Body and Ki in GiCheon

Victoria Ten (Jeon Yeon Hwa)

doi:10.5771/9783956507342

Zusammenfassung

Industrielles Wachstum und die Entwicklung der neuen Mittelschicht in Südkorea in den 1980ern wurden von Mehrkonsum und intensiver Freizeitkultur begleitet, die ein erhöhtes Interesse an Gesundheit und Selbstkultivierung erweckten. Sŏngin undong (Sport für Erwachsene), Bergwandern und ki suryŏn wurden beliebter. Ältere Generationen durchlebten die dramatische Transformation Koreas von einer ländlichen in eine industrielle Gesellschaft. Ihre Sehnsucht nach der Vergangenheit, die idealisiert und neu erdacht wurde, ist mit der Idee der Unsterblichkeit aus der alten Bergkultur Koreas verbunden. Ki suryŏn ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil spirituell gesellschaftlicher Phänomene. Die Autorin unterrichtet GiCheon, eine der Disziplinen ki suryŏns.

Publikation durchsuchen

Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr: 2020
ISBN-Print: 978-3-95650-733-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-95650-734-2
Verlag: Ergon, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Beiträge zur kulturwissenschaftlichen Süd- und Ostasienforschung
Band: 10
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 201
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 10
Acknowledgements Kein Zugriff Seiten 11 - 12
Preface Kein Zugriff Seiten 13 - 14
1. Striving for upward mobility and self-improvement Kein Zugriff
2. Reactions to Westernization and modernization Kein Zugriff
3. Social pressure and ki suryŏn as a mechanism of survival and method of self-improvement Kein Zugriff
1. Ki suryŏn as a contemporary phenomenon Kein Zugriff
2. Immortality and nationalism in contemporary Korea Kein Zugriff
3. Existing studies on ki suryŏn in general and on GiCheon in particular Kein Zugriff
4. Approaches to practices similar to ki suryon Kein Zugriff
5. Yangsheng practices in contemporary Beijing Kein Zugriff
6. Ki suryŏn as “technologies of the self” Kein Zugriff
7. Two vectors model Kein Zugriff
8. The body and the self as the crossroads of the vectors Kein Zugriff
9. Experiential modalities as a framework to analyze GiCheon experience Kein Zugriff
1. A short history of GiCheon Kein Zugriff
2. The setting for practice: what, where, how Kein Zugriff
3. The practitioners Kein Zugriff
1. Introduction to the concept of ki Kein Zugriff
2. Ki as waves coming from the vibrations in the body Kein Zugriff
3. Ki as help Kein Zugriff
1. GiCheon as suryŏn Kein Zugriff
2. Suryŏn as self-knowledge passed on to others Kein Zugriff
3. Suryŏn as a voluntarily chosen, special path Kein Zugriff
4. Suryŏn as endurance of hardship Kein Zugriff
5. Suryŏn as purification Kein Zugriff
6. Suryŏn as cultivating the social body Kein Zugriff
7. Applying the two vectors model Kein Zugriff
8. Applying Foucault’s technologies of self Kein Zugriff
9. Attitudes toward suryŏn as personally colored experiential modalities Kein Zugriff
1. Supporters of suryŏn: their personally colored experiential modalities Kein Zugriff
2. Kim Pohŭi: experiential modality of “hardship and boredom” Kein Zugriff
3. Sin Hyŏnju: the modalities of experiencing “softness and warmth”, “smooth and effortless passage” Kein Zugriff
4. Kim Wŏn’gyu: the experiential modality of “lack and disappointment” Kein Zugriff
5. Pain as a common denominator of different experiential modalities Kein Zugriff
1. Pain as experience Kein Zugriff
2. Pain as transforming Kein Zugriff
3. Pain as a characteristic of ascetic practice Kein Zugriff
4. Body as text Kein Zugriff
5. Pain is akin to death Kein Zugriff
6. Benefits of pain Kein Zugriff
7. Greater pain brings higher efficiency Kein Zugriff
8. Pain as restoring ki flow and as healing Kein Zugriff
9. Pain in the narration of Ms. Sin Kein Zugriff
10. Conclusion: is GiCheon an ascetic experience? Kein Zugriff
1. Mountains in East Asian and Korean culture Kein Zugriff
2. Mountain routes as ki channels in the human body Kein Zugriff
3. Mountain routes as paths of religious or spiritual progress leading to the summit Kein Zugriff
4. Mountains as innŭn kŏt (있는 것) Kein Zugriff
5. Mountains as a hiking space Kein Zugriff
6. Mountains as a space of immortality Kein Zugriff
Epilogue Kein Zugriff Seiten 183 - 184
Bibliography Kein Zugriff Seiten 185 - 198
Index Kein Zugriff Seiten 199 - 200
About the author Kein Zugriff Seiten 201 - 201

Literaturverzeichnis (151 Einträge)

