (23 April 2019). Open Google Scholar
  230. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Policy Paper on the Interests of Justice. http://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/772c95c9-f54d-4321-bf09-73422bb23528/143640/iccotpinterestsofjustice.pdf (03 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  231. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, International Seminar on the Imperatives of the Observance of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Norms in International Security Operations: Speech of Mrs Fatou Bensouda – Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/SpeechProsecutor-AbujaNigeriaFra.pdf (07 September 2016). Open Google Scholar
  232. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2014. https://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/comm%20and%20ref/reports/Pages/default.aspx (02 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  233. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2015. https://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/office%20of%20the%20prosecutor/comm%20and%20ref/reports/Pages/default.aspx (02 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  234. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016. https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/161114-otp-rep-PE_ENG.pdf (16 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  235. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Situation in Afghanistan: Summary of the Prosecutor’s Request for Authorisation of an Investigation Pursuant to Article 15. https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/Afghanistan/171120-afgh-art_15-app-summ_ENG.pdf (05 February 2018). Open Google Scholar
  236. International Criminal Court (ICC) – The Office of the Prosecutor, Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, No. ICC – 02/17. https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2017_06891.PDF (05 February 2018). Open Google Scholar
  237. International Criminal Court: Preliminary Examinations, Afghanistan. https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/preliminary-examinations.aspx?ln=en (02 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  238. International Crisis Group, Afghanistan: Judicial Reform and Transitional Justice. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/afghanistan-judicial-reform-and-transitional-justice (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  239. International Crisis Group, Talking About Talks: Toward a Political Settlement in Afghanistan. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/221-talking-about-talks-toward-a-political-settlement-in-afghanistan (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  240. International Crisis Group, Yemen: Enduring Conflicts, Threatened Transition, Middle East Report N°125. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/yemen-enduring-conflicts-threatened-transition (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  241. International Crisis Group, Trial by Error: Justice in Post-Qadhafi Libya, Middle East/North Africa Report N°140. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/trial-error-justice-post-qadhafi-libya (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  242. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Afghanistan: Victims’ Voice Must Be Heard. http://www.fidh.org/Afghanistan-Victims-voice-must-be (13 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  243. ‘International Guidelines on Post-Conflict Justice: The Chicago Principles’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study on Conflicts, Victimization, and Post-Conflict Justice (Antwerp, Oxford, Portland: Intersentia, 2010), pp. 41–65. Open Google Scholar
  244. International Justice Resource Center, DR Congo Parliament Approves New Amnesty Law for Insurgency and Other Crimes, as Part of Agreement with M23 Rebel Group. http://www.ijrcenter.org/2014/02/10/dr-congo-parliament-approves-new-amnesty-law-for-insurgency-and-other-crimes-as-part-of-agreement-with-m23-rebel-group/ (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  245. International Law Commission. http://legal.un.org/ilc/ (02 December 2017). Open Google Scholar
  246. International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries – 2001, UN Doc. A/56/10 (2001). http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf (05 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  247. International Legal Foundation, The Customary Laws of Afghanistan. http://www.usip.org/files/file/ilf_customary_law_afghanistan.pdf (06 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  248. International Partnership for Human Rights, Making Amnesty Work: Prospects of Granting Amnesty to the Parties of the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. http://iphronline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ENG-Making-amnesty-work-January-2016.pdf (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  249. International Peace Academy (IPA), A Framework for Lasting Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Crisis Situations. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/framework_for_ddr.pdf (02 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  250. Ipsen, K., Völkerrecht: Ein Studienbuch, 6th edn. (München: C.H. Beck, 2014). Open Google Scholar
  251. IRIN – Humanitarian News and Analysis, ICC Could Suspend Northern Investigations – Spokesman. http://www.irinnews.org/report/53945/uganda-icc-could-suspend-northern-investigations-spokesman (15 September 2016). Open Google Scholar
  252. IRIN – Humanitarian News and Analysis, Uganda: No More Amnesty Certificates for Rebels. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95569/uganda-no-more-amnesty-certificates-for-rebels (06 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  253. Irving S., Talking With Taliban: A Political Solution to a Political Problem. http://atlismta.org/online-journals/0809-journal-intervention/talking-with-taliban/ (21 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  254. ISAF – International Security Assistance Force, Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Program. http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/focus/afghanistan-peace-and-reconciliation-program.html (18 April 2012). Open Google Scholar
  255. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Realizing Self-Reliance: Commitments to Reforms and Renewed Partnership, London Conference on Afghanistan. http://www.afghanistan-un.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/REALIZING-FINAL-SELF-RELIANCE-25-November-2014.pdf (12 January 2015). Open Google Scholar
  256. Jackson A., The Cost of War: Afghan Experiences of Conflict, 1978 – 2009. http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/afghanistan-the-cost-of-war.pdf (18 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  257. Jacobs, D., ‘Puzzling over Amnesties: Defragmenting the Debate for International Criminal Tribunals’ in L. van den Herik and C. Stahn (eds.), The Diversification and Fragmentation of International Criminal Law, Leiden studies on the frontiers of international law (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012), pp. 305–45. Open Google Scholar
  258. Joint report by the Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV) and the Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law (CAVV), Transitional Justice: Justice and Peace in Situations of Transition. http://aiv-advies.nl/6cf/publications/advisory-reports/transitional-justice-justice-and-peace-in-situations-of-transition (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  259. Jones-Pauly, C. and Nojumi, N., ‘Balancing Relations between Society and State: Legal Steps Toward National Reconciliation and Reconstruction of Afghanistan’, The American Journal of Comparative Law 52 (2004), 825–55. Open Google Scholar
  260. Josi, C., ‘Nach fast 20 Jahren: Gerechtigkeit für die Opfer von Barrios Altos und La Cantuta in Peru’, TRIAL Zeitschrift (2010), 9–12. Open Google Scholar
  261. JURIST Legal News & Research, Suriname Lawmakers Pass Amnesty Bill Ending President's Trial. http://jurist.org/paperchase/2012/04/suriname-lawmakers-pass-amnesty-bill-ending-presidents-trial.php (20 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  262. Kaczorowska, A., Public International Law, 4th edn. (Abingdon, Oxon [UK], New York: Routledge, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  263. Kaleck, W., Mit zweierlei Maß: Der Westen und das Völkerstrafrecht (Berlin: Klaus Wagenbach, 2012). Open Google Scholar
  264. Kasande S., Kwoyelo and Ongwen Trials Show Progress in Fight Against Impunity. http://www.monitor.co.ug/OpEd/Commentary/Kwoyelo-and-Ongwen-trials-show-progress-in-fight-against/689364-3308688-pl7jgr/index.html (06 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  265. Kazim, H., ‘Kriegsverbrecher-Studie: Massaker-Berichte belasten afghanische Politiker’, SPIEGEL ONLINE, 23 July 2012. Open Google Scholar
  266. Kersten M., Rethinking Amnesty and Accountability. http://justiceinconflict.org/2014/01/14/rethinking-amnesty-and-accountability/ (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  267. Kersten M., The ICC in Afghanistan: Peace, Justice and Accountability. http://justiceinconflict.org/2014/01/21/the-icc-in-afghanistan-peace-justice-and-accountability/ (02 August 2016). Open Google Scholar
  268. Khan, A. N., ‘Afghanistan: War Crimes, ICC and NGOs’, IPRI (Islamabad Policy Research Institute) Journal XII (2012), 88–118. Open Google Scholar
  269. Khan, N., ‘Justice to the Extent Possible: The Prospects for Accountability in Afghanistan’, Temple Int'l & Comp.L.J. 23 (2009), 1–34. Open Google Scholar
