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Sammelband Kein Zugriff
Public and Private Enforcement of Consumer Law – Insights for Luxembourg
- Herausgeber:innen:
- |
- Reihe:
- Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, Band 24
- Verlag:
- 2021
Zusammenfassung
Eine zentrale Herausforderung des Verbraucherschutzes ist der Übertrag und die wirksame Durchsetzung des EU-Verbraucherrechts in nationale Rechtsordnungen. Die vergleichende Studie untersucht jüngsten Entwicklungen im EU-Verbraucherrecht anhand der rechtlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen für die Rechtsdurchsetzung in sechs europäischen Rechtsordnungen. Dabei bewerten die Autoren kritisch die Parameter des öffentlichen und privaten institutionellen Rahmens für die Durchsetzung des Verbraucherrechts auf EU- und nationaler Ebene.Mit Beiträgen vonInga Järvekülg, Dr. Stephanie Law, Dr. Janek Nowak, Dr. Vincent Richard und Thomas Thamm.
Schlagworte
Publikation durchsuchen
Bibliographische Angaben
- Auflage
- 1/2021
- Copyrightjahr
- 2021
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-8487-8568-1
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-7489-2988-8
- Verlag
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Reihe
- Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law
- Band
- 24
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Seiten
- 504
- Produkttyp
- Sammelband
Inhaltsverzeichnis
KapitelSeiten
- Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 12
- Autor:innen: |
- I. Introduction and Background to the Project Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- a. National Report-based Methodology and Legal Orders Chosen Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- b. Workshop of 13 December 2019 Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- a. Fragmentation and Complexity of Consumer Law in National Legal Systems Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- b. The (In)adequacy of Judicial Enforcement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- a. What can we learn from the diverse approaches adopted in different Member States? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- b. Compensation of damages suffered by consumers through private enforcement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- c. Collective Redress Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- d. Public Enforcement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- e. The Rise of Consumer Mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- V. Conclusion Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Constitutional or Fundamental Right: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Influence of EU Law: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Coherence: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- The Ministry of Consumers/Economy: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Consumer Mediation Evaluation and Control Commission (Commission d’évaluation et de contrôle de la médiation de la consommation, CECMC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. If so, in what sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. What mechanisms have been established? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Why have specific enforcement mechanisms been established in these sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- General Directorate for Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (DGCCRF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Consumers Institute (INC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Unfair terms commission (CCA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Consumers Council (CNC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Consumer mediation evaluation and control commission (CECMC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Financial Market Regulator (AMF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority (ACPR): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Energy Regulator (CRE): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Competition Regulator: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Council of Food (CNA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing (LNE): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Electronic Communication and Postal Services Regulator (ARCEP): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Advertising Regulation Authority (ARPP) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Commission on Information Technology and Liberties (CNIL): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Superior Council of Broadcasting (CSA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Financial Market Regulator (AMF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Unfair terms commission (CCA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Electronic communication and postal services Regulator (ARCEP): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Energy Regulator (CRE): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Competition Regulator: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Advertising Regulation Authority (ARPP): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Superior Council of the Audiovisual (CSA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- General Directorate for Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (DGCCRF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Consumers Institute (INC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Unfair Terms Commission (CCA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Consumers Council (CNC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Consumer Mediation Evaluation and Control Commission (CECMC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Market Regulator (AMF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority (ACPR): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Energy Regulator (CRE): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Competition Regulator: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Council of Food (CNA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing (LNE): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Electronic Communication and Postal Services Regulator (ARCEP): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Advertising Regulation authority (ARPP): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Commission on Information Technology and Liberties (CNIL): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Superior Council of Broadcasting (CSA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How are issues of consumer law brought before these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 7.1. Do they have powers to investigate? And compel testimony, documents etc? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.2. Can they adopt preliminary measures? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.4. What sanctions can be imposed if a breach of consumer law is identified? (e.g. fines, prohibition of business activities?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.5. Are other outcomes available (e.g. commitments by traders)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.6. Can they initiate civil law claims on behalf of consumers? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- General Directorate for Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (DGCCRF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Market Regulator (AMF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Competition Regulator: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority (ACPR): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- National Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Commission on Information Technology and Liberties (CNIL): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Superior Council of the Broadcasting (CSA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 8. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the CPC Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 9. What are their powers in cross-border violations of consumer law? Are they equivalent to a domestic situation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 10. How do they cooperate with authorities in the same Member State? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 11. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 12. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 13. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Jurisdiction: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Simplified procedure: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Standard of proof: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Role of the judge: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Expedited procedure for uncontested claims: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are normal civil law remedies available for consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Does a mechanism for judicial collective redress exist? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Consumers’ collective redress (Law of 2014): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Simplified collective redress: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. How are collective redress actions funded? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Art. R811–1: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Art. R811–7: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can you provide some examples of such entities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What consumer organisation(s) exist in your Member State? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for consumer organisations to be established as such? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Joint representative action: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Consumer collective interests’ actions: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Arbitration: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Ombudsperson: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Consumer Mediation Evaluation and Control Commission (CECMC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Public mediators Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Private Mediators Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Mediators belonging to a federation or an organisation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Organisations or societies of mediators Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Collegial mediators Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. Are ADR mechanisms considered to be effective? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Best practices: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Obstacles: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in individual actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Taking into consideration the Enforcement and Modernisation of Consumer Law “Omnibus” Directive (not yet published in the Official Journal), how is it anticipated that this Directive will be implem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How do ADR mechanisms relate to judicial and administrative enforcement? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. How is the institutional framework designed to ensure that with sequentiality, even if mandatory, that access to court is not precluded? So as to be compatible with Art 47? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- IX. Open responses Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. How many judgements of a consumer protection-related nature were rendered by courts in 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by public (administrative) enforcement agencies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Volkswagen: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Unfair terms by Banks Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- No constitutional right Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- EU law influence Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Lack of coherence Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. If so, in what sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. What mechanisms have been established? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Why have specific enforcement mechanisms been established in these sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Federal Public Service of Economy, SME’s, Self-employed and Energy – Directorate General of Economic Inspection (DG EI) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority (BCA) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority (DPA) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Energy market Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial services and markets authority (FSMA) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Media regulators Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Water (market price regulation: price control and dispute settlement) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Do these authorities differ depending on the field of consumer law? I.e. are the administrative authorities sector-specific? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Independent authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Fully autonomous authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Quasi-autonomous authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Semi-autonomous authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Limited autonomous authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Operationally autonomous authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Authorities within the ministry Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Directorate General of Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal services and Telecommunications Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Commission for Energy and Gas Regulation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Commission for the Regulation of the Electricity and Gas Market (Brugel) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Brussels Media Regulator: BIPT Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Brussels (drinking water supply): Brugel Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Flemish Regulatory Authority for the Electricity and Gas Market (VREG) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Media Regulator (VRM) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Environmental Agency (FEA) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- High Council for Audio-visual Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Media Council Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Walloon Commission for Energy Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Concluding remark on independence Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How are issues of consumer law brought before these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunication Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Commission for Energy and Gas Regulation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish media regulator Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- High Council for Audio-visual Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Media Council Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunication Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Media Regulator Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- High Council for Audio-visual Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Media Council Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunication Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Brugel Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Regulatory Authority for the Electricity and Gas Market Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Walloon Commission for Energy Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Media Regulator Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- High Council for Audio-visual Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Media Council Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Belgian Competition Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Economic Inspection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 8. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the CPC Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Data Protection Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal services and Telecommunications in its capacity as media regulator of bi-communitarian mediaservices in the Region of Brussels-Capital Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Flemish Media Regulator Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Belgian Institute for Postal services and Telecommunications Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Financial Services and Markets Authority Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- High Council for Audio-visual Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Brugel Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Example: Cooperation in energy matters between the Federal Energy Ombudsperson and the energy regulators in matters of dispute settlement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 11. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 12. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 13. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Is there a specialised procedure to deal with consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are normal civil law remedies available for consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Does a mechanism for judicial collective redress exist? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. How is the class constituted? (i.e. opt in or opt out)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Legal provisions on funding Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Practice Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- There are four categories of qualified entities that can bring an action for collective redress: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- When the association is established in Belgium: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- When the association is established abroad: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- On the basis of Article XVII.39, 1° ELC: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- On the basis of Article XVII.39, 2° ELC: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What consumer organisation(s) exist in your Member State? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Currently, a transitionary phase is in place: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Can they represent individual consumers before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Defining ADR Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Pre-ADR Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- ADR proper Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Public entities: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Private entities: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Private ADR initiatives Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Alternative dispute settlement by the regulator Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Professional bodies Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Conclusion Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How are the ADR mechanisms established and run? By legislation (i.e. by the state)? Or by the trader? Private or public? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. Are ADR mechanisms considered to be effective? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in individual actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Relationship between consumer ADR and consumer collective redress Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Relationship between consumer ADR and individual consumer litigation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Relationship between consumer ADR and regulatory dispute settlement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Relationship between consumer ADR and regulatory compliance procedures Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Access to the ADR system is sequential Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- ADR and courts: non-sequential Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- IX. Open responses Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. How many judgements of a consumer protection-related nature were rendered by courts in 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- It is difficult to compile these statistics for the following reasons: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- XI. Objective legal analysis of example case studies – public and private enforcement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. E.g. Is consumer protection established as a fundamental or constitutional right? What is the primary influential regulatory model (EU law, international law etc.)? Is it characterised by fragmen... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. If so, in what sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. What mechanisms have been established? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Why have specific enforcement mechanisms been established in these sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Which administrative authorities are designated primarily responsible for the enforcement of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Do these authorities differ depending on the field of consumer law? I.e. are the administrative authorities sector-specific? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Is it/are they independent? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.2. How is it/are they constituted? Who are its/their members? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How are issues of consumer law brought before these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 7.1. Do they have powers to investigate? And compel testimony, documents etc? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.2. Can they adopt preliminary measures? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.4. What sanctions can be imposed if a breach of consumer law is identified? (e.g. fines, prohibition of business activities?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.5. Are other outcomes available (e.g. commitments by traders)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.6. Can they initiate civil law claims on behalf of consumers? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.7. Can they investigate and prosecute breaches of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 8. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the CPC Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 9. What are their powers in cross-border violations of consumer law? Are they equivalent to a domestic situation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 10. How do they cooperate with authorities in the same Member State? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 11. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 12. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 13. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Is there a specialised procedure to deal with consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are normal civil law remedies available for consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. Does a mechanism for judicial collective redress exist? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. How is the class constituted? (i.e. opt in or opt out)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. How are collective redress actions funded? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. What are the requirements for entities to be recognised as such? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can you provide some examples of such entities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What consumer organisation(s) exist in your Member State? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for consumer organisations to be established as such? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- According to § 19 Consumer Protection Act, consumer associations have the right to: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What forms of ADR mechanism exist for the enforcement of consumer protection? (conciliation, mediation, arbitration, ombudsperson, etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How are the ADR mechanisms established and run? By legislation (i.e. by the state)? Or by the trader? Private or public? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. Are ADR mechanisms considered to be effective? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in individual actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Taking into consideration the Enforcement and Modernisation of Consumer Law “Omnibus” Directive (not yet published in the Official Journal), how is it anticipated that this Directive will be implem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How do ADR mechanisms relate to judicial and administrative enforcement? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. How is the institutional framework designed to ensure that with sequentiality, even if mandatory, that access to court is not precluded? So as to be compatible with Art 47? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- IX. Open responses Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. How many judgements of a consumer protection-related nature were rendered by courts in 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by public (administrative) enforcement agencies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Volkswagen scandal Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Use of unfair terms by banks Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. E.g. Is consumer protection established as a fundamental or constitutional right? What is the primary influential regulatory model (EU law, international law etc.)? Is it characterised by fragmen... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- A. Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- B. Which? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- C. Resolver Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- A. Sector-specific Ombudspersons: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- B. Chartered Trading Standards Institute and Local Authority Trading Standards Services Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- C. Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1. Do these authorities differ depending on the field of consumer law? I.e. are the administrative authorities sector-specific? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Is it/are they independent? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- TSSs: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- CMA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- FCA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- TSSs: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- CMA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- FCA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 6.1. Do they have powers to investigate? And compel testimony, documents etc? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.2. Can they adopt preliminary measures? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.4. What sanctions can be imposed if a breach of consumer law is identified? (e.g. fines, prohibition of business activities?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.5. Are other outcomes available (e.g. commitments by traders)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.6. Can they initiate civil law claims on behalf of consumers? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.7. Can they investigate and prosecute breaches of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- TSS: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- FCA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- CMA: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the CPC Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 8. What are their powers in cross-border violations of consumer law? Are they equivalent to a domestic situation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 9. How do they cooperate with authorities in the same Member State? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 10. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 11. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Is there a specialised procedure to deal with consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are normal civil law remedies available for consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- The Representative Action Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- The Group Litigation Order Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Competition Damages Claims Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. How is the class constituted? (i.e. opt in or opt out)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. How are collective redress actions funded? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. What are the requirements for entities to be recognised as such? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can you provide some examples of such entities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What consumer organisation(s) exist in your Member State? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for consumer organisations to be established as such? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Can they represent individual consumers before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What forms of ADR mechanism exist for the enforcement of consumer protection? (conciliation, mediation, arbitration, ombudsperson, etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How are the ADR mechanisms established and run? By legislation (i.e. by the state)? Or by the trader? Private or public? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. Are ADR mechanisms considered to be effective? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Scope for review by courts of decisions of administrative bodies: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Forum for such review: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Examples of appeal and review: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- The procedure is set out in the CPRs (Part 54): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Taking into consideration the Enforcement and Modernisation of Consumer Law “Omnibus” Directive (not yet published in the Official Journal), how is it anticipated that this Directive will be implem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- ADR and judicial actions: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. How is the institutional framework designed to ensure that with sequentiality, even if mandatory, that access to court is not precluded? So as to be compatible with Art 47? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- IX. Open responses Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. How many judgements of a consumer protection-related nature were rendered by courts in 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by public (administrative) enforcement agencies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How many disputes (complaints) of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Funding Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Governmental action Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Unfair contract terms – judicial actions Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Constitutional Right or Fundamental Right: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Influence of EU Law: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 1.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. If so, in what sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. What mechanisms have been established? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.3. Why have specific enforcement mechanisms been established in these sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Which administrative authorities are designated primarily responsible for the enforcement of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Do these authorities differ depending on the field of consumer law? I.e. are the administrative authorities sector-specific? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 5.1. Is it/are they independent? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5.2. How is it/are they constituted? Who are its/their members? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Ministry for Consumer Protection Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Commission of Surveillance of the Financial Sector (Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier, CSSF): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Insurance Commissioner (Commissariat aux assurances), CAA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- The National Commission for Data Protection (La Commission nationale pour la protection des données, CNPD): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Independent Audiovisual Authority of Luxembourg (Autorité luxembourgeoise indépendante de l’audiovisuel, ALIA): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Competition Council (Conseil de la concurrence): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Luxembourg Regulation Institute, (Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation, ILR): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 7.1. Do they have powers to investigate? And compel testimony, documents etc? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.2. Can they adopt preliminary measures? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.4. What sanctions can be imposed if a breach of consumer law is identified? (e.g. fines, prohibition of business activities?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.5. Are other outcomes available (e.g. commitments by traders)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.6. Can they initiate civil law claims on behalf of consumers? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7.7. Can they investigate and prosecute breaches of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 8. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the Consumer protection cooperation Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 9. What are their powers in cross-border violations of consumer law? Are they equivalent to a domestic situation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 10. How do they cooperate with authorities in the same Member State? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 11. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 12. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 13. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Conditional Payment Order (Ordonnance conditionnelle de paiement – Articles 129 and following of the NCPC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- European order for payment (Injonction européenne de payer, Articles 49 to 49–6 NCPC and EC Regulation No 1896/2006: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- European Small Claims Procedure ESCP (Regulation n°861/2007 and Articles 143–1 and 143–2 NCPC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Burden and standard of proof in consumer law: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Injunctive relief (“action en cessation”) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. Does a mechanism for judicial collective redress exist? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 2.1. How is the class constituted? (i.e. opt in or opt out)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2.3. How are collective redress actions funded? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. What are the requirements for entities to be recognised as such? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. Can you provide some examples of such entities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Union luxembourgeoise des consommateurs (ULC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Automobile Club du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg a.s.b.l. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- European Consumer Centre Luxembourg (ECC): Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 2.1. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for consumer organisations to be established as such? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3.3. Can they represent individual consumers before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. What forms of ADR mechanism exist for the enforcement of consumer protection? (conciliation, mediation, arbitration, ombudsperson, etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. How are the ADR mechanisms established and run? By legislation (i.e. by the state)? Or by the trader? Private or public? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 6. Are ADR mechanisms considered to be effective? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- List of qualified ADR entities in consumer law: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Other ADR entities that are not considered as qualified entities in consumer law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Legal rules applicable to mediation in general: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Enforceability of the mediation agreement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Scope of consumer mediation: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in individual actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. Taking into consideration the Enforcement and Modernisation of Consumer Law “Omnibus” Directive (not yet published in the Official Journal), how is it anticipated that this Directive will be implem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 5.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 6. How do ADR mechanisms relate to judicial and administrative enforcement? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 7. How is the institutional framework designed to ensure that with sequentiality, even if mandatory, that access to court is not precluded? So as to be compatible with Art 47? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- 1. How many judgements of a consumer protection-related nature were rendered by courts in 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 2. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by public (administrative) enforcement agencies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- 3. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen: |
- Notes on cross-border ADR: Kein ZugriffAutor:innen: |
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. E.g. a distinct legal act or code, part of an act covering another area of EU law, part of the civil code, or code of civil procedure? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. E.g. Is consumer protection established as a fundamental or constitutional right? What is the primary influential regulatory model (EU law, international law etc.)? Is it characterised by fragmen... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. What are the current key focal points of consumer policy? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. What shifts (if any) have occurred in consumer policy during the past fifteen years? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Judicial mechanisms (i.e. before a court)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Administrative mechanisms (i.e. before administrative bodies or tribunals)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. Alternative mechanisms (i.e. mechanisms of ADR or ODR, or any other mechanism not mentioned)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. If so, in what sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. What mechanisms have been established? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Why have specific enforcement mechanisms been established in these sectors? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- The Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht – BaFin) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- The Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- The Federal Cartel Office (Bundeskartellamt) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Public Prosecutors (Staatsanwaltschaften) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Other Federal Authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Regional Authorities (Landesbehörden) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are these authorities also responsible for other areas of law beyond consumer protection (e.g. competition, environmental law)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. What is the legal basis of this authority/each of these authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Is it/are they independent? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4.2. How is it/are they constituted? Who are its/their members? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Federal Cartel Office (Bundeskartellamt), the national competition agency Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Public Prosecutor’s Office (Staatsanwaltschaft) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Regional Authorities (Landesbehörden) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Other Authorities Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 6.1. Do they have powers to investigate? And compel testimony, documents etc? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.2. Can they adopt preliminary measures? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.3. What remedies are available if a breach of consumer law is identified? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.4. What sanctions can be imposed if a breach of consumer law is identified? (e.g. fines, prohibition of business activities?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.5. Are other outcomes available (e.g. commitments by traders)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.6. Can they initiate civil law claims on behalf of consumers? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.7. Can they investigate and prosecute breaches of consumer law? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. Are the same administrative authorities responsible for cross-border enforcement of consumer law under the CPC Regulation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 8. What are their powers in cross-border violations of consumer law? Are they equivalent to a domestic situation? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 9. How do they cooperate with authorities in the same Member State? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by a Memorandum of Understanding?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 10. How do they cooperate with authorities in other Member States? How is this cooperation established (e.g. by an MoU?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 11. Are the remedies, sanctions and other outcomes available considered to be adequate? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 12. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Is it a court with general jurisdiction? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Is there a specialised court or tribunal for consumer disputes? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Is there a specialised procedure to deal with consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. Are normal civil law remedies available for consumer law claims? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1) Lack of judgement by the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2) Unnecessary commitment of resources in the judiciary Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3) Legal uncertainty Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- a) Proposal 1: Authorisation of the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) to deal with abstract legal questions Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- b) Proposal 2: Introduction of a Model Declaratory Application Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- c) Assessment of the proposals Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. The bundling of similar claims for collective enforcement Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. Injunctive relief Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.3.1. Capital Markets Model Case Act (KapMuG) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3.2. The Model Declaratory Action (Musterfeststellungsklage) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.4. Representative actions in the field of unfair competition and antitrust law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. How is the class constituted? (i.e. opt in or opt out)? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. Can individuals initiate collective redress? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.3. How are collective redress actions funded? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. What are the requirements for entities to be recognised as such? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can you provide some examples of such entities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1.1. Third party involvement in the Code of Civil Procedure Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.1.2. Injunction Suits Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.1.3. Capital Markets Model Case Act (KapMuG) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1.4.1. The necessity of the introduction of the Model Declaratory Action Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.1.4.2. Significant deficiencies Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.1.5. Representative Actions in the field of unfair competition and antitrust law Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5.2. Legislative Developments in the European Union Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What consumer organisation(s) exist in your Member State? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 2.1. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for consumer organisations to be established as such? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2.2. If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 3.1. Do they work with administrative authorities? Can they report violations to such authorities? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.2. Can they bring collective redress actions before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3.3. Can they represent individual consumers before courts? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. Please provide an assessment of the effectiveness of the enforcement mechanism(s), any obstacles and best practices. Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1.1. Pre-litigation conciliation as a local prerequisite of litigation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1.2.1. Conciliation bodies organised by the private sector Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.2. Official consumer conciliation bodies Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.3. The current state of affairs of consumer conciliation bodies in Germany Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.4. The legal effects of conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.5. Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.6. Conciliation fee Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.3. Enforcement of settlements Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.2.1. Judicial mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2.2. Out of court mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Arbitration Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Are there requirements that have to be satisfied in order for ADR entities to be established as such? If so, what are they? (e.g. independence, impartiality, funding etc?) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How are the ADR mechanisms established and run? By legislation (i.e. by the state)? Or by the trader? Private or public? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 4. How do ADR mechanisms operate in a cross-border context? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 5. Can collective claims be dealt with via ADR? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 6.1. Conciliation and the use of ombudspersons Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.2. Mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6.3. Arbitration Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 7.1.1. Recent development of conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.1.2. Development in the field of public transportation (söp_Schlichtungsstelle für den öffentlichen Personenverkehr e. V.) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.1.3. General Conciliation Body in Germany (Universalschlichtungsstelle des Bundes) Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.1.4. Fees for conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 7.1.5.1. The Model Declaratory Procedure and Conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.1.5.2. The aftermath of the Model Declaratory Action and Conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 7.2.1. In-Court mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.2.2. Out of court mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7.3. Arbitration Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in individual actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Taking into consideration the Enforcement and Modernisation of Consumer Law “Omnibus” Directive (not yet published in the Official Journal), how is it anticipated that this Directive will be implem... Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. What is the relationship between administrative remedies and sanctions and civil law remedies in collective actions? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 4.1. Are there rules on pendency if simultaneous actions are launched? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 5.1. Are there rules on pendency? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 6. How do ADR mechanisms relate to judicial and administrative enforcement? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 7. How is the institutional framework designed to ensure that with sequentiality, even if mandatory, that access to court is not precluded? So as to be compatible with Art 47? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1.1. Local Courts Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1.2.1. Regional Courts as courts of first instance Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.2.2. Regional Courts as Courts of Appeal Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1.3.1. Pre-Court Conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.1.3.2. Out of court conciliation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.2.1.1. Conciliation judges (Güterichter) at Local Courts Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2.1.2. Conciliation judges (Güterichter) at Regional Courts Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2.1.3. Conciliation judges (Güterichter) at Higher Regional Courts Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2.2. Out of Court mediation Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Arbitration Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by public (administrative) enforcement agencies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 3. How many disputes of a consumer protection-related nature were dealt with by ADR bodies between 2015–2018? Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- Autor:innen:
- 1.1. Individual Civil Law Claims Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.2. The Model Declaratory Action at the Higher Regional Court Brunswick Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 1.3. Public Law Issues Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- 2. Use of unfair terms by banks Kein ZugriffAutor:innen:
- I. Legal framework for the enforcement of consumer law Kein Zugriff
- II. General questions of institutional design – Public and private enforcement Kein Zugriff
- III. Public enforcement – Institutional framework for domestic administrative enforcement (excluding ADR) Kein Zugriff
- IV. Private enforcement – Institutional framework for national judicial enforcement Kein Zugriff
- V. Private enforcement – Enforcement through collective redress Kein Zugriff
- VI. The role of consumer organisations in enforcement Kein Zugriff
- VII. Alternative enforcement – ADR and ODR Kein Zugriff
- VIII. Relationship between different models of enforcement Kein Zugriff
- IX. Statistics Kein Zugriff
- XI. Objective legal analysis of example case studies – public and private enforcement Kein Zugriff