Abayev, N. V. Chan-buddhism yi kultura psihicheskoi deyatelnosti v srednevekovom Kitae (Чань-буддизм и культура психической деятельности в средневековом Китае) (Zen-Buddhism and psychic culture in mediaeval China). Novosibirsk: Nauka (Наука), 1983. Google Scholar öffnen
Abayev, N. V. “Daosskie istoki kitaiskih Wu-shu” (Даосские истоки китайских у-шу) (Daoist sources of Chinese Wu-shu). In Dao yi daosism v Kitae (Дао и даосизм в Китае) (Dao and Daoism in China), 244-257. Moscow: Nauka (Наука), 1982. Google Scholar öffnen
Abelmann, Nancy. The Melodrama of Mobility: Women, Talk and Class in Contemporary South Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. Google Scholar öffnen
Alter, Joseph. “Sex, Askesis and the Athletic Perfection of the Soul: Physical Philosophy in the Ancient Mediterranean and South Asia.” In Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body, edited by Geoffrey Samuel and Jay Johnston, 33-47. New York: Routledge, 2013. Google Scholar öffnen
Ames, R. T., and Hall, D. L. Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of the Zhongyong. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Google Scholar öffnen
Asakura, Toshio. “Aspects of Yangbanization.” In The Anthropology of Kore: East Asian Perspectives, edited by Mutsuhiko Shima and Roger L. Janelli, 191-212. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1998. Google Scholar öffnen
Baker, Don. Korean Spirituality. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Baker, Don. “Internal Alchemy in the Dahn World School.” In Religions of Korea in Practice, edited by Robert E. Buswell Jr., 508-513. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
Bernbaum, Edwin. Sacred Mountains of the World. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990. Google Scholar öffnen
Bourdieu, Pierre. Le sens pratique. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1980. Google Scholar öffnen
Boltz, Judith M. “Daozang and subsidiary compilations.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 28-33. New York: Routledge, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Brakke, David; Satlow, Michael, and Weitzman, Steven ed. Religion and the Self in Antiquity. Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2005. Google Scholar öffnen
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Afterword: Revisiting the Tradition/Modernity Binary.” In Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, edited by Stephen Vlastos, 285-296. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1998. Google Scholar öffnen
Chau, Adam Yuet. Religion in Contemporary China. New York: Routledge, 2011. Google Scholar öffnen
Chŏng, Chesŭng (정재승). “Minjok chŏngsin suryŏnpŏp e nat’anan ŭisik kaebal kwa simsin ŭihak: yonghokyŏl kwa wŏnsangpŏp ŭl chungsim ŭro” (민족정신 수련법에 나타난 의식개발과 심신의학: 《용호결(龍虎訣)》과 《원상법(原象法)》을 중심으로) (The development of consciousness and mind-body healing in national suryŏn method: focusing on yonghokyŏl and wŏnsang methods). Han’guk chŏngsin kwahak hoe haksultaehoe nonmunjip (한국정신과학회 학술대회 논문집) (The proceedings of the conference on Korean mind science) 15 (2001): 23-30. Google Scholar öffnen
Chŏng, Kyŏnghŭi (정경희). 2015. “Hyŏndae ‘Tan’gun undong ŭi saeroun chŏn’gae wa ‘Tanhak” (현대 ‘단군운동’의 새로운 전개와 ‘丹學’) (The new development of ‘Tan’gun movement’ and ‘Tanhak’ in contemporary Korea). Sŏndo munhwa (선도문화) (Journal of Korean sŏndo culture) 8 (2015): 143-194. Google Scholar öffnen
Choi, Jai-Sok. “A Socio-religious Study of Sindonae.” Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch XLIII (1967): 67-91. Google Scholar öffnen
Choi, Wonsik and others. Beyond Korean Style: Shaping a New Growth Formula. London: McKinsey Global Institute, 2013. Google Scholar öffnen
Ch’oe, Chin’gu (최진구). “Silla Oak kwa Pulgyŏ ŭi sansin sinang yŏn’gu” (신라 五岳과 불교의 산신신앙 연구) (The study on five mountains and Buddhist beliefs in mountain spirits). Silla munhwa (新羅文化) (The journal of the center of research for Silla culture) 42 (2013): 243-268. Google Scholar öffnen
Ch’oe, Chŏnghyŏn (최정현); Yu Mi (유미); Pang, Kyŏngsuk (방경숙). “Tosi, nongch‘on chiyŏk kodŭnghaksaeng ŭi chasal saenggak e kwanhan yŏn’gu – sŏngjŏng paldal chasan kwa p’ongnyŏk kyŏnghŏm ŭl chungsim ŭro” (도시, 농촌지역 고등학생의 자살생각에 관한 연구 – 성정발달자산과 폭력경험을 중심으로) (A study on suicidal ideation of high school students in urban and rural area – focused on developmental assets and violence). Kibon kanhohak hoeji (기본간호학외지) (Journal of the Korean academy of fundamentals of nursing) 20, no. 1 (2013): 37-45. Google Scholar öffnen
Ch’oe, Miyŏn (최미연). “Kuksŏndo wa Han’guk ch’um ŭi sinmyŏng” (국선도와 한국춤의 신명 (神明)) (Kuksŏndo and exhilaration in Korean dance). Taehan muyong hakhoeji (大韓舞踊學會) (The Korean journal of dance) 54 (2008): 155-173. Google Scholar öffnen