  270. Khatiwada N., SC Annuls Discretionary Powers of TRC. http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=93003 (19 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  271. Khatiwada N., No Support to TRC, CIEDP on Present Status: UNOHCHR. http://admin.myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/38075/no-support-to-trc-ciedp-on-present-status-unohchr.html (19 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  272. Kihika K. S. and Regué Meritxell, Pursuing Accountability for Serious Crimes in Uganda’s Courts: Reflections on the Thomas Kwoyelo Case. https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Briefing-Uganda-Kwoyelo-2015.pdf (06 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  273. Kippen, G., ‘The Long Democratic Transition’ in A. J. Thier (ed.), The Future of Aghanistan (Washington D.C., 2009), pp. 35–44. Open Google Scholar
  274. Knust Rassekh Afshar M., Max Planck Manual on Afghan Constitutional Law, Volume Two: Constitutional Practice and Human Rights. http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/mpil_hr_engl_1st.pdf (04 October 2012). Open Google Scholar
  275. Kotzur, M., ‘Intertemporal Law’ in R. Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Open Google Scholar
  276. Kotzur, M., ‘(Internationales) Strafrecht im Dienste des effektiven Menschenrechtsschutzes’ in K. Gaede, H. Goerlich, M. Kahlo and B. Zabel (eds.), Im Zweifel für die Freiheit: Gedächtnisschrift für Manfred Seebode (Berlin: BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2015), pp. 287–99. Open Google Scholar
  277. Kouvo S., After Two Years in Legal Limbo: A first Glance at the Approved 'Amnesty law'. http://aan-afghanistan.com/index.asp?id=665 (13 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  278. Kress, C., ‘Frieden statt Recht?’, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 27 August 2016. Open Google Scholar
  279. Kreß, C. and Grover, L., ‘International Criminal Law Restraints in Peace Talks to End Armed Conflicts of a Non-International Character’ in M. Bergsmo and P. Kalmanovitz (eds.), Law in Peace Negotiations, 2nd edn. (Oslo: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2010), pp. 41–84. Open Google Scholar
  280. Kritz, N. J., ‘Promoting a Formal System of Justice in Post-Taliban Afghanistan’, Conn. J. Int'l L. 17 (2001-2002), 451–9. Open Google Scholar
  281. Kritz, N. J., ‘Progress and Humility: The Ongoing Search for Post-Conflict Justice’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), Post-Conflict Justice (Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2002), pp. 55–87. Open Google Scholar
  282. Küntzel M., Westliches Wunschdenken: Keine Anti-Terror-Allianz mit Assad (2015). http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/westliches-wunschdenken-keine-anti-terror-allianz-mit-assad.1005.de.html?dram:article_id=338520 (17 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  283. Laplante, L. J., ‘Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes’, Virginia Journal of International Law 49 (2009), 915–84. Open Google Scholar
  284. Laville S., UK Court Convicts Afghan Warlord: Zardad Found Guilty of Torture after Landmark Old Bailey Retrial. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jul/19/afghanistan.world (02 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  285. Leicht, L. and Baldwin, C., ‘In Syrien müssen Kriegsverbrechen geahndet werden’, Zeit Online, 03 August 2012. Open Google Scholar
  286. Leopold J., Afghanistan Enacts Law That Gives War Criminals Blanket Immunity. http://globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=18216 (25 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  287. Lessa, F., ‘Barriers to Justice: The Ley de Caducidad and Impunity in Uruguay’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 123–51. Open Google Scholar
  288. Lessa, F. and Payne, L. A., ‘Introduction’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 1–16. Open Google Scholar
  289. Ludwin King, E. B., ‘Amnesties in a Time of Transition’, George Washington International Law Review 41 (2010), 571–618. Open Google Scholar
  290. Lutz, E. and Sikkink, K., ‘The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America’, Chicago Journal of International Law 2 (2001). Open Google Scholar
  291. Maass, C. D., ‘National Reconciliation in Afghanistan.: Conflict History and the Search for an Afghan Approach’, Internationales Asienforum 37 (2006), 5–36. Open Google Scholar
  292. Macedo, S. (ed.), Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law, Pennsylvania studies in human rights (Philadelphia, Pa.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2004). Open Google Scholar
  293. MacLean E., Guatemala Justice Update, January 2014: Rios Montt Trial Faces Continued Challenges as Guatemala Selects New Slate of Judges and Attorney General. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2014/01/guatemala-justice-update-january-2014/ (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  294. Madabish A., Yemen Legal Affairs Minister: Former President Saleh Could Be Prosecuted. http://www.aawsat.net/2014/01/article55326833 (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  295. Mallinder L., The Amnesty Database. http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/Amnesty/index.html (23 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  296. Mallinder, L., Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide (Oxford, Portland, Or: Hart Pub., 2008). Open Google Scholar
  297. Mallinder, L., ‘Amnesties’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study on Conflicts, Victimization, and Post-Conflict Justice (Antwerp, Oxford, Portland: Intersentia, 2010), pp. 793–922. Open Google Scholar
  298. Mallinder, L., ‘Amnesties’ in W. A. Schabas and N. Bernaz (eds.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law (London and New York: Routledge, 2011), pp. 419–34. Open Google Scholar
  299. Mallinder, L., ‘Amnesties' Challenge to the Global Accountability Norm? Interpreting Regional and International Trends in Amnesty Enactment’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 69–96. Open Google Scholar
  300. Mallinder, L., ‘Power, Pragmatism, and Prisoner Abuse: Amnesty and Accountability in the United States’, Oregon Review of International Law 14 (2012), 307–76. Open Google Scholar
  301. Mallinder, L., ‘Amnesties in the Pursuit of Reconciliation, Peacebuilding, and Restorative Justice’ in J. J. Llewellyn and D. Philpott (eds.), Restorative Justice, Reconciliation, and Peacebuilding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 138–73. Open Google Scholar
  302. Mallinder, L., ‘The End of Amnesty or Regional Overreach?: Interpreting the Erosion of South America's Amnesty Laws’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly (ICLQ) 65 (2016), 645–80. Open Google Scholar
  303. Mani R., Ending Impunity and Building Justice in Afghanistan. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan016655.pdf (19 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  304. Manley L., Physicians for Human Rights – Afghan Panel on Human Rights and Transitional Justice. http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/blog/guftegu-afghan-panel-on-human-rights-and-transitional-justice.html (08 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  305. Marquis, C., ‘U.S. Is Seeking Pledges to Shield Its Peacekeepers From Tribunal’, The New York Times, 07 August 2002. Open Google Scholar
  306. Mashal, M., ‘Afghanistan’s Electoral Reform Plan Is Met With Skepticism’, The New York Times, 31 August 2015. Open Google Scholar
  307. McGregor, L., ‘International Law as a 'Tiered Process': Transitional Justice at the Local, National and International Level’ in K. McEvoy and L. McGregor (eds.), Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change (Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Pub., 2008), pp. 47–73. Open Google Scholar
  308. Meisenberg, S. M., ‘Legality of Amnesties in International Humanitarian Law: The Lomé Amnesty Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, International Review of the Red Cross 86 (2004), 837–51. Open Google Scholar
  309. Mendelson, M. H., The Formation of Customary International Law, Recueil des cours (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998), vol. 272. Open Google Scholar
  310. Miazad, O., ‘Transitional Justice in Post-War Afghanistan’, Human Rights Brief 9 (2002), 1–5. Open Google Scholar
  311. Minder, R., ‘Argentine Judge Seeks to Put Franco Officials on Trial’, The New York Times, 30 September 2013. Open Google Scholar
  312. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Government of Afghanistan), Security and Defense Cooperation Agreement Between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Pre-decisional Document as of November 2013. http://mfa.gov.af/Content/files/2013-11-18%20BSA%20TEXT.pdf (01 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  313. Mobekk, E., ‘Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Societies – Approaches to Reconciliation’ in A. Ebnother and P. Fluri (eds.), After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies – From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership (Geneva, 2005), pp. 261–92. Open Google Scholar
  314. Moen H. and Mohammadi A. Z., International Criminal Court (ICC) in Afghanistan: A Report on the Consultative Meeting on Obligations of Afghanistan under ICC. http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/5012~v~International_Criminal_Court__ICC__in_Afghanistan__A_Report_on_the_Consultative_Meeting_on_Obligations_of_Afghanistan_under_ICC.pdf (31 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  315. Mohr, J.*, ‘Negotiation, Reconciliation and Outreach: What Are the Options on the Table?’ in W. Danspeckgruber (ed.), Petersberg Papers on Afghanistan and the Region, Liechtenstein Colloquium Report (2009), pp. 103–15. Open Google Scholar
