Legitimate Expectations and Fair-and-Equitable-Treatment under the Energy Charter Treaty

Dr. Niclas Landmann

doi:10.5771/9783748930259

Zusammenfassung

Die jüngste Welle von ISDS-Fällen im erneuerbare Energien Sektor hat zu einer Vielzahl von Schiedssprüchen geführt, die sich mit dem Begriff der legitimen Erwartungen befassen. Der Standard für faire und gleiche Behandlung (FET) und der legitimen Erwartungen waren in der Vergangenheit höchst unbestimmt. Diese Arbeit enthält eine umfassende Analyse der Schiedssprüche im erneuerbare Energien Sektor und deren Auslegung der legitimen Erwartungen. Der Autor analysiert, welche Aspekte in Bezug auf das Verhalten der Staaten, die Due Diligence der Investoren und die Intensität der staatlichen Eingriffe von den jüngsten Schiedsgerichten als Verletzung des FET-Standards angesehen wurden.

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr: 2022
Erscheinungsdatum: 10.01.2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8654-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3025-9
Verlag: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht
Band: 41
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 370
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 22
1. 1. 1) Arbitral Awards as a Legal Source Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Precedent in International Investment Law Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) Method of Analysis Kein Zugriff
2. 1. 1) What are the Requirements for a Commitment by the State? Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Can the Legal Framework Create Legitimate Expectations? Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) How much Due Diligence Must an Investor Apply? Kein Zugriff
3. III. The Impact of Regulatory Measures on the Renewable Energy Sector Kein Zugriff
1. I. Interpretation of Provisions Including the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
2. II. Fair and Equitable Treatment as an Overarching International Law Principle Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1) The Ordinary Meaning of “Fair and Equitable” Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Unjust and Arbitrary Treatment Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) Transparency and Predictability Kein Zugriff
  4. 4) Discrimination Against Foreign Investors Kein Zugriff
  5. 5) The Obligation of Treatment in Good Faith Kein Zugriff
  6. 6) Consistency and Legitimate Expectations Kein Zugriff
  7. 7) Addressees of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Obligation Kein Zugriff
  8. 8) The Basic Aspects of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
4. IV. Legal Specifics under the Energy Charter Treaty Kein Zugriff
1. I. Purpose of the Legitimate Expectations: Balancing Legal Interests Kein Zugriff
2. II. Time for the Determination of Legitimate Expectations Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1) Content of the Investors’ Legitimate Expectations Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. a) Representatives of the State in International Investment Law Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Contractual Agreements Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Unilateral Declarations and Specific Administrative Acts Kein Zugriff
    4. d) Informal and General Administrative Acts Kein Zugriff
    5. e) The Legal Regulatory Framework Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) The Due Diligence of the Investor Kein Zugriff
  4. 4) Foundations for the Analysis of Recent Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
4. 1. 1. a) The EU’s Reformation Efforts Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Limitations to the States’ Sovereignty Kein Zugriff
    3. c) The States’ Margin of Discretion Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. a) Protection of Stability in Arbitral Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
    2. b) The Tension between the Right to Regulate and Concept of Stability Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. a) The Origins of Proportionality in International Law Kein Zugriff
    2. b) The “Continental European” Approach to Proportionality Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Reasonableness and Proportionality Kein Zugriff
    4. d) The Importance of a Systematic Approach to the Balancing Issue Kein Zugriff
1. I. Historical Background Kein Zugriff
2. II. Technological Background Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. 1. (1) The Rise of the Special Regime Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) The Amendment of the Special Regime in 2010 Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) The Abrogation and the Replacement of the Special Regime in 2013 Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. (a) Charanne and Construction Investments S.a.r.l. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (b) Eiser Infrastructure Ltd and Energía Solar Luxembourg S.à.r.l. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (c) Novenergia II - Energy & Environment (SCA), SICAR v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (d) Cavalum SGPS v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (e) Masdar Solar & Wind Cooperatief U.A. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (f) Foresight v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (g) Cube Infrastructure v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (h) NextEra v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (i) 9Ren Holding S.a.r.l v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (j) SolEs Badajoz GmbH v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (k) OperaFund v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (l) Stadtwerke München v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (m) BayWa r.e. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (n) RWE Innogy GmbH and RWE Innogy Aersa S.A.U. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (o) The PV Investors v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (p) Hydro Energy 1 S.À R.L. and Hydroxana Sweden AB v. Spain Kein Zugriff