Csordas, Thomas J. Body / Meaning / Healing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Google Scholar öffnen
Csordas, Thomas J. “The Body's Career in Anthropology.” In Anthropological Theory Today, edited by Henrietta Moore, 172-205. Cornwell: Polity Press, 1999. Google Scholar öffnen
Dax, Frank. “Recreational Hiking in South Korea: Transforming the Body, Transforming the Land.” Korea Journal 55, no. 3 (autumn 2015): 80-102. Google Scholar öffnen
DelVecchio Good, Mary-Jo; Good Byron J.; Kleinman, Arthur; Brodwin, Paul E. “Epilogue.” In Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective, edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good and others, 198-208. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1992. Google Scholar öffnen
Despeux, Catherine. “Yangshen 養生 Nourishing Life.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 1148-1150. New York: Routledge, 2008a. Google Scholar öffnen
Despeux, Catherine. “Daoyin 導引 ‘guiding and pulling’; gymnastics.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 334-337. New York: Routledge, 2008b. Google Scholar öffnen
Despeux, Catherine. “Le qigong, une expression de la modernité Chinoise.” In En suivant la Voie Royale. Mélanges en homage à Léon Vandermeersch, edited by J. Gernet and M. Kalinowski, 267–281. Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient, 1997. Google Scholar öffnen
Despeux, Catherine. Taiji Quan: Art martial - Technique de longue vie. Paris: Guy Tredaniel, 1981. Google Scholar öffnen
Farquhar, Judith, and Zhang, Qicheng. Ten Thousand Things: Nurturing Life in Contemporary Beijing. New York: Zone, 2012. Google Scholar öffnen
Farquhar, Judith. “Biopolitical Beijing: Pleasure, Sovereignty, and Self-Cultivation in China‘s Capital.” Cultural Anthropology 20, no. 3 (2005): 303-327. Google Scholar öffnen
Faubion, James. “Constantine Cavafy: A Parrhesiast for the Cynic of the Future.” In Foucault Now: Current Perspectives in Foucault Studies, edited by James Faubion, 225-242. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014. Google Scholar öffnen
Flood, Gavin. The Ascetic Self : Subjectivity, Memory and Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. Le Gouvernement de soi et des autres I : Cours au Collège de France (1982-1983). Paris: Gallimard, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. L'Hermeneutique du sujet : Cours au Collège de France (1981-1982). Paris: Gallimard, 2001. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. “Le sujet et le pouvoir.” In Dits et écrits 1954-1988. IV: 1980-1988, 222-243. Paris: Gallimard, 1994a. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. “ Les techniques de soi.” In Dits et écrits 1954-1988. IV: 1980-1988, 783-813. Paris: Gallimard, 1994b. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. “Technologies of the Self.” In Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, edited by Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton, 16-49. London: Tavistock Publications, 1988. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. Histoire de la sexualité. 3: Le souci de soi. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la Prison. Paris: Gallimard, 1975. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. Naissance de la clinique: une archéologie du regard médical. Paris: Gallimard, 1963. Google Scholar öffnen
Foucault, Michel. Folie et déraison. Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique. Paris: Librairie Plon, 1961. Google Scholar öffnen
Garro, Linda C. “Chapter Five: Chronic Illness and the Construction of Narratives.” In Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective, edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio and others, 100-137. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1992. Google Scholar öffnen
Gerke, Barbara. “On the ‘subtle body’ and ‘circulation’ in Tibetan medicine.” In Religion and the Subtle Body in Asia and the West: Between Mind and Body, edited by Geoffrey Samuel and Jay Johnston, 83-99. New York: Routledge, 2013. Google Scholar öffnen
GiCheon.org. 2008. “What is GiCheon?” www.gicheon.org/. Accessed August 6th, 2019. Google Scholar öffnen
Gill, Christopher. The Structured Self in Hellenistic and Roman Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Google Scholar öffnen