  316. Mojumdar A., Afghanistan: Amnesty Law Fuels Debate on Reconciliation Process. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav031510.shtml (26 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  317. Moreno-Ocampo L., "Das Recht darf nicht wegverhandelt werden" (2012). Open Google Scholar
  318. Morris, M., ‘International Guidelines Against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability’, Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (1996), 29–40. Open Google Scholar
  319. Mühlmann, S., ‘Afghanistan erteilt Massenmördern einen Freibrief’, WELT ONLINE, 18 March 2010. Open Google Scholar
  320. My Republica, Nepal: Govt Proposes Amnesty to Serious HR Violators. http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php/thweek/www.cpnm.org/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=40343 (17 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  321. Nadery, A. N., ‘Afghans Struggle to Restore Justice in their Country: How Can Afghans Redress Past Abuses Without Creating New Injustices?’ in Bonn International Center for Conversion – Confronting Afghanistan's Security Dilemma brief 28, pp. 49–53. Open Google Scholar
  322. Nadery A. N., Peace or Justice?: Transitional Justice in Afghanistan. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/worldwide/Peace_or_Justice_Nadery_Oct2007.pdf (28 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  323. Nadery, A. N., ‘A Human Rights Awakening?’ in A. J. Thier (ed.), The Future of Aghanistan (Washington D.C., 2009), pp. 55–62. Open Google Scholar
  324. Nakandha S., Supreme Court of Uganda Rules on the Application of the Amnesty Act. http://www.ijmonitor.org/2015/04/supreme-court-of-uganda-rules-on-the-application-of-the-amnesty-act/ (06 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  325. Naqvi, Y., ‘Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining the Limits of International Recognition’, International Review of the Red Cross 85 (2003), 583–626. Open Google Scholar
  326. Naqvi, Y., Impediments to Exercising Jurisdiction over International Crimes (The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  327. National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa, Prosecution Policy and Directives Relating to the Prosecution of Criminal Matters Arising from Conflicts of the Past. http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/2005/060117nel.html (05 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  328. NDR, Auswärtiges Amt zeichnet in vertraulichem Bericht düsteres Afghanistan-Lagebild. https://www.ndr.de/der_ndr/presse/mitteilungen/Auswaertiges-Amt-zeichnet-in-vertraulichem-Bericht-duesteres-Afghanistan-Lagebild-,pressemeldungndr16542.html (15 December 2015). Open Google Scholar
  329. NDTV, UN Removes Former Afghan Warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar From Blacklist. http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/un-removes-former-afghan-warlord-gulbuddin-hekmatyar-from-blacklist-1655968 (04 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  330. Niland, N., ‘Impunity and Insurgency: a Deadly Combination in Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red Cross 92 (2010), 931–50. Open Google Scholar
  331. Nordland, R., ‘Top Afghans Tied to ’90s Carnage, Researchers Say’, The New York Times, 22 July 2012. Open Google Scholar
  332. Nordland, R., ‘Old Atrocities, Now Official, Galvanize Afghanistan’, The New York Times, 30 September 2013. Open Google Scholar
  333. Ntoubandi, F. Z., Amnesty for Crimes against Humanity under International Law (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007). Open Google Scholar
  334. Nuremberg Declaration on Peace and Justice. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/491058/publicationFile/3491/080620-NuernbergerErklaerung-EN.pdf (07 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  335. Oellers-Frahm, K., ‘The Evolving Role of Treaties in International Law’ in R. A. Miller and R. M. Bratspies (eds.), Progress in International Law (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008), pp. 173–96. Open Google Scholar
  336. O'Keefe, R., International Criminal law, 1st edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Open Google Scholar
  337. Okiror S., Forgive and Forget? Amnesty Dilemma Haunts Uganda. http://www.irinnews.org/report/101625/forgive-and-forget-amnesty-dilemma-haunts-uganda (09 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  338. Olsen, T. D., Payne, L. A. and Reiter, A. G., Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy (Washington, D.C: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  339. Olsen, T. D., Payne, L. A. and Reiter, A. G., ‘The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy’, Human Rights Quarterly 32 (2010), 980–1007. Open Google Scholar
  340. Open Society Foundations, Gomes Lund v. Brazil. http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/litigation/gomes-lund-v-brazil (12 February 2014). Open Google Scholar
  341. Orakhelashvili, A., ‘The Acts of the Security Council: Meaning and Standards of Review’ in A. v. Bogdandy, R. Wolfrum and C. E. Philipp (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (Leiden, Biggleswade: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers/Brill Academic, 2007), pp. 143–95. Open Google Scholar
  342. Ordinance on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Nepal 2013. http://www.simonrobins.com/missing/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Nepal-TRC-Ordinance.pdf (17 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  343. Orentlicher, D. F., ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’, The Yale Law Journal 100 (1991), 2537–615. Open Google Scholar
  344. Osberg C., Inter-American Court Invalidates Amnesty Law Enacted during Brazil’s Military Dictatorship. http://hrbrief.org/2011/04/inter-american-court-invalidates-amnesty-law-enacted-during-brazil-military-dictatorship/ (12 February 2014). Open Google Scholar
  345. O'Shea, A., Amnesty for Crime in International Law and Practice (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002). Open Google Scholar
  346. Osiel, M. J., Making Sense of Mass Atrocity (Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  347. Osman B., Peace With Hekmatyar: What Does It Mean for Battlefield and Politics? https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/peace-with-hekmatyar-what-does-it-mean-for-battlefield-and-politics/ (10 October 2016). Open Google Scholar
  348. Otim M. and Kihika K. S., On the Path to Vindicate Victims’ Rights in Uganda: Reflections on the Transitional Justice Process Since Juba. https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Briefing-Uganda-TJProcess-2015_0.pdf (06.01.17). Open Google Scholar
  349. Otto A.-K., Afghanistan: Developmets in Justice & Reconciliation. http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/6347~v~Afghanistan__Developments_in_Justice___Reconciliation__Analysis_of_Reconciliation_and_Amnesty_Law_Detainee_Issues_March_2010.pdf (01 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  350. Oxford Dictionaries: Obiter Dictum. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/obiter_dictum (21 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  351. Peace Agreement between the Governement of Sierra Leone and the RUF (Lomé Peace Agreement). http://peacemaker.un.org/sierraleone-lome-agreement99 (13 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  352. Pejic, J., ‘The Protective Scope of Common Article 3: More than Meets the Eye’, International Review of the Red Cross 93 (2011), 189–225. Open Google Scholar
  353. Perez S., Guatemalan Court Upholds Top Prosecutor's Ouster. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/guatemalan-court-upholds-top-prosecutors-ouster (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  354. Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the United Nations, Statement by Dr. Zalmai Rassoul, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan at the High-Level Meeting on The Rule of Law at the National and International Levels. http://afghanistan-un.org/2012/09/statement-of-h-e-dr-zalmai-rassoul-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-islamic-republic-of-afghanistan-at-the-high-level-meeting-on-the-rule-of-law/ (31 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  355. Petersen, N., ‘Customary Law Without Custom? Rules, Principles, and the Role of State Practice in International Norm Creation’, American University International Law Review 23 (2007), 275–310. Open Google Scholar
  356. Petersen N., The Role of Consent and Uncertainty in the Formation of Customary International Law. http://www.coll.mpg.de/pdf_dat/2011_04online.pdf (03 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  357. Postema, G. J., ‘Custom in International Law: A Normative Practice Account’ in A. Perreau-Saussine and J. B. Murphy (eds.), The Nature of Customary Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 279–306. Open Google Scholar
  358. Program in Law and Public Affairs P. U., The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction. http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf (23 March 2016). Open Google Scholar
  359. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act: Act 34 of 1995 (1995). Open Google Scholar
