Equality of Arms in International Dispute Settlement

Raymundo Tullio Treves

doi:10.5771/9783689002497

Zusammenfassung

Dieses Buch definiert die Reichweite und den Inhalt des allgemeinen Grundsatzes der Waffengleichheit: Es identifiziert die Rechte und Pflichten der Parteien sowie die Befugnisse und Pflichten der Gerichte, die sich aus diesem Grundsatz ergeben. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Rechtsprechung des EGMR sowie Verfahren vor dem IGH, dem ISGH und der internationalen Investitions- und Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit analysiert. Das Buch ist nach den Schritten der internationalen Rechtsprechung gegliedert, die durch das Prisma der Waffengleichheit analysiert werden. Waffengleichheit wird auch als Prinzip analysiert, das darauf abzielt, ungleiche Ressourcen der Parteien auszugleichen, beispielsweise durch Finanzierungsmechanismen und Kostensicherheit.

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Erscheinungsjahr: 2025
Erscheinungsdatum: 08.04.2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-68900-248-0
ISBN-Online: 978-3-68900-249-7
Verlag: Tectum, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft
Band: 247
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 700
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 24
1. 1. Section I Familiarity, vagueness and confusion Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Absence in rules and statutes, evidence in pleadings and decisions Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Research goals, methodology and scope Kein Zugriff
  4. Section IV Equality of arms and near concepts Kein Zugriff
2. 1. 1. 1. Equality of Arms as part of the right to a fair trial Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Proceedings that must guarantee a fair trial and thus respect equality of arms Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Definition of equality of arms Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The implementation of the definition by the ECtHR: (i) equality of arms and the right to an adversarial proceeding Kein Zugriff
    5. 1. a. Equality of arms as a procedural guarantee – Cases regarding court appointed experts Kein Zugriff
      2. b. Equality of arms as a procedural guarantee – Cases regarding access to the case file Kein Zugriff
      3. c. Equality of arms as a procedural guarantee – Cases regarding the taking of and the examination of evidence Kein Zugriff
      4. d. Equality of arms as a substantive guarantee Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. The implementation of the definition by the ECtHR: (iii) Equality of arms and the concept of ‘party’ Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. Types of review by the ECtHR: reviewing the legitimacy of a law; reviewing the conduct of a party; reviewing the discretion of the national courts in conducting the procedure Kein Zugriff
    8. 8. Equality of arms: between a strict standard and the temptation of appearances – the appeal to a higher sense of justice Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Waffengleichheit in German Civil Procedure Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Conclusion Kein Zugriff
1. 1. 1. 1. Equality of arms and jurisdiction ratione paersonae of the ICJ Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. ‘Party’ status – non-appearance and intervention in ICJ proceedings Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Party’ status in ICJ Advisory Opinion cases Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Parties before the ITLOS Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Jurisdiction ratione personae – the capacity of entering into an arbitration agreement Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Equality of the parties in international commercial arbitrations Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Party’ status – default, intervention, joinder and consolidation Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Inequality of the parties in international investment arbitration Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Jurisdiction ratione personae Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Party’ status – intervention and non-participating Party Kein Zugriff
2. 1. Section I Initiation of a case as an arm Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Equality of arms in the principle of consent Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Mutuality Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Reciprocity Kein Zugriff
  4. Section IV Equality of arms in the compulsory jurisdiction system of UNCLOS Kein Zugriff
  5. 1. 1. “Bilateral” arbitration agreements Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. a. Russkaya Telephonnaya Kompaniya v. Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Rus LLC Kein Zugriff
      2. b. Rothschild v. Mme X Kein Zugriff
      3. c. Pittalis v. Sherefettin Kein Zugriff
      4. d. NB Three Shipping v. Harebell Shipping Kein Zugriff
      5. e. Debenture Trust v. Elektrim Finance and others Kein Zugriff
  6. 1. 1. The difficulty for a State to bring a claim or a counterclaim Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The investor’s right to unilaterally bring a claim as required by equality of arms Kein Zugriff
3. 1. Section I Appointing ad hoc judges and arbitrators as an arm Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Equality of arms and the appointment of ad hoc judges Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Equality of arms and party-appointed arbitrators Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Multiparty ICJ cases Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The ITLOS Rules on ad hoc judges when the EU is a party Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Multiparty arbitration cases Kein Zugriff
  5. Section V Equality of arms and the impartiality of judges and arbitrators – The Croatia/Slovenia arbitration example Kein Zugriff
4. 1. Section I The arms at the disposal of the parties during the proceedings Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Equality of arms and the power of the Court and Tribunals to conduct the proceedings Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Equal treatment of the parties Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Parties must be granted an opportunity to present their case Kein Zugriff
    3. 1. a. The “two hats” worn by the State in investment treaty arbitration Kein Zugriff
      2. b. Selected issues regarding the taking of evidence Kein Zugriff