      2. (a) Antin Infrastructure Services and Antin Energia Termosolar v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (b) RREEF Infrastructure (GP) Ltd et al v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (c) InfraRed Environmental Infrastructure GP Limited and others v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (d) Watkins Holdings S.à.r.l. and others v. Kingdom of Spain Kein Zugriff
        (e) STEAG GmbH v. Spain Kein Zugriff
        (f) Isolux Netherlands B.V. v. Spain Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. a) Disputed Measures Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. (1) Blusun SA, Jean-Pierre Lecorcier and Michael Stein v. Italy Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Eskosol S.P.A. v. Italy Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) ESPF Beteiligungs GmbH et. al. v. Italy Kein Zugriff
      4. (4) Greentech Energy Systems A/S et. al. v Italy Kein Zugriff
      5. (5) CEF Energia B.V. v. Italy Kein Zugriff
      6. (6) SunReserve Holdings v. Italy Kein Zugriff
      7. (7) Belenergia S.A. v. Italy Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. a) Disputed Measures Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. (1) Antaris Solar GmbH and Dr. Michael Göde v. Czech Republic Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Jürgen Wirtgen, Stefan Wirtgen, Gisela Wirtgen et. al. v Czech Republic Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) Voltaic Network, Knopf, I.C.W. Investments, WA Investment v. Czech Republic Kein Zugriff
4. 1. 1) Types of Commitments by the States Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Limitations to the Investors’ Expectations Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) Key Considerations for the Forthcoming Analysis Kein Zugriff
1. 1. 1. 1. (1) Pre-Assignment Registry and RAIPRE Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Ministerial Resolutions and Registration Letters Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) The GSE Conventions and the “Tariff Recognition Letters” Kein Zugriff
      4. (4) ERO Regulations Kein Zugriff
      5. (5) Legal Value of Registration Proceedings Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Informal Administrative Acts Kein Zugriff
    3. 1. (1) Administrative Acts and their Relation to the Legal Framework Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Time of the Administrative Acts Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) Influence of the Formality of an Administrative Act Kein Zugriff
    4. d) Interim Conclusion on the Requirements for Administrative Acts Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. (1) The Spanish “The sun can be yours” Campaign Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Policy Plans Issued by the Host State Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) The CNE Reports & Statements Kein Zugriff
      4. (4) The ERO Reports and Presentations Kein Zugriff
      5. (5) Other Press Releases and Political Statements Kein Zugriff
      6. (6) Interim Conclusion on the Potential of General Representations to Create Legitimate Expectations Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. (1) Development during the Argentine Cases Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Subsequent Development Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) Current State of Discussion Kein Zugriff
      4. (4) Interim Conclusion on the Legal Framework’s Status as Source of Legitimate Expectations in Arbitral Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) Interim Conclusion on the Restrictions on the Right to Regulate Kein Zugriff
2. 1. 1. a) The Authority Conducting the Due Diligence Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Shared Due Diligence Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Proof of Due Diligence Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. a) Sources to Take into Consideration Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Clarity of the Legal Framework Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Relevance of Domestic Case Law Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. a) Socio-Economic Environment Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Previous Development of the Regulatory Framework Kein Zugriff
    3. c) The Phenomenon of the Hindsight-Bias Kein Zugriff
  4. 4) Requirements for the Investor’s Due Diligence Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. a) The Link between the State’s Actions and the Public Interest Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Economic Reasonableness of the State Acts Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Proportionality between the State’s Acts and the Investor’s Rights Kein Zugriff
    4. d) Development towards a Stronger Role of the Proportionality Test Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Predictability and Retroactive Effect of the Measures Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. a) Fundamental Change as a Threshold for the Violation of Basic Expectations Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. (1) The 2010 Amendments Were within the State’s Margin of discretion Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) Why did the 2013 Regime Constitute Radical Changes? Kein Zugriff
    3. 1. (1) The Spanish Promise of a “Reasonable Return” Kein Zugriff
      2. (2) The Italian Incentive Reduction Kein Zugriff
      3. (3) The Preservation of a Reasonable Return by the Czech Republic Kein Zugriff
  4. 4) Interim Conclusion on the Host State’s Margin of Discretion Kein Zugriff
4. IV. Summary of Recent Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
1. I. Specificity of the States’ Commitments Kein Zugriff
2. 1. 1) State Efforts to Protect Regulatory Flexibility Kein Zugriff
  2. 2) Appraisal of the Prevailing View in Arbitral Jurisprudence Kein Zugriff
  3. 3) Why the States’ Right to Regulate is Not Unduly Restricted Kein Zugriff
  4. 4) The Special Role of the Legal Framework Applying to the Public Utility Sector Kein Zugriff
3. III. Due Diligence Requirement under International Investment Law Kein Zugriff
1. I. Fair and Equitable Treatment as a “Black Box”? Kein Zugriff
2. II. Future Challenges in the Application of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
1. Literature Kein Zugriff
2. Arbitral Awards Kein Zugriff
3. Court Judgments Kein Zugriff

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