  360. Quinones N., 6,060 Years in Prison for Former Guatemalan Soldier. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/13/world/americas/guatemala-human-rights-trial/index.html (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  361. Radio Netherlands Worldwide, Amnesty Not Applicable for KRouge Defendant. http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/amnesty-not-applicable-krouge-defendant (17 February 2014). Open Google Scholar
  362. Rafael, P. and Yardley, J., ‘No Extradition for Franco-Era Police Inspector’, The New York Times, 30 April 2014. Open Google Scholar
  363. Rai D., Panel Set to Start TRC Formation. http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/09/12/top-story/panel-set-to-start-trc-formation/394922.html (07 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  364. Rai D., Transitional Justice Process Hangs in Balance: Victims Worried About Being Left out in Cold. http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-01-19/victims-worried-about-being-left-out-in-cold.html (09 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  365. Raimondo, F. O., General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, Zugl.: Amsterdam, Univ., Diss., 2007 (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2008). Open Google Scholar
  366. Raymond-Jetté M., Small Gains on Large Crimes in DR Congo. http://www.insightonconflict.org/2015/07/small-gains-large-crimes-dr-congo/ (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  367. Razesberger, F., The International Criminal Court: The Principle of Complementarity, Völkerrecht, Europarecht und internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2006), vol. 1. Open Google Scholar
  368. Recknagel C., Explainer: Key Points in U.S.-Afghan Bilateral Security Agreement. http://www.rferl.org/content/explainer-bsa-afghan-us-security-agreement-bsa/26613884.html (09 January 2015). Open Google Scholar
  369. Renteria N., El Salvador Top Court Orders Probe of Civil War Massacre. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/06/us-elsalvador-justice-idUSBREA1506K20140206 (13 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  370. Reuters, UN Rights Office Against Proposed Saleh Immunity. http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/10/18/idINIndia-59968420111018 (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  371. Reuters, Genocide Trial for Guatemala Ex-Dictator Rios Montt Suspended. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-trial-idUSKCN0UP21F20160111 (29 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  372. Reuters, Gambia Withdraws From ICC, Accuses World Body of Bias Against Africans. http://thewire.in/76049/gambia-withdraws-from-the-icc-accuses-it-of-ignoring-the-war-crimes-of-the-west/ (02 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  373. Reydams, L., Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives, Oxford monographs in international law (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003). Open Google Scholar
  374. Richter A., Aguiar V. and Queiroz A., Supreme Court Halts Proceedings Against Military Accused of Dictatorship Crimes. http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2014-09/supreme-court-halts-proceedings-against-military-accused-dictatorship (19 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  375. Robinson, D., ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’, European Journal of International Law 14 (2003), 481–505. Open Google Scholar
  376. Röder, T. J., ‘Kollisionen zwischen shari'a, Gesetz und Stammestradition in Afghanistan’ in M. Kötter and G. F. Schuppert (eds.), Normative Pluralität ordnen: Rechtsbegriffe, Normenkollisionen und Rule of Law in Kontexten dies- und jenseits des Staates, 1st edn. (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009), pp. 257–301. Open Google Scholar
  377. Röhl, K. F. (ed.), Procedural Justice, Oñati international series in law and society (Aldershot, Hants: Dartmouth, 1997). Open Google Scholar
  378. Roht-Arriaza, N., ‘State Responsibility to Investigate and Prosecute Grave Human Rights Violations in International Law’, California Law Review 78 (1990), 449–513. Open Google Scholar
  379. Roht-Arriaza, N., Transitional Justice and Peace Agreements, Peace Agreements: The Role of Human Rights in Negotiations (Belfast, 2005). Open Google Scholar
  380. Roht-Arriaza, N., ‘Amnesty Laws in Latin America: Devalued Currency?’, The Canadian Consortium on Human Security 6 (2008), 13–6. Open Google Scholar
  381. Roht-Arriaza N., Uruguay Supreme Court Annuls Amnesty Law, as Accountability Continues in Latin America. http://www.intlawgrrls.com/2010/11/uruguayan-supreme-court-annuls-amnesty.html (04 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  382. Roht-Arriaza, N., ‘The Spanish Civil War, Amnesty, and the Trials of Judge Garzón’, The American Society of International Law 16 (2012). Open Google Scholar
  383. Roht-Arriaza, N. and Gibson, L., ‘The Developing Jurisprudence on Amnesty’, Human Rights Quarterly 20 (1998), 843–85. Open Google Scholar
  384. Roht-Arriaza, N. and Mariezcurrena, J. (eds.), Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice (Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Open Google Scholar
  385. Rondeaux, C. and Grono, N., ‘Prosecuting Taliban War Criminals’, The New York Times, 23 March 2010. Open Google Scholar
  386. Rubin, B. R., ‘Transitional Justice and Human Rights in Afghanistan’, International Affairs 79 (2003), 567–81. Open Google Scholar
  387. Rubin, B. R., ‘The Transformation of the Afghan State’ in A. J. Thier (ed.), The Future of Aghanistan (Washington D.C., 2009), pp. 13–21. Open Google Scholar
  388. Ryngaert C., Another Afghan Case in the Hague District Court: Universal Jurisdiction over Violations of Common Article 3. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/Docs/Miscellaneous/Portal%20Ryngaert%20Commentary%20Abdullah%20F%2012-9-2007.pdf (03 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  389. Sadat, L. N., ‘The Effect of Amnesties Before Domestic and International Tribunals: Morality, Law and Politics’ in E. Hughes, W. A. Schabas and R. C. Thakur (eds.), Atrocities and International Accountability: Beyond Transitional Justice (New York: United Nations University Press, 2007), pp. 225–45. Open Google Scholar
  390. Sadat, L. N., ‘Individuel Progress in International Law: Considering Amnesty’ in R. A. Miller and R. M. Bratspies (eds.), Progress in International Law (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008), pp. 335–56. Open Google Scholar
  391. Saeed A., Armed Men Besiege House of Legal Affairs Minister. http://www.yementimes.com/en/1796/news/4069/Armed-men-besiege-house-of-legal-affairs-minister.htm (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  392. Sain A. C., Latin American Amnesty Laws Annulled; the Struggle Against Impunity Continues. http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/2011/01/latin-american-amnesty-laws-annulled-the-struggle-against-impunity-continues/ (09 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  393. Sajjad T., Peace at all Costs: Reintegration and Reconciliation in Afghanistan. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4cb411692.html (12 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  394. Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia: Incostitucionalidad 44-2013/145-2013, San Salvador, (unofficial translation, footnotes omitted). http://www.jurisprudencia.gob.sv/VisorMLX/PDF/44-2013AC.PDF (04 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  395. Salahuddin, S., Afghanistan Must Not Repeal Amnesty Law (Kabul: Reuters, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  396. Sandoval, C., ‘The Challenge of Impunity in Peru: The Significance of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’, Essex Human Rights Review 5 (2008), 1–20. Open Google Scholar
  397. Sandoz, Y., Swinarski, C. and Zimmermann, B. (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Geneva, Norwell, MA, USA: International Committee of the Red Cross; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Distributors for the United States and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987). Open Google Scholar
  398. Schabas, W., Unimaginable Atrocities: Justice, Politics, and Rights at the War Crimes Tribunals, 1st edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Open Google Scholar
  399. Schabas, W. A., ‘National Amnesties, Truth Commissions and International Criminal Tribunals’ in B. S. Brown (ed.), Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Research handbooks in international law (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 373–90. Open Google Scholar
  400. Scharf, M., ‘The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes’, Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (1996), 41–62. Open Google Scholar
  401. Scharf, M. P., ‘The Amnesty Exception to the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court’, Cornell International Law Journal 32 (1999), 507–27. Open Google Scholar
  402. Scharf, M. P., ‘Justice versus Peace’ in S. B. Sewall and C. Kaysen (eds.), The United States and the International Criminal Court: National Security and International Law (Lanham, Md, Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000), pp. 179–95. Open Google Scholar
  403. Scharf, M. P., ‘Trading Justice for Peace: The Contemporary Law and Policy Debate’ in E. Hughes, W. A. Schabas and R. C. Thakur (eds.), Atrocities and International Accountability: Beyond Transitional Justice (New York: United Nations University Press, 2007), pp. 246–74. Open Google Scholar
  404. Scharf, M. P. and Rodley, N., ‘International Law Principles on Accountability’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), Post-Conflict Justice (Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 2002), pp. 89–96. Open Google Scholar