Good, Byron J. “Chapter Two: A Body in Pain – The Making of a World of Chronic Pain”. In Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective, edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio and others, 29-48. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1992. Google Scholar öffnen
Grayson, James Huntley. “Ch’udo yebae: A Case Study in the Early Emplantation of Protestant Christianity in Korea.” The Journal of Asian Studies 68, no. 2 (2009): 413-434. Google Scholar öffnen
Hadot, Pierre. What is ancient philosophy? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2002. Google Scholar öffnen
Hahm, Chaibong. “Confucian Rituals and the Technology of the Self: A Foucauldian Interpretation.” Philosophy East and West 51, no. 3 (2001): 315-324. Google Scholar öffnen
Han’guk chŏngsin munhwa yŏn’guwŏn (한국정신문화연구원) (Research institute of Korean culture) ed. Han’guk minjok munhwa taebaekkwa sajon (한국민족문화대백과사전) (Korean encyclopedia of folk culture). Kyŏngi-do, Sŏngnam-si: Han’guk chŏngsin munhwa yŏn’guwŏn (한국정신문화연구원) (Research institute of Korean culture), 1988. Google Scholar öffnen
Harkness, Nicholas. Songs of Seoul. An Ethnography of Voice and Voicing in Christian South Korea. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2014. Google Scholar öffnen
Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. The Ascetic Imperative in Culture and Criticism. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. Google Scholar öffnen
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence ed. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 [1983]. Google Scholar öffnen
Hwang, Kyung Moon. Rationalizing Korea: The Rise of the Modern State, 1894-1945. Okland, California: University of California Press, 2016. Google Scholar öffnen
Kang, Sŏngbok (강성복). “Kongju Tonghaeri sanhyangkye ŭi sŏngnip kwa sansinje ŭi pyŏnhwa” (공주 동해리 산향계의 성립과 산신제의 변화) (Establishment of sanhyangkye in Kongju Tonghaeri and the changes in sansinje). Han’guk minsokhak (韓國民俗學) (Journal of Korean folklore) 54 (2011): 7-36. Google Scholar öffnen
Kang, Sŏngbok (강성복), and Pak, Chongik (박종익). “Kongju T’aehwasan sanhyangkye ŭi sŏnggyŏk kwa sansinje” (공주 태화산 산향계 (山饗稧)의 성격과 산신제) (The character of sanhyangkye at Kongju T’aehwa mountain and sansinje). Han’guk minsokhak (韓國民俗學) (Journal of Korean folklore) 51 (2010): 215-245. Google Scholar öffnen
Kang, Tongu (강동구). “Saeroun sinhwa mandŭlgi – chaeya sahak e taehan tto tarŭn ihae” (새로운 신화 만들기 – 재야사학에 대한 또 드른 이해 (Making a new myth: another view on the chaya sahak). Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn’gu (정신문화연구) (Korean studies quarterly) 23, no. 1 (2000): 3-16. Google Scholar öffnen
Kendall, Laurel. Shamans Nostalgias and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009. Google Scholar öffnen
Kerr, Catherine. “Translating ‘Mind-In-Body’: Two Models of Patient Experience Underlying a Randomized Controlled Trial of Qigong.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 26 (2002): 419-447. Google Scholar öffnen
Keum, Jang-tae. “Mountains in Korean Thought”. In Korean Cultural Heritage Vol. II: Thought and Religion, edited by Joungwon Kim, 36-41. Seoul: Samsun Moonhwa Printing Co., 1996. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Chŏngbin (김정빈). Tan (丹). Seoul: Chŏngsinsegyesa (정신세계사), 1996 [1984]. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Chŏngha (김정하). 2007. “Injegun sansinje ŭi sigi mit kusŏng wŏlli koch’al” (인제군 산신제(山神祭)의 시기 및 구성 원리 고찰) (A study on the structure of sansinje in Inje County). Kangwŏn minsokhak (강원민속학) (The Kangwŏn province folklore) 21 (2007): 145-166. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Sŏnp’ung (김선풍). “Tan’gun sinhwa wa T’aebaeksan, Mokmyŏksan, Samgaksan sinhwa ŭi taebi punsŏk” (단군신화와 태백산ㆍ목멱산ㆍ삼각산신화의 대비분석) (A comparative study on Tan’gun legend and the legends of T’aebaek, Mokmyŏk and Samgak Mountains). Kangwŏn minsokhak (강원민속학) (The Kangwŏn province folklore) 17 (2003): 73-102. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Yŏngja (김영자). 2005. “Sansindo e p’yohyŏntoen sansin ŭi yuhyŏng” (산신도(山神圖)에 표현된 산신(山神)의 유형) (Various types of mountain gods depicted in paintings). Han’guk minsokhak (韓國民俗學) (Journal of Korean folklore) 41 (2005): 187-223. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Daeyeol. “Symbolisme de la force vitale en Chine ancienne : Modèles et significations dans l’alchimie taoïste opératoire (études des pratiques alchimiques du Baopuzi neipian 抱朴子内篇 (4e siècle après J.-C. en Chine) ”. Thèse de doctorat, Ecole doctorale d’Histoire des religions et anthropologie religieuse, Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris 4), 2000. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Hŭisang, and Kich‘ŏnmun Ponmun (기천문 본문). Kich‘ŏnmun immun (기천문 입문) (Kich‘ŏnmun Introduction). Seoul: Yŏn’gusa (연구사), 1998. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Hŭisang, and Kich‘ŏnmun Ponmun (氣天門本門) ed. Kich‘ŏn (氣天). Seoul: Ch‘orokpaemaejiksŭ (초록배매직스), 2000. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Moon-Kyum. “The 1997 Financial Crisis and Changing Patterns of Consumption and Leisure in Korea.” Korea Journal 45, no. 3 (2005): 58-85. Google Scholar öffnen