      3. c. The determination of the standard of privilege Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Ensuring cost effective and expeditious proceedings – guaranteeing the parties a reasonable and relatively equal opportunity of presenting their case Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Guaranteeing the parties a reasonable and relatively equal opportunity of presenting their case is the core content of equality of arms Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Remedies in case of violations by arbitral tribunals of the duty of guaranteeing equality of arms Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Equal treatment of the parties Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Parties must be granted an opportunity to present their case Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Ensuring a cost effective and expeditious proceeding – guaranteeing the parties a reasonable and relatively equal opportunity of presenting their case Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The exemplary saga of the “Appeals” against judgments of International Administrative Tribunals Kein Zugriff
  5. Section V Equality of arms and the timing for raising jurisdictional objections Kein Zugriff
  6. 1. 1. Sources of the duty of the parties to participate in the proceedings in good faith Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. a. The Qatar v. Bahrain ICJ Case – Forged Documents Kein Zugriff
      2. b. The Croatia v. Serbia ICJ Case – Intimidation of Witnesses Kein Zugriff
      3. c. The M/V Louisa ITLOS Case – Withholding a fundamental Document Kein Zugriff
      4. d. Methanex v. USA NAFTA Arbitration – Documents obtained Illegally Kein Zugriff
      5. e. Pope & Talbot v. Canada NAFTA Arbitration – Refusal to disclose Documents Kein Zugriff
      6. i. Libananco v. Turkey Kein Zugriff
        ii. Caratube v. Kazakhstan (Caratube I) Kein Zugriff
        iii. Quiborax v. Bolivia Kein Zugriff
        iv. Caratube v. Kazakhstan (Caratube II) Kein Zugriff
        v. Lao Hodings v. Laos Kein Zugriff
        vi. Churchill Mining v. Indonesia Kein Zugriff
        vii. Teinver v. Argentina Kein Zugriff
        viii. Timor Leste v. Australia (Provisional Measures ordered by the ICJ) Kein Zugriff
        ix. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      7. g. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  7. 1. 1. Non-appearance as an arm Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Procedural rules on non-appearance and the aim of maintaining equality of arms Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Risks of violating equality of arms while complying with the procedural rules on non-appearance Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
5. 1. Section I Resources as arms Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. a. The Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice Kein Zugriff
      2. b. The Permanent Court of Arbitration Financial Assistance Fund for Settlement of International Disputes Kein Zugriff
      3. c. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Trust Fund Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Pro Bono Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Third Party Funding Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Powers of the Court or Tribunal to level the playing field when no funding mechanism is available Kein Zugriff
  4. Section IV Allocation of costs in ICJ and ITLOS proceedings as evidence of equality of arms Kein Zugriff
  5. 1. 1. Payment of advance on costs – an equal responsibility bestowed on all the parties to the proceedings Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Rules on the final apportionment of costs in the award – a final opportunity to level the playing field Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Rules tackling default by one party in the payment of advance on costs and equality of arms Kein Zugriff
    4. 1. a. Seeking an award or order requesting the non-paying party to pay or reimburse its share of advance on costs Kein Zugriff
      2. b. Arguing that impecuniosity and the consequent inability of paying the advance on costs has rendered inapplicable or inoperable the arbitration agreement Kein Zugriff
      3. c. Requesting a national court to order the arbitral tribunal and institution to reinstate the arbitration and the arbitral tribunal to decide on the merits Kein Zugriff
      4. d. Seeking to set aside an award that did not address certain claims because the advance on cost pertaining to such claims had not been paid Kein Zugriff
      5. e. Techniques for arbitral tribunals and institutions to conduct a case with an impecunious party and avoid dismissing the case Kein Zugriff
  6. 1. 1. 2. Granting security for costs and guaranteeing equality of arms Kein Zugriff
      2. a. A decision on security for costs presupposes the “costs follow the event” rule on final apportionment of costs Kein Zugriff
      3. b. The power of the tribunal to order security for costs Kein Zugriff
      4. c. A prima facie case on the merits Kein Zugriff
      5. d. Proving a risk of irreparable harm and urgency – proving exceptional circumstances or a fundamental change in circumstances Kein Zugriff
      6. e. The role played by the presence of third-party funders in qualifying impecuniosity as “exceptional circumstances” Kein Zugriff
      7. f. Proving proportionality Kein Zugriff
1. 1. Section I Equality of arms as a general principle of law recognized by civilized nations Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II The emergence of international procedural law: a product of crosspollination due to the multiplication of international courts and tribunals Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Equality of arms as a general principle of international procedural law Kein Zugriff
2. 1. Section I Equality of Arms as a source of powers of the Court or Tribunals Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Equality of arms as a source of rights and duties of the Parties Kein Zugriff
3. 1. Section I Remedy: levelling the playing field during the course of the proceedings Kein Zugriff
  2. Section II Sanctions at the end of the proceedings: between ex-post levelling of the playing field and sanctioning misconduct Kein Zugriff
  3. Section III Extrema Ratio: Damages for breach of duty to maintain equality of arms, annulment, non-enforcement and regulatory action Kein Zugriff
  4. Section IV Six steps for arguing a violation of equality of arms Kein Zugriff
  5. 1. 1. The issue Kein Zugriff
    2. 1. a. First Step: Identifying the arm Kein Zugriff
      2. b. Second Step: Identifying the unbalance Kein Zugriff
      3. c. Third Step: Identifying the source causing the unbalancing effect on the arm Kein Zugriff
      4. d. Fourth Step: Identifying the effect and consequence of the inequality of arms Kein Zugriff
      5. e. Fifth Step: Identifying the actual disadvantage Kein Zugriff
      6. f. Sixth Step: Identifying the remedies that should be applied Kein Zugriff
Abstract in German Kein Zugriff Seiten 653 - 662
Table of Cases Kein Zugriff Seiten 663 - 682
List of Abbreviations Kein Zugriff Seiten 683 - 684
Bibliography Kein Zugriff Seiten 685 - 700