  405. Scheffer, D., ‘The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia’ in M. C. Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law, Volume III: International Enforcement, 3rd edn. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers/Brill Academic, 2008), pp. 219–55. Open Google Scholar
  406. Schlütter, B., Developments in Customary International Law: Theory and the Practice of the International Court of Justice and the International Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and Yugoslavia, Developments in international law (Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010), vol. 62. Open Google Scholar
  407. Schmeidl, S., ‘Engaging Traditional Justice Mechanisms in Afghanistan: State-Building Opportunity or Dangerous Liaison?’ in W. Mason (ed.), The Rule of Law in Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 149–71. Open Google Scholar
  408. Schmolze B., Ein wichtiger Sieg für die Gerechtigkeit: Amnestiepolitik der südafrikanischen Anklagebehörde für verfassungswidrig erklärt. http://www.gerechtigkeit-heilt.de/texte/suedafrika-amnestiepolitik.html (04 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  409. Schoiswohl, M., ‘"Transitional Justice" in Afghanistan: Vergangenheitsbewältigung der nächsten Generation’, juridikum – zeitschrift im rechtsstaat (2005), 94–8. Open Google Scholar
  410. Seibert-Fohr, A., ‘The Relevance of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court for Amnesties and Truth Commissions’, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 7 (2003), 553–90. Open Google Scholar
  411. Seibert-Fohr, A., ‘Human Rights as Guiding Principles in the Context of Post Conflict Justice’, Michigan State Journal of International Law 13 (2005), 179–96. Open Google Scholar
  412. Seibert-Fohr, A., Prosecuting Serious Human Rights Violations (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  413. Seils, P., ‘Political Pardons Would Damage the Legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, The Huffington Post, 06 March 2015. Open Google Scholar
  414. Seils P., In Syria, Little Chance of Justice or Change Without Return of Displaced. https://www.ictj.org/news/syria-refugees-justice-return-displaced (04 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  415. Senier, A., ‘Rebuilding the Judicial Sector in Afghanistan: The Role of Customary Law’, The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization (2006), 1–10. Open Google Scholar
  416. Sharifzada M. J., Eide Concerned at Amnesty Law. http://www.pajhwok.com/ps/node/90839 (20 February 2012). Open Google Scholar
  417. Shaw, M. N., International Law, 5. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006). Open Google Scholar
  418. Shaw, R. and Waldorf, L., ‘Introduction: Localizing Transitional Justice’ in R. Shaw, L. Waldorf and P. Hazan (eds.), Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2010), pp. 3–26. Open Google Scholar
  419. Shelton, D., ‘International Law and 'Relative Normativity'’ in M. D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 141–71. Open Google Scholar
  420. Showaia, K. M., ‘Transitional Justice in Libya: Between Current Challenges and Future Prospects’, Macquarie Law Journal 13 (2014), 61–78. Open Google Scholar
  421. Shuja A., Key Afghan Opposition Leader Calls for a Truth Commission, Says Negotiation with Insurgents Possible. http://www.undispatch.com/key-afghan-opposition-leader-calls-for-truth-commissions-says-negotiation-with-insurgents-possible (16 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  422. Sibaja, M., ‘Brazil Prosecutors: Judge Takes First Junta Case’, The Huffington Post, 31 August 2012. Open Google Scholar
  423. Sigdel K. R., War-Era Crimes: UN Report to Sound Alarm Bell against Nepal’s Blanket Amnesty. http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2012-03-18/war-era-crimes-un-report-to-sound-alarm-bell-against-nepals-blanket-amnesty.html (17 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  424. Sikkink, K., ‘The Age of Accountability: The Global Rise of Individual Criminal Accountability’ in F. Lessa and L. A. Payne (eds.), Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 19–41. Open Google Scholar
  425. Simons, M., ‘Investigators in Syria Seek Paper Trails that Could Prove War Crimes’, The New York Times, 07 October 2014. Open Google Scholar
  426. Simons, M., Gladstone, R. and Rosenberg, C., ‘Hague Court Abandons Afghanistan War Crimes Inquiry’, 12 April 2019. Open Google Scholar
  427. Skaar, E., Judicial Independence and Human Rights in Latin America: Violations, Politics, and Prosecution, 1st edn. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). Open Google Scholar
  428. Slater M., Uruguay High Court Declares Dictatorship Trials Unconstitutional. http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/02/uruguay-high-court-declares-dictatorship-trials-unconstitutional.php (08 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  429. Slattery G., Chile Doubles Down on Prosecutions for Pinochet-era Crimes. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-dictatorship-trials-idUSKCN0SQ2D120151101 (17.12.15). Open Google Scholar
  430. Slye, R. C., ‘The Legitimacy of Amnesties Under International Law and General Principles of Anglo-American Law: Is a Legitimate Amnesty Possible?’, Virginia Journal of International Law 43 (2002), 173–247. Open Google Scholar
  431. Slye, R. C. and van Schaack, B., International Criminal Law: Essentials, Essentials (Austin, New York, NY: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; Aspen Publishers, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  432. Snow, S., ‘Ghani's Deal With the Devil: Hekmatyar and Transitional Justice’, The Diplomat, 22 September 2016. Open Google Scholar
  433. Snyder, J. and Vinjamuri, L., ‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice’, International Security 28 (Winter 2003), 5–44. Open Google Scholar
  434. Sooka, Y., ‘Dealing With the Past and Transitional Justice: Building Peace Through Accountability’, International Review of the Red Cross 88 (2006), 311–25. Open Google Scholar
  435. Sooka, Y., ‘The Politics of Transitional Justice’ in C. L. Sriram and S. Pillay (eds.), Peace versus Justice? The Dilemma of Transitional Justice in Africa (Oxford: James Currey, 2010), pp. 21–43. Open Google Scholar
  436. Spiegel Online, Bürgerkrieg in Syrien: Cameron befürwortet Exil für Assad. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/buergerkrieg-in-syrien-cameron-schlaegt-exil-fuer-assad-vor-a-865704.html (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  437. Stahl, S., Schutzpflichten im Völkerrecht – Ansatz einer Dogmatik: Ein Beitrag zu Grund, Inhalt und Grenzen der völkerrechtlichen Schutzpflichtendogmatik im Bereich konventionell geschützter Menschenrechte, Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2010, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht (Berlin: Springer, 2012), vol. 232. Open Google Scholar
  438. Stahn, C., ‘United Nations Peace-Building, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: A Change in Practice?’, International Review of the Red Cross 84 (2002), 191–206. Open Google Scholar
  439. Stahn, C., ‘Complementarity, Amnesties and Alternative Forms of Justice: Some Interpretative Guidelines for the International Criminal Court’, Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (2005), 695–720. Open Google Scholar
  440. State Library of New South Wales, Non-International Armed Conflict. http://www.legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/guides/hot_topics/intnl_humanitarian_law/non_intl_armed_conflict.html (12 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  441. Synovitz R., Afghanistan: Karzai Confirms Amnesty Offer Is for All Willing Afghans. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1058802.html (21 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  442. Synovitz R., Afghanistan: Amnesty Law Draws Criticism. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1075272.html (18 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  443. The Afghanistan Justice Project, Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity:, 1978-2001. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/B7C09154CD3E144EC12570430049F76A-ajp-afg-18jul.pdf (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  444. The Afghanistan Justice Project, Amnesty Would Jeopardize National Reconciliation and Security. http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/ (10 July 2012). Open Google Scholar
  445. The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC), Afghanistan Signs Up for the International Criminal Court: War Crimes in Afghanistan May Now Be Tried Before the ICC. http://www.iccnow.org/documents/2.10.2003-Afghanistan.pdf (11 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  446. The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC), Updates on Afghanistan (31 Dec 2005). http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=newsdetail&news=1 (31 July 2016). Open Google Scholar
  447. The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC), U.S. Bilateral Immunity Agreements or So-Called "Article 98" Agreements. http://www.iccnow.org/documents/FS-BIAs_Q&A_current.pdf (27 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  448. The Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo), Afghanistan: Blood Feuds, Traditional Law (Pashtunwali) and Traditional Conflict Resolution. http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1940/1/1940_1.pdf (17 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  449. The European Sting, Amending Guatemala ‘Reconciliation Law’ Would Lead to Unjust Amnesty, Warns Bachelet. https://europeansting.com/2019/01/23/amending-guatemala-reconciliation-law-would-lead-to-unjust-amnesty-warns-bachelet/ (08 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  450. the guardian, Guatemala Overturns Former Dictator's Genocide Conviction. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/21/guatemala-efrain-rios-montt-genocide-conviction (14 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  451. The Himalayan Times Online, ICJ Finds Faults in TRC Act‚ Says Amend It. http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=ICJ+finds+faults+in+TRC+Act%26sbquo%3B++says+amend+it+&NewsID=416400&a=3 (01 June 2014). Open Google Scholar