Kim, Taewoo. “Medicine without the Medical Gaze: Theory, Practice, and Phenomenology in Korean medicine.” Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 2010. Google Scholar öffnen
Kirkland, Russell. “Transcendence and immortality.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 91-93. New York: Routledge, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Kleinman, Arthur; Brodwin. Paul E.; Good Byron J.; DelVecchio Good, Mary-Jo. “Chapter One: Pain as Human Experience.” In Pain as Human Experience: An Anthropological Perspective, edited by Mary-Jo DelVecchio and others, 1-29. Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1992. Google Scholar öffnen
Knight, John. “Hunters and hikers: rival recreations in the Japanese forest”. In Japan at Play: The Ludic and the Logic of Power, edited by Joy Hendry and Massimo Raveri, 268-284. London, New York: Routledge, 2005. Google Scholar öffnen
Kohn, Livia, and Wang, Robin, ed. Internal Alchemy: Self, Society, and the Quest for Immortality. Dunedin: Three Pines Press, 2009. Google Scholar öffnen
Korea Newsreview. Seoul. Weekly since 1974. Google Scholar öffnen
Laidlaw, James. “The Undefined Work of Freedom: Foucualt’s Genealogy and the Anthropology of Ethics.” In Foucault Now: Current Perspectives in Foucault Studies, edited by James Faubion, 23-37. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014a. Google Scholar öffnen
Laidlaw, James. The Subject of Virtue: an Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014b. Google Scholar öffnen
Lee, Kit’ae. 2002. GiCheon Instructional DVD Volume One. Seoul: Kich’ŏn Sangmuwŏn (기천상무원). Google Scholar öffnen
Lee, Kyung Yup. “The Current State and Changes of Popular Beliefs.” In Korean Popular Beliefs, Yong Bhum Yi, Kyung Yup Lee, Jong Seong Choi, Boudewijn Walraven, 183-200. Kyŏngi-do P’aju-si: JImoondang Publishing Company, 2015. Google Scholar öffnen
Lee, Namhee. The Making of Minjung: Democracy and the Politics of Representation in South Korea. New York: Cornell University Press, 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
Lee, Sangwŏn, and Kim, Sanghwan. Ki - the Science of Internal Energy. DVD. Wethersfield, CT: Turtle Press, 2004. Google Scholar öffnen
Lett, Denise. In Pursuit of Status: The Making of South Korea's "New" Urban Middle Class. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1998. Google Scholar öffnen
Lobetti, Tullio Federico. Ascetic Practices in Japanese Religion. London, New York: Routledge, 2014. Google Scholar öffnen
Lock, Margaret. “Introduction.” In Beyond the Body Proper. Reading in Anthropology of Material Life, edited by Margaret Lock and Judith Farquhar, 1-16. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
Long Le, Phuoc Cuu; Kim, Jong Ik; and Kim, Kunbae. “The Growth of Korean Companies and Their Contributions to the Miracle of the Han River.” International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 11, no. 5 (2016): 253-266. Google Scholar öffnen
Mason, David. Spirit of the Mountains. Seoul: Hollym International Cor., 1999. Google Scholar öffnen
Mauss, Marcel. “Les technique du corps.” In Sociologie et Anthropologie, 365-386. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1966 [1934]. Google Scholar öffnen
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phénoménologie de la perception. Paris: Gallimard, 1945. Google Scholar öffnen
Miura, Kunio. “Shenren 神人 divine man; spirit man.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 885-886. New York: Routledge, 2008a. Google Scholar öffnen
Miura, Kunio. “Xianren 仙人 immortal; transcendent.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 1092-1094. New York: Routledge, 2008b. Google Scholar öffnen
Na, Kwŏnsu (나권수). “Han’guk sinjonggyo ŭi sŏndo sasang yŏn’gu” (한국 신종교의 선도사상 연구) (A study on sŏndo thought in Korean New Religions). Sŏndo munhwa (선도문화) (Journal of Korean sŏndo culture) 12 (2012): 409-443. Google Scholar öffnen