  452. The Liaison Office, Linkages between State and Non-State Justice Systems in Eastern Afghanistan: Evidence from Jalalabad, Nangarhar and Ahmad Aba, Paktia. http://www.tlo-afghanistan.org/sites/default/files/Working-Paper-Series/TLO-Linkages-between-state-and-non-state-justice-systems-in-eastern-Afghanistan.pdf (30 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  453. The Liaison Office, Building Dispute Resolution Institutions in Southern Afghanistan: Lessons from The Liaison Office Justice Shuras in Helmand, Uruzgan, and Nimruz. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TLO%20-%20Building%20Dispute%20Resolution%20Institutions%20in%20Southern%20Afghanistan%20%282%29.pdf (16 March 2014). Open Google Scholar
  454. The London Conference on Afghanistan: Afghanistan and International Community: Commitments to Reforms and Renewed Partnership, Communique. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/383205/The-London-Conference-on-Afghanistan-Communique.pdf (10 January 2015). Open Google Scholar
  455. Rabindra Prasad Dhakal v Nepal Government, Ministry of Home Affairs and Others (The Supreme Court of Nepal, 01 June 2007). Open Google Scholar
  456. The Telegraph, Minsk Agreement on Ukraine Crisis: Text in Full. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11408266/Minsk-agreement-on-Ukraine-crisis-text-in-full.html (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  457. The World Bank, Uganda – Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/366461468318292528/pdf/dh0Project0Inf1raisal0Stage1updated.pdf (27 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  458. Thielbörger P. and Özdemir Ö., "Afg­ha­nistan" als Risi­ko­fall: Machtspiele am IStGH in Den Haag. https://www.lto.de/recht/justiz/j/istgh-icc021733-afghanistan-usa-kriegsverbrechen-keine-untersuchung/ (23 April 2019). Open Google Scholar
  459. Thier, A. J., ‘Introduction: Building Bridges’ in A. J. Thier (ed.), The Future of Aghanistan (Washington D.C., 2009), pp. 1–11. Open Google Scholar
  460. Thirlway, H., ‘The Sources of International Law’ in M. D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 95–121. Open Google Scholar
  461. Tico Times, Human Rights Court Condemns El Salvador for El Mozote Massacre. http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Human-rights-court-condemns-El-Salvador-for-El-Mozote-massacre_Tuesday-December-11-2012 (12 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  462. Tittemore, B. D., ‘Ending Impunity in the Americas: The Role of the Inter-American Human Rights System in Advancing Accountability for Serious Crimes under International Law’, Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas 12 (2005-2006), 429–75. Open Google Scholar
  463. Tolbert D., Address by David Tolbert to the National Forum on Launching the Dialogue on Transitional Justice in Tunisia. http://ictj.org/news/address-david-tolbert-national-forum-launching-dialogue-transitional-justice-tunisia (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  464. Tolbert D., A Wrong Turn for Human Rights. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/david-tolbert-warns-that-the-gains-made-since-the-end-of-the-cold-war-are-at-risk (13 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  465. Tolbert D., Much Work Ahead for Spain in Facing the Ghosts of the Past. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-tolbert/much-work-ahead-for-spain_b_5965638.html (07 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  466. Tolbert, D. and van Genugten, W. J.M., International Justice in a Time of Transition, International Peace Institute (IPI) Policy Forum (The Hague, 2012). Open Google Scholar
  467. Tondini, M., Statebuilding and Justice Reform: Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Afghanistan (London and New York: Routledge, 2010). Open Google Scholar
  468. Transitional Justice Coordination Group – Afghanistan, TJCG Statement on the Amnesty Law: Accountability, Not Impunity: Only Victims Have the Right to Forgive. http://tjcgafghanistan.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/tjcg-statement-on-the-amnesty-law/ (20 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  469. Transitional Justice Institute U. o. U., The Belfast Guidelines on Amnesty and Accountability. http://www.ulster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/57839/TheBelfastGuidelinesFINAL_000.pdf (24 March 2016). Open Google Scholar
  470. TRIAL, TRIAL WATCH: Assadullah Sarwari. http://www.trial-ch.org/en/resources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profiles/profile/452/action/show/controller/Profile.html (01 June 2012). Open Google Scholar
  471. TRIAL, TRIAL WATCH: Faryadi Sarwar Zardad. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/faryadi-sarwar-zardad/ (01 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  472. TRIAL, TRIAL WATCH: Habibullah Jalalzoy. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/habibullah-jalalzoy/ (01 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  473. TRIAL, TRIAL WATCH: Heshamuddin Hesam. https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/heshamuddin-hesam/ (30 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  474. Tribunal Supremo. ‘Manos Limpias’ and Association Liberty and Identity against Judge Baltasar Garzón for ‘Prevaricación’ (Criminal Offence of Breach of Judicial Duty): Summary of the Judgment 101/2012, of 27 February. http://www.poderjudicial.es/portal/site/cgpj/menuitem.0cb0942ae6fbda1c1ef62232dc432ea0/?vgnextoid=3dc82a011feb5310VgnVCM1000006f48ac0aRCRD&vgnextlocale=en&perfil=2&vgnextfmt=default&lang_choosen=en&vgnextchannel=6d70f20408619210VgnVCM100000cb34e20aRCRD (20 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  475. Trumbull, C. P., ‘Giving Amnesties a Second Chance’, Berkeley Journal of International Law 25 (2007), 283–345. Open Google Scholar
  476. Tyler, T. R. (ed.), Procedural Justice, The international library of essays in law and society (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). Open Google Scholar
  477. UN Committee Against Torture (CAT), Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: El Salvador: CAT/C/SLV/CO/2. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT/C/SLV/CO/2&Lang=En (12 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  478. UN News Centre, Nepal: Pillay Welcomes Supreme Court Ruling Against Amnesty for Serious Crimes. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46872#.WH9RpH3zz90 (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  479. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN Officials Urge Justice for Grave Crimes Committed by M23. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2014/10/mil-141009-unnews02.htm (11 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  480. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Prosecution Initiatives, HR/PUB/06/4. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/RuleoflawProsecutionsen.pdf (12 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  481. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Truth Commissions, HR/PUB/06/1. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/RuleoflawTruthCommissionsen.pdf (30 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  482. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting: an Operational Framework, HR/PUB/06/5. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/RuleoflawVettingen.pdf (31 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  483. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Reparations Programmes, HR/PUB/08/1. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ReparationsProgrammes.pdf (31 January 2013). Open Google Scholar
  484. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Amnesties, HR/PUB/09/1. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Amnesties_en.pdf (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  485. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: National Consultations on Transitional Justice, HR/PUB/09/2. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/NationalConsultationsTJ_EN.pdf (23 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  486. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCHR Comments on the Nepal “Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation Ordinance – 2069 (2013)”. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/NP/OHCHRComments_TRC_Ordinance.docx (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  487. UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Nepal Act on the Commission on Investigation of Disappeared Persons, Truth and Reconciliation, 2071 (2014) – as Gazetted 21 May 2014. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/NP/OHCHRTechnical_Note_Nepal_CIDP_TRC_Act2014.pdf (18 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  488. UNDP in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme (APRP). http://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/operations/projects/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/aprp.html (27 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  489. UNDP in Afghanistan, Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme: 2015 Third Quarter Project Progress Report. http://www.af.undp.org/content/dam/afghanistan/docs/crisisprev/APRP/APRP-3QPR-2015.pdf (02 June 2017). Open Google Scholar
  490. United Nations, UN Mapping Report Afghanistan – unpublished. http://www.flagrancy.net/salvage/UNMappingReportAfghanistan.pdf (20 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  491. United Nations, United Nations Treaty Collection: Glossary of Terms Relating to Treaty Actions. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml (10 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  492. United Nations, The Work of the International Law Commission, 6th edn. (New York: United Nations, 2004). Open Google Scholar
  493. United Nations, Yearbook of the International Law Commission 2001: Volume II, Part Two, A/CN.4/SER.A/2001/Add.1 (Part 2). http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/english/ilc_2001_v2_p2.pdf (09 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  494. United Nations, High Commissioner Expresses Concern Over National Stability Plan Passed by Afghanistan's Lower House, Press Release (2007). Open Google Scholar
  495. United Nations, What is Transitional Justice? A Backgrounder. https://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pdf/doc_wgll/justice_times_transition/26_02_2008_background_note.pdf (07 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  496. United Nations, Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Approach to Transitional Justice. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/TJ_Guidance_Note_March_2010FINAL.pdf (17 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  497. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Transcript of Press Conference in Kabul by Norah Niland, Representative of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Afghanistan. https://unama.unmissions.org/norah-niland-representative-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-afghanistan-0 (16 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  498. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Afghanistan Mid Year Report on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict 2010. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/August102010_MID-YEAR%20REPORT%202010_Protection%20of%20Civilians%20in%20Armed%20Conflict.pdf (17 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  499. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Afghanistan Midyear Report 2011: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2011_midyear_poc.pdf (11 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  500. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), Draft Peace Agreement Between Government and Hezb-i-Islami Gulbuddin. http://unama.unmissions.org/print/draft-peace-agreement-between-government-and-hezb-i-islami-gulbuddin (11 October 2016). Open Google Scholar
  501. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Independent Study on Best Practices, Including Recommendations, to Assist States in Strengthening Their Domestic Capacity to Combat all Aspects of Impunity, by Professor Diane Orentlicher, E/CN.4/2004/88. http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/94b45b7493a558cac1256e6e005a6d1d/$FILE/G0411355.pdf (20 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  502. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Leandro Despouy, E/CN.4/2005/60. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/104/13/PDF/G0510413.pdf?OpenElement (23 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  503. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Independent Expert to Update the Set of Principles to Combat Impunity, Diane Orentlicher, Addendum: Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity, E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1. Open Google Scholar
  504. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Independent Expert to Update the Set of Principles to Combat Impunity, Diane Orentlicher, E/CN.4/2005/102. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G05/111/03/PDF/G0511103.pdf?OpenElement (13 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  505. United Nations Development Programme Afghanistan, Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups (DIAG): Annual Project Report 2010. http://www.undp.org.af/Projects/Report2011/diag/2011-03-21-%20Annual%20Progress%20Report%20of%20DIAG.pdf (07 May 2012). Open Google Scholar
  506. United Nations Development Programme Afghanistan, Afghanistan’s New Beginnings Programme (ANBP). http://www.undp.org.af/whoweare/undpinafghanistan/Projects/psl/prj_anbp.htm (07 May 2012). Open Google Scholar
  507. United Nations Development Programme Afghanistan, Afghanistan Peace and Reintegration Programme (APRP) – UNDP Support: Third Quarter Report 2011. http://www.undp.org.af/Projects/Report2011/APRP/3rdQ/APRP_00076674_QPR_Q3_2011.pdf (17 April 2012). Open Google Scholar
  508. United Nations General Assembly, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, A/RES/60/147. Open Google Scholar
  509. United Nations General Assembly, International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Those Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011, A/71/L.48. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/71/L.48 (24 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  510. United Nations General Assembly – Security Council, The Situation in Afghanistan and Its Implications for International Peace and Security: Report of the Secretary-General, A/56/681–S/2001/1157. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2001/1157 (20 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  511. United Nations General Assembly – Security Council, The Situation in Afghanistan and Its Implications for International Peace and Security: Report of the Secretary-General, A/59/581 – S/2004/925. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Afgh%20S2004%20925.pdf (20 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  512. United Nations General Assembly – Security Council, The Situation in Afghanistan and Its Implications for International Peace and Security: Report of the Secretary-General, A/64/705–S/2010/127. http://afghanistan-un.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/S20101271.pdf (13 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  513. United Nations Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the UN Human Rights Committee: Uruguay: CCPR/C/79/Add.19. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F79%2FAdd.19&Lang=en (07 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  514. United Nations Human Rights Committee, Rodríguez v. Uruguay, Communication No. 322/1988: U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/322/1988 (1994). http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/html/vws322.htm (07 December 2016). Open Google Scholar
  515. United Nations Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13. https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom31.html (29.02.16). Open Google Scholar
  516. United Nations Human Rights Council, Analytical Study on Human Rights and Transitional Justice, A/HRC/12/18. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-18_E.pdf (24 November 2016). Open Google Scholar
  517. United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya: A/HRC/19/68. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A.HRC.19.68.pdf (20 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  518. United Nations Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence, A/HRC/27/56. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/Pages/ListReports.aspx (12 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  519. United Nations Security Council, Sierra Leone, S/PV.4035. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.4035 (28 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  520. United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the Role of United Nations Peacekeeping in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, S/2000/101. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2000/101 (31 May 2017). Open Google Scholar
  521. United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, S/2000/915. http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Establishment/S-2000-915.pdf (16 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  522. United Nations Security Council, Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions: "Bonn Agreement", S/2001/1154. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3f48f4754.html (20 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  523. United Nations Security Council, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, Report of the Secretary-General, S/2004/616. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/395/29/PDF/N0439529.pdf?OpenElement (08 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  524. United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council – 5052nd meeting, S/PV.5052 (Resumption 1). http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/IJ%20SPV5052%20Res1.pdf (16 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  525. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1674 (2006), S/Res/1674 (2006). https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/331/99/PDF/N0633199.pdf?OpenElement (16 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  526. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1757 (2007), S/RES/1757 (2007). http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/363/57/PDF/N0736357.pdf?OpenElement (12 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  527. United Nations Security Council, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Report of the Secretary-General, S/2011/634. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/ROL%20S2011%20634.pdf (17 February 2017). Open Google Scholar