Ots, Thomas. “The Silenced Body - The Expressive Leib: On the Dialectic of Mind and Life in Chinese Cathartic Healing.” In Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, edited by Thomas Csordas, 116-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Google Scholar öffnen
Ots, Thomas. “Phenomenology of the Body: The Subject-Object Problem in Psychosomatic Medicine and the Role of Traditional Medical Systems herein.” In Anthropologies of Medicine: A Colloquium on West European and North American Perspectives, edited by Beatrix Pfeiderer and Giles Bibeau, 43-58. Wiesbaden: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Verlag, 1991. Google Scholar öffnen
Ots Thomas. “The Angry Liver, the Anxious Heart and the Melancholy Spleen. The Phenomenology of Perceptions in Chinese Culture.” Culture Medicine and Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (1990): 21-58. Google Scholar öffnen
Pak, Chŏngwŏn (박정원). “Ogi ro mannan sansillyŏng ŭi hanŭl – Tobongsan e tanyŏwaso” (오기(傲氣)로 만난 산신령의 하늘 - 도봉산에 다녀와서) (Discovering the heaven of sansin through endurance – ascending Tobong Mountain). Chiban hwankyŏng (지반환경) (Korean Geoenvironment) 12, no. 3 (2011): 30-34. Google Scholar öffnen
Pak, Chongik (박종익). “Musŏngsan sansinje ŭi hyŏngsŏng kwa pyŏnch’ŏn” (무성산 산신제의 형성과 변천) (The establishment and transformation of Musŏng Mountain sansinje). Han’guk minsokhak (韓國民俗學) (Journal of Korean folklore) 49 (2009): 247-274. Google Scholar öffnen
Pak, Chunhyŏng (박준형). “Sinhwa ka tŭllyŏjunŭn Tan’gun iyagi” (신화가 들려주는 단군 이야기) (The story of Tan’gun told by the legend). In Kojosŏn, Tan’gun, Puyŏ (고조선, 단군, 부여), edited by Koguryo Research Foundation, 88-95. Seoul: Koguryo Research Foundation, 2004. Google Scholar öffnen
Pak, Misuk (박미숙) and others. “Ki suryŏn i sŭt’ŭresŭ panŭng e mich’i nŭn yŏnghyang” (기(氣)수련이 스트레스 반응에 미치는 영향) (Effects of ki suryŏn on stress management). Han’guk sŭp’och’ŭ simni hakhoeji (한국스포츠심리학회지) (Korean journal of sport psychology) 14, no. 3 (2003): 101-109. Google Scholar öffnen
Pak, Taeyang (박대양), and Ch’oe, Hyŏn’gyu (최현규). Sosŏl Kich‘ŏnmun. Unpublished manuscript. Google Scholar öffnen
Palmer, David A. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China. New-York: Columbia University Press, 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
Park, Sŏngdae (朴成大). Kich‘ŏn muhak (기천무학) (Kich‘ŏn Martial Art). Seoul: Hongbŏm (洪範 홍범), 2000. Google Scholar öffnen
Pregadio, Fabrizio. “Dantian 丹田 Cinnabar field(s); Fields of the Elixir.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 302-303. New York: Routledge, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed. The Encyclopedia of Taoism. New York: Routledge, 2008. Google Scholar öffnen
Rabinow, Paul. “Assembling Untimeliness: Permanently and Restively.” In Foucault Now: Current Perspectives in Foucault Studies, edited by James Faubion, 203-224. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2014. Google Scholar öffnen
Robinet, Isabelle. “Jindan dayao 金丹大要 Great Essentials of the Golden Elixir.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 557-558. New York: Routledge, 2008a. Google Scholar öffnen
Robinet, Isabelle. “Shengren 聖人 saint; saintly man; sage.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 879-881. New York: Routledge, 2008b. Google Scholar öffnen
Robinet, Isabelle. “Ziran 自然 so of its own; spontaneous, spontaneity.” In The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio, 1302-1303. New York: Routledge, 2008c. Google Scholar öffnen
Ryang, Sonia. “Technologies of the Self: Reading from North Korean Novels in the 1980s.” Acta Koreana 5, no. 1 (2002): 21-32. Google Scholar öffnen
Scheid, Volker. Chinese Medicine in Contemporary China: Plurality and Synthesis. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Google Scholar öffnen
Schipper, Kristofer. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Google Scholar öffnen
Seth, Michael J. Education Fever: Society, Politics and the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. Google Scholar öffnen
Shulman, David, and Stroumsa, Guy ed. Self and Self-transformation in the History of Religions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Google Scholar öffnen
Sin, Hyesuk (신혜숙), and Kwŏn, Hyosuk (권효숙). “Sŏngin suryŏnja ŭi naerŏt’ibŭ e nat’anan noekyoyuk” (성인수련자의 내러티브에 나타난 뇌교육) (Brain education as manifested in the narratives of adult practitioners). Noekyoyuk yŏn’gu (뇌교육연구) (Journal of brain education) 2 (2008): 77-116. Google Scholar öffnen
Sŏndo munhwa yŏn’guwŏn (선도문화연구원) (Research institute of sŏndo culture) ed. Han’guk sŏndo ŭi yŏksa wa munhwa (한국선도의 역사와 문화) (History and culture of Korean sŏndo). Ch’ŏnan: International Graduate University for Peace Press, 2006. Google Scholar öffnen
Song, Mano (송만오). “Sŏnggong ŭl wihan Sŏ Ch’an’gyu ŭ chimnyŏm kwa noryŏk” (성공을 위한 서찬규의 집념과 노력) (Devotion and efforts of Sŏ Ch’an’gyu for achieving success). Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn’gu (정신문화연구) (Korean studies quarterly) 35, no. 4 (2012): 115-144. Google Scholar öffnen
StateUniversity.com. “South Korea - Educational System - overview” StateUniversity.com, http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1400/South-Korea-EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html. Google Scholar öffnen
Statistics Korea. “Population Trends and Projections of the World and Korea” Statistics Korea, http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/pressReleases/8/8/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=347597&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=. Google Scholar öffnen
Statistics Korea. “Characteristics of the Employed Persons by Industry and Occupation according to the Local Area Labour Force Survey in the Second Half of 2015” Statistics Korea, http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/pressReleases/5/4/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=354718&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=. Google Scholar öffnen
Taylor, Charles. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1989. Google Scholar öffnen
Teiser, Stephen F. "Introduction." In Religions of China in Practice, edited by Donald S. Lopez Jr., 3-40. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. 2020. “Transforming the Self in Contemporary Korean Ki Suryŏn (氣修練): Water, Wood, and Stone in Two GiCheon (氣天) DVDs”. In Contemporary Practices of Citizenship in Asia and the West: Care of the Self, edited by Gregory Bracken, 67-88. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. 2017a. Body and Ki in GiCheon: Practices of Self-Cultivation in Contemporary Korea, Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden University. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. 2017b. “Mt. Paektu and Sŏndo (仙道) in Contemporary South Korea: The Case of GiCheon (氣天).” Situations: Cultural Studies in the Asian Context 10 (2): 145-170. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria, and Winstanley-Chesters, Robert. 2016. “New Goddesses at Paektu Mountain: Two Contemporary Korean Myths.“ S/N Korean Humanities 2 (1): 151-179. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. 2015. “Technologies of Self in Contemporary Korea: The Notion of Suryŏn (修練) in GiCheon (氣天).“ Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies (BAKS papers) 16: 76-96. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. 2014. “Encoding Visual Imagery of Ki Suryŏn Exported to the West.“ International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Newsletter 70 (winter): 8-9. Google Scholar öffnen
Ten, Victoria. “The Notions of Ki 氣 and Great Void 太虛 in the Philosophy of Chinese Scholar Zhang Zai (張載, 1020-1077) and Korean Scholar Hwadam Sŏ Kyŏng Tŏk (花潭徐敬德, 1489-1546). Explorations in Neo-Confucian Thought.” Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Written Monuments of the Orient (Письменные памятники Востока) 2, no. 15 (2011): 151-169. Google Scholar öffnen
Torchinov, E. A. Puti filosofiyi vostoka i zapada: poznanie zapredelnogo (Пути философии востока и запада: познание запредельного) (Philosophical ways of East and West: the knowledge of the beyond). Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoye vostokovedenie (Петербургское востоковедение), 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
Torchinov, E. A. Religii mira. Opit zapredelnogo. Psihotehnika yi transpersonalnye sostoyaniya (Религии мира. Опыт запредельного. Психотехника и трансперсональные состояния) (World Religions. Experience of the “beyond”. Psycho-techniques and transpersonal states). Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoye vostokovedenie (Петербургское востоковедение), 1998. Google Scholar öffnen
U, Hyeran (우혜란). “Ki suryŏn tanch’e ŭi minjokjuŭi chŏk sŏnghyang kwa segyehwa kihoek: tanwŏldŭ rŭl chungsim ŭro” (기수련 단체의 민족주의적 성향과 세계화 기획 : 단월드를 중심으로) (Nationalistic orientation and globalization plan of ki suryŏn groups: focusing on Dahn World). Inmun kwahak yŏn’gu (人文科學硏究) (Korean journal of humanities) 11 (2006a): 37-63. Google Scholar öffnen
U, Hyeran (우혜란). “Tong side Han’guk ŭi ki suryŏn munhwa wa musok” (동시대 한국의 기수련 문화와 무속) (Contemporary Korean ki suryŏn culture and shamanism). Chongkyo yŏn’gu (종교연구) (Korean study of religion) 9 (2006b): 71-113. Google Scholar öffnen
Utiraruto, Otehode. "The Creation and Reemergence of Qigong in China." In Making Religion, Making the State: The Politics of Religion in Modern China, edited by Yoshiko Ashiwa and David L. Wank, 241-265. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2009. Google Scholar öffnen
Valantasis, Richard. “A Theory of the Social Function of Asceticism.” In Asceticism, edited by Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantis, 544-552. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Google Scholar öffnen
Van der Veer, Peter. “Global Breathing: Religious Utopias in India and China.” Anthropological Theory 7, no. 3 (2007): 315-329. Google Scholar öffnen
Walraven, Boudewijn. “The Parliament of Histories: New Religions, Collective Historiography, and the Nation.” Korean Studies 25, no. 2 (2001): 157-178. Google Scholar öffnen
Walraven, Boudewijn. “Reader’s Etiquette, and Other Aspects of Book Culture in Chosŏn Korea.” In Books in Numbers, edited by Wilt L. Idema, 237-266. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Harvard-Yenching Library, 2007. Google Scholar öffnen
WENR: World Education News and Reviews. “Asia Pacific: Education in South Korea” WENR, http://wenr.wes.org/2013/06/wenr-june-2013-an-overview-of-education-in-south-korea. Google Scholar öffnen
Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London and New York: Routledge Classics, 2001 [1904]. Google Scholar öffnen
Wells, Kenneth M. Korea: Outline of a Civilization. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2015. Google Scholar öffnen
Wenyuange Siku Quanshu (文淵閣四庫全書) (Wenyuan Chamber, Complete Collection in Four Branches of Literature). Hong Kong: Dizhi wenhua chuban 迪志文化出版 (Digital Heritage Publishing Limited), abbreviation: SKQS, 1999. Google Scholar öffnen
Electronic edition of Wenyuange Siku Quanshu 文淵閣四庫全書 (Wenyuan Chamber, Complete Collection in Four Branches of Literature). Hong Kong: Dizhi wenhua chuban 迪志文化出版 (Digital Heritage Publishing Limited), abbreviation: E-SKQS, 1999. Google Scholar öffnen
Xenophon. Memorables, IV, II, 24. Translated by Chambry, P. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 [371 BC]. Google Scholar öffnen
Yang, Ch’unho (양춘호) and others. “Kuksŏndo suryŏn kwa salm ŭi chil e kwanhan yŏn’gu” (국선도 수련과 삶의 질에 관한 연구) (The Study on Kuksŏndo practice and quality of life). Han’guk sahoe ch’eyuk hakhoeji (한국사회체육학회지) (Korean journal of sports and leisure studies) 13 (2000): 27-38. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Hyŏnsu (이현수). “Yonghopigyŏl ŭi suryŏn pangpŏpron koch’al” (용호비결의 수련방법론 고찰) (A study on the methodology of Yonghopigyŏl suryŏn). Han’guk chŏngsin kwahak hakhoeji (한국정신과학학회지) (The Journal of Korean mind science) 10, no. 1 (2006): 1-20. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Kwangho (이광호). “Hyŏndae saenghwal ch’eyuk ŭrosŏ Kuksŏndo ŭi chŏngch’ak kwajŏng yŏn’gu” (현대 생활체육으로서 국선도의 정착과정 연구) (The Study on the formation of Kuksŏndo as contemporary sport). Han’guk ch’eyuk hakhoeji (한국체육학회지) (The Korean journal of physical education) 52, no. 1 (2013): 239-253. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Kyŏngyŏp (이경엽). “Sunch’ŏn ŭi Sŏnghwang sinang, sansin sinang kwa yŏksa chŏk inmul ŭi singyŏkhwa” (순천의 성황신앙ㆍ산신신앙과 역사적 인물의 신격화) (The cult of Sŏnghwang in Sunch‘ŏn, sansin sinang and the divinization of historical figures). Namdo minsok yŏn’gu (남도민속연구) (Namdo folklore research) 6 (2000): 165-193. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Myŏngbok (이명복). Tanhak haksŭppŏp (단학 학습법) (The Study of Tanhak). Seoul: Taeyang (대양), 1988. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Sŭngho (이승호). Han’guk sŏndo wa hyŏndae Tanhak (한국 선도와 현대 단학) (Korean sŏndo and contemporary Tanhak). Seoul: Kukhak charyowŏn (국학 자료원), 2015. Google Scholar öffnen
Yi, Yohan (이요한). “Han’gukin ŭi san sinang e taehan ihae” (한국인의 산 신앙에 대한 이해) (Understanding Korean mountain cults). Kidokkyo sasang (기독교사상) (Korean Christian thought) 343 (1987): 146-155. Google Scholar öffnen
Yim, Sŭngt’aek (임승택). “Ije nŭn kukchehwa e noryŏk ŭl” (이제는 국제화에 노력을) (Now let us strive for internationalization). Sikp’um kwahak kwa sanŏp (식품과학과 산업) (Korean food science and industry) 43, no. 4 (2010): 1-1. Google Scholar öffnen
Yoo, Gyesook. “Changing Views on Family Diversity in Urban Korea.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 37, no. 1 (2006): 59-74. Google Scholar öffnen