  528. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2014 (2011), S/RES/2014 (2011). http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/YEMEN%20S%20RES%202014.pdf (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  529. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Afghanistan Rule of Law Project: Field Study of Informal and Customary Justice in Afghanistan and Recommendations on Improving Access to Justice and Relations Between Formal Courts and Informal Bodies. http://www.usip.org/files/file/usaid_afghanistan.pdf (15 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  530. University of Minnesota – Human Rights Library, Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties – Afghanistan. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/ratification-afghanistan1.html (11 February 2016). Open Google Scholar
  531. Unofficial Translation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement concluded between the Government of Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/nepal_cpa_20061121_en.pdf (16 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  532. ‘Uruguay: Justice or Democracy?’, The Economist, 23 March 2013. Open Google Scholar
  533. Valinas, M., ‘Interpreting Complementarity and Interest of Justice in the Presence of Restorative-Based Alternative Forms of Justice’ in C. Stahn and L. van den Herik (eds.), Future Perspectives on International Criminal Justice (The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2010), pp. 267–88. Open Google Scholar
  534. van der Vyver, J. D., ‘The United Nations and International Criminal Law’, The University of Queensland Law Journal 24 (2005), 317–36. Open Google Scholar
  535. van Eijl, R., Dealing with Crimes of the Past: No More Amnesty? An Inquiry into the Lawfulness of Amnesty for Human Rights Atrocities Under International Law (Utrecht: Kennispunt Recht, Economie, Bestuur en Organisatie, Universiteit Utrecht, 2009). Open Google Scholar
  536. van Hoecke, M., ‘Methodology of Comparative Legal Research’, Law and Method (2015). Open Google Scholar
  537. van Schaack, B. and Slye, R. C., International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement (New York: Foundation Press, 2007). Open Google Scholar
  538. Vendrell, F., ‘The International Community's Failures in Afghanistan’ in W. Mason (ed.), The Rule of Law in Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 53–60. Open Google Scholar
  539. Villiger, M. E., Customary International Law and Treaties: A Manual on the Theory and Practice of the Interrelation of Sources, Developments in international law, 2nd edn. (The Hague [u.a.]: Kluwer Law International, 1997), vol. 28. Open Google Scholar
  540. Vogenauer, S. and Weatherill, S., General Principles of Law, Studies of the Oxford Institute of European and Comparative Law (Oxford UK, Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2017). Open Google Scholar
  541. Walker, S. and Bowcott, O., ‘Russia Withdraws Signature from International Criminal Court Statute’, The Guardian, 16 November 2016. Open Google Scholar
  542. Wardak, A., ‘State and Non-State Justice Systems in Afghanistan: the Need for Synergy’, U. Pa. J. Int’l L. 32 (2011), 1305–24. Open Google Scholar
  543. Wardak A., Saba D. and Kazem H., Afghanistan Human Development Report 2007: Bridging Modernity and Tradition: Rule of Law and the Search for Justice. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/nhdr2007.pdf (22 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  544. Werle, G., ‘Transitional Justice – Der juristische Rahmen’ in H. E. Müller, G. M. Sander and H. Válková (eds.), Festschrift für Ulrich Eisenberg zum 70. Geburtstag (München: Beck, 2009), pp. 791–806. Open Google Scholar
  545. Werle, G., Völkerstrafrecht, 3rd edn. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2012). Open Google Scholar
  546. Werle, G. and Jessberger, F., Principles of International Criminal Law, 3rd edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). Open Google Scholar
  547. Westerwelle Recommends Assad the Passage Into Exile. http://www.zitecode.com/Articles/detail/westerwelle-recommends-assad-the-passage-into-exile.html (21 August 2012). Open Google Scholar
  548. Wilkinson B., Court to Soon Rule in Military Executions Trial in Suriname. http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/nov/08/court-soon-rule-military-executions-trial-suriname/ (04 February 2019). Open Google Scholar
  549. Williams, S., ‘Amnesties in International Law: The Experience of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, Human Rights Law Review 5 (2005), 271–309. Open Google Scholar
  550. Winterbotham E., The State of Transitional Justice in Afghanistan. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1014E-The%20State%20of%20Transitional%20Justice%20in%20Afghanistan%20PN%20April%202010.pdf (12 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  551. Winterbotham E., The State of Transitional Justice in Afghanistan: Actors, Approaches and Challenges. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1009E-The%20State%20of%20Transitional%20Justice%20in%20Afghanistan%20-%20Actors,%20Approaches%20and%20Challenges%20DP%202010%20Final%20Web.pdf (18 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  552. Winterbotham E., Legacies of Conflict: Healing Complexes and Moving Forwards in Ghazni Province. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e92ba3a2.html (10 March 2017). Open Google Scholar
  553. Winterbotham E., Wartime Suffering: Patterns of Violations in Afghanistan. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1123E%20-%20Legacies%20of%20Conflict%20-%20Wartime%20Suffering%202011.pdf (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  554. Winterbotham E., Healing the Legacies of Conflict in Afghanistan: Community Voices on Justice, Peace and Reconciliation. http://www.areu.org.af/Uploads/EditionPdfs/1201E-Healing%20the%20Legacies%20of%20Conflict%20in%20Afghanistan%20SP%202011.pdf (19 January 2016). Open Google Scholar
  555. Wisner, D., ‘Is Time Ripe for Transitional Justice in Afghanistan?’, The Fletcher School Online Journal for Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization (2008), 1–12. Open Google Scholar
  556. Wolkowa, I., ‘Generalpardon für "heilige Krieger": Afghanisches Parlament beschloss Amnestie/Kämpfer der letzten 25 Jahre bleiben straffrei’, Neues Deutschland, 03 February 2007. Open Google Scholar
  557. Worden S. and Steele R., Telling the Story: Documentation Lessons for Afghanistan from the Cambodian Experience. http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/25297/1/Telling%20the%20Story%20-%20Documentation%20Lessons%20for%20Afghanistan%20from%20the%20Cambodian%20Experience.pdf?1 (10 April 2017). Open Google Scholar
  558. Yemen Times, Yemen's Immunity Law: Breach of International Obligations. http://www.yementimes.com/en/1720/report/3013/Yemen%E2%80%99s-immunity-law-Breach-of-international-obligations.html (15 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  559. Ynetnews, 113 Countries Sign Pledge Against Sexual Violence. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4433351,00.html (24 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  560. Zegveld, L., ‘Dutch Cases on Torture Committed in Afghanistan: The Relevance of the Distinction between Internal and International Armed Conflict’, Journal of International Criminal Justice (2006), 878–80. Open Google Scholar
  561. Zulfiqar S. and Calderon H., Chad and Five Other Central African Countries Pledge to End Use of Children in Armed Conflict: 'N’Djaména Declaration' Adopted. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/chad_53966.html (23 January 2017). Open Google Scholar
  562. Zumach, A., ‘Signal gegen Straflosigkeit’, taz, 23 December 2016. Open Google Scholar
  563. Zupan, N. and Servaes, S., Transitional Justice & Dealing with the Past, Guidance Paper Transitional Justice (Bonn, Germany, 2007). Open Google Scholar

Similar publications

from the topics "European Law & International Law & Comparative Law"
Cover of book: Kartellschadensersatz bei Missbrauch einer beherrschenden Stellung auf den Postmärkten
Book Titles No access
Zum Einfluss der Postregulierung auf die parallele Durchsetzung kartellrechtlicher Schadensersatzansprüche
Kartellschadensersatz bei Missbrauch einer beherrschenden Stellung auf den Postmärkten
Cover of book: Die After-the-Event Insurance
Book Titles No access
Eine Untersuchung zur Entwicklung und rechtlichen Einordnung in England und Deutschland
Die After-the-Event Insurance
Cover of book: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Book Titles No access
R2P and International Humanitarian Law Violations in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Cover of book: Empörung und Tabu
Book Titles No access
Sexuelle Kriegsgewalt im Völkerrecht des späten 19. Jahrhunderts
Empörung und Tabu
Cover of book: Die Vertretung der Kapitalgesellschaft gegenüber ihren Geschäftsleitern
Book Titles No access
Die Vertretung der Kapitalgesellschaft gegenüber ihren Geschäftsleitern

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Welcome to Inlibra – Your Platform for Digital Professional Information

Nomos, C.H.Beck, VDI and over 100 other publishers combine their content here to create one of the largest platforms for digital professional information.

Research efficiently, cite long-term, use reliably – all united in one place.

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via Open Athens
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex