North to South Migration
Portuguese Labour Migration to Angola- Authors:
- Series:
- Politik und Gesellschaft in Afrika | Politics and Societies in Africa, Volume 10
- Publisher:
- 2021
Summary
Die Wirtschaftskrise hat in den südeuropäischen Ländern neue Migrationstrends in Gang gesetzt. In Portugal ging die Migration nach der Krise vor allem in zwei Richtungen: nach Norden in die wohlhabenderen europäischen Länder und nach Süden in die ehemaligen portugiesischen Kolonien in Afrika - vor allem in das ölproduzierende Angola. Der Migration aus dem globalen Norden in den globalen Süden wurde in den Migrationstheorien bislang wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Der Autor argumentiert, dass die portugiesische Migration nach Angola nicht nur als Folge der Wirtschaftskrise verstanden werden sollte, sondern auch als ein komplexes Geflecht von Überschneidungen im Kontext der portugiesischen Kultur, des sprachlichen Erbe in Angola, von familiären Netzwerken, Diskursen, Mythen und kolonialer Macht.
Search publication
Bibliographic data
- Copyright year
- 2021
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-8487-8266-6
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-7489-2066-3
- Publisher
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Series
- Politik und Gesellschaft in Afrika | Politics and Societies in Africa
- Volume
- 10
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 177
- Product type
- Book Titles
Table of contents
- Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 18
- 1.1 Why study Portuguese migration to Angola? No access
- 1.2 Research aims and questions No access
- 1.3 Setting the scene: facts and figures on Portuguese migration to Angola No access
- 1.4 Overview of the thesis No access
- 2.1 Introduction No access
- 2.2.1 The reduction of North-South migration to the historical events of colonialism No access
- 2.2.2 The overemphasis on South-North migration No access
- 2.2.3 The neglect of South-South migration dynamics No access
- 2.3 South to North migration dynamics: Eurocentrism and Orientalism No access
- 2.4 Perspectives from the South: towards a critical understanding of asymmetries No access
- 2.5 North to South migration: ‘expats’ and others No access
- 2.6 Portuguese migration to Angola and the Lusophone migration system No access
- 2.7 Perspectives and myths: postcolonialism, coloniality, the work ethic and social capital No access
- 2.8 Conclusion No access
- 3.1 Introduction No access
- 3.2 The challenge of researching North-South migration No access
- 3.3 Discourses framing Portuguese migration to Angola No access
- 3.4 Arriving in the field No access
- 3.5 Research techniques: semi-structured interviews and participant observation No access
- 3.6 Characteristics of the participants No access
- 3.7 Positionality and reflexivity No access
- 3.8 Conclusion No access
- 4.1 Introduction No access
- 4.2 The roots of Lusotropicalism No access
- 4.3 The Portuguese colonial adoption of Lusotropicalism No access
- 4.4 Lusotropicalism as a colonial propaganda ideology No access
- 4.5 Lusotropicalism and colonial reforms No access
- 4.6 Myths of the non-racist Portuguese colonial system No access
- 4.7 Lusotropicalism in postcolonial Portugal and black migration No access
- 4.8.1 The other side of the Portuguese language legacy in postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.8.2 The institutionalisation of the Portuguese language in the former colonies No access
- 4.8.3 The politics of Portuguese names in postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.9 The legacy of family networks in postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.10 The question of race in postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.11 The myth of common descent in postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.12 The taboo of semi-stratified postcolonial Angola No access
- 4.13 Conclusion No access
- 5.1 Introduction No access
- 5.2 The ethnic capital of Portuguese migrants in Angola No access
- 5.3.1 Portuguese migrants dealing with the Angolan bureaucratic system No access
- 5.3.2 Analysing and contextualising claims of anti-Portuguese discrimination in light of the coloniality of power No access
- 5.4 The coloniality of power and being: situational skills in uneven geographies No access
- 5.5 The coloniality of power and the marketing of ‘white bodies’ No access
- 5.6 The trust in white bodies No access
- 5.7 The discourse of the Portuguese migrant work ethic No access
- 5.8 The discourse of the lazy native No access
- 5.9 The issue of Portuguese migrants as agents of development No access
- 5.10 Conclusion No access
- 6.1 Chapter highlights No access
- 6.2 General findings No access
- 6.3 What can we learn from Portuguese migration to Angola? No access
- 6.4 Contribution to the disciplines of Migration Studies and Geography No access
- 6.5 Suggestions for further research No access
- 6.6 Policy contribution No access
- References No access Pages 165 - 174
- Appendix No access Pages 175 - 177
Bibliography (171 entries)
No match found. Try another term.
- Abrahamsen, R. (2003) African studies and the postcolonial challenge. African Affairs, 102(407): 189–210. Open Google Scholar
- Åkesson, L. (2016) Moving beyond the colonial era? New Portuguese migrants in Angola. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 56(221–222): 267–285. Open Google Scholar
- Åkesson, L. (2018) Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Åkesson, L. and Orjuela, C. (2019) North-south migration and the corrupt other: practices of bribery among Portuguese migrants in Angola. Geopolitics, 24(1): 230–250. Open Google Scholar
- Alatas, S. (1977) The Myth of the Lazy Native. London: Frank Cass. Open Google Scholar
- Almeida, J. and Corkill, D. (2015) On being Portuguese: Lusotropicalism, migration and the politics of citizenship. In Rodriguez, E. and Tate, S. (eds) Creolizing Europe: Legacies and Transformations, pp. 157–174. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Andrucki, M.J. (2017) ‘Wish you were here’: bodies, diaspora strategy and the politics of propinquity in post-apartheid. Geographical Journal, 183(1): 47–57. Open Google Scholar
- Armbruster, H. (2010) Realising the self and developing the African: German immigrants in Namibia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(8): 1229–1246. Open Google Scholar
- Arrighi, G. (1985) Semiperipheral Development: The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century. London: Sage. Open Google Scholar
- Atkinson, A. (2015) Inequality: What Can Be Done? Princeton NJ: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Augusto, A. (2012) The Impact of the Angolan Political History on the Social Divisions among the Angolan Community in Bavaria – A Case Study. Berlin: Alice Salomon Hochschule, unpublished MA dissertation. Open Google Scholar
- Augusto, A. and King, R. (2020) ‘Skilled white bodies’: Portuguese workers in Angola as a case of North-South migration. Geographical Journal, 186(1): 116–127. Open Google Scholar
- Baganha, M.I. (2009) The Lusophone migratory system: patterns and trends. International Migration, 47(3): 5–20. Open Google Scholar
- Bakewell, O. (2009) South-South Migration and Human Development: Reflections on African Experiences. New York: United Nations Development Program, online at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdrp_2009_07.pdf. Open Google Scholar
- Bauder, H. (2006) Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Bauman, Z. (2004) Wasted Lives: Modernity and its Outcasts. Cambridge: Polity Press. Open Google Scholar
- Beauchemin, C. (2018) Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE): advantages and limitations of multi-site design. In Beauchemin, C. (ed.) Migration between Africa and Europe, pp. 11–33. Cham: Springer. Open Google Scholar
- Bender, G. (2004) Angola under the Portuguese: Myth and Reality. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press. Open Google Scholar
- Berg, B. (2004) Qualitative Research Methods. Boston: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
- Betts, A. and Collier, P. (2017) Refugees Transforming a Broken System. Milton Keynes: Penguin/Random House. Open Google Scholar
- Bhabha, H. (1994) The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Bhabha, H. and Comaroff, J. (2002) Speaking of postcoloniality in the continuous present: a conversation. In Goldberg, D. and Quayson, A. (eds) Relocating Postcolonialism, pp. 15–46. Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
- Bhambra, G.K. (2014) Connected Sociologies: Theory for a Global Age. London: Bloomsbury. Open Google Scholar
- Bhopal, K. (2018). White Privilege: The Myth of a Post-Racial Society. Bristol: Policy Press. Open Google Scholar
- Birmingham, D. (2006) Empire in Africa: Angola and its Neighbors. Athens OH: Ohio University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Bodemann, M. and Yurdakul, G. eds (2006) Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006) Racism Without Racists. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Open Google Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. (1982) The forms of capital. In Richardson, J.G. (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, pp. 241–268. New York: Greenwood. Open Google Scholar
- Brettell, C. and Hollifield, J. eds (2008) Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Brydon, D. (2013) Modes and models of postcolonial cross-disciplinarity. In Huggan, G. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies, pp. 427–448. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Byam, P. (1997) New Wine in a Very Old Bottle: Canadian Protestant Missionaries as Facilitators of Development in Central Angola 1886–1961. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, School of Graduate Studies, unpublished PhD thesis. Open Google Scholar
- Cahen, M. (2012) ‘Portugal is in the sky’: Conceptual considerations on communities, Lusitanity and Lusophony. In Morier-Genoud and Cahen, M. (eds) Imperial Migrations, pp. 297–315. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Candeias, P., Malheiros, J., Marques, J.C. and Liberato, E. (2019) Portuguese emigration to Angola (2000–2015): strengthening a specific postcolonial relationship in a new global framework? In Pereira, C. and Azevedo, J. (eds) New and Old Routes of Portuguese Emigration: Uncertain Futures at the Periphery of Europe, pp. 209–238. Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Castelo, C. (1998) O Modo Português de Estar no Mundo: O Luso-Tropicalismo e a Ideologia Colonial Portuguesa (1933–1961). Porto: Edições Afrontamento. Open Google Scholar
- Castles, S. and Delgado Wise, R. eds. (2008) Migration and Development: Perspectives from the South. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Open Google Scholar
- Castles, S. and Kosack, G. (1973) Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe. London: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Castles, S. and Miller, M. (2009) The Age of Migration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Chakrabarty, D. (2000) Provincializing Europe. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Chang, H. (2008) Bad Samaritans. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Open Google Scholar
- Chavez, L. (2008) The Latino Threat. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Cohen, R. ed. (1995) The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Cohen, R. and Toninato, P. (2010) The creolization debate: analysing mixed identities and culture. In Cohen, R. and Toninato, P. (eds) The Creolization Reader: Studies in Mixed Identities and Cultures, pp. 1–22. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Collier, P. (2013) Exodus, Immigration and Multiculturalism in the 21st Century. London: Allen Lane. Open Google Scholar
- Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. (2001) Millennial capitalism: first thoughts on a second coming. In Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. (eds) Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism, pp. 1–56. Durham NC and London: Duke University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. (2012) Theory from the South or How Euro-America is Evolving toward Africa. London: Paradigm. Open Google Scholar
- Connell, R. (2007) Southern Theory: The Global Dynamics of Knowledge in Social Science. Cambridge: Policy Press. Open Google Scholar
- Corrado, J. (2008) The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Proto-Nationalism 1870–1920. New York: Cambria Press. Open Google Scholar
- Costa, J., Teixeira Lopes, J. and Louça, F. (2014) Os Donos Angolanos de Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand Editora. Open Google Scholar
- Crawley, H., Düvell, F.D., Jones, K., McMahon, S. and Sigona, N. (2018) Unravelling Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis’. Bristol: Policy Press. Open Google Scholar
- Da Cruz, D. (2019) Racismo o Machado Afiado em Angola. Lisbon: Edições Rui Costa Pinto. Open Google Scholar
- De Haas, H. (2008) Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. Oxford: University of Oxford, International Migration Institute, Working Paper No. 9. Open Google Scholar
- De Sousa Santos, B. (2002) Between Prospero and Caliban: colonialism, postcolonialism, and inter-identity. Luso-Brazilian Review, 39(2): 2–43. Open Google Scholar
- Dølvik, J. (2013) European movement of labour: challenges for European social models. In Jurado, E. and Brochmann, G. (eds) Europe’s Immigration Challenge: Reconciling Work, Welfare and Mobility, pp. 33–58. London: I.B. Tauris. Open Google Scholar
- Duffy, J. (1962) Portugal in Africa. Baltimore: Penguin. Open Google Scholar
- Emerson, M. Fretz, R. and Swaw, L. (1995) Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Open Google Scholar
- Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Etounga-Manguelle, D. (2000) Does Africa need a cultural adjustment programme? In Harrison, L. and Huntington, S. (eds) Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, pp. 65–79. New York: Basic Books. Open Google Scholar
- Fairclough, N. (1992) Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press. Open Google Scholar
- Fanon, F. (1986) Black Skin, White Masks. London: Pluto Press. Open Google Scholar
- Favell, A. (2008) Rebooting migration theory: interdisciplinarity, globality, and postdisciplinarity in migration studies. In Brettell, C. and Hollifield, J. (eds) Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines, pp. 259–278. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Favell, A. Feldblum, M. and Smith, P. (2009). The human face of global mobility: a research agenda. In Smith, M. and Favell, A. (eds) The Human Face of Global Mobility: International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific, pp. 1–25. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Open Google Scholar
- Fechter, A. and Walsh, K. (2012) Examining ‘expatriate’ continuities: postcolonial approaches to mobile professionals. In Fechter, A. and Walsh, K. (eds) The New Expatriates: Postcolonial Approaches to Mobile Professionals, pp. 9–22. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Ferguson, N. (2012) Civilization: The West and the Rest. London: Penguin. Open Google Scholar
- Fikes, K. (2009) Managing African Portugal. Durham NC: Duke University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Freyre, G. (1946) The Masters and the Slaves. A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization. New York: Alfred Knopf. Open Google Scholar
- Freyre, G. (1961) The Portuguese and the Tropics. Lisbon: International Congress of the History of Discoveries. Open Google Scholar
- Fukuyama, F. (1996) Trust. New York: Simon & Schuster. Open Google Scholar
- Glick Schiller, N. and Faist, T. (2010) Migration, development and social transformation. In Glick Schiller, N. and Faist, T. (eds) Migration, Development and Transnationalization, pp. 1–21. New York: Berghahn. Open Google Scholar
- Glorius, B. and Domínguez-Mujica, J. (2017) Introduction. In Glorius, B. and Domínguez-Mujica, J. (eds) European Mobility in Times of Crisis: The New Context of European South-North Migration. Bielefeld: transcript, 7–13. Open Google Scholar
- Góis, P. and Marques, C. (2009) Portugal as a semi-peripheral country in the global migration system. International Migration, 47(3): 21–50. Open Google Scholar
- Gopal, P. (2013) Renegade prophets and native acolytes: liberalism and imperialism today. In Huggan, G. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies, pp. 197–216. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Grosfoguel, R. (2010) The epistemic decolonial turn: beyond political-economic paradigms. Cultural Studies, 21(2–3): 211–223. Open Google Scholar
- Habti, D. and Elo, M. (2019) Rethinking self-initiated expatriates in international highly skilled migration. In Habti, D. and Elo, D. (eds) Global Mobility of Highly Skilled People: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Self-Initiated Expatriation, pp. 1–40. Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Hardwick, S. (2008) Space, place and pattern: geographical theories in international migration. In Brettell, C. and Hollifield, J. (eds) Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines, pp. 161–182. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Harrison, L. (2000) Introduction: why culture matters. In Harrison, L. and Huntington, S. (eds) Culture Matters, pp. xvii–xxxiii. New York: Basic Books. Open Google Scholar
- Harvey, D. (2001) Cosmopolitanism and the banality of geographical evils. In Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. (eds) Millennial Capitalism and the Culture of Neoliberalism, pp. 271–310. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. London: Verso. Open Google Scholar
- Hatzky, C. (2012) Cubans in Angola: South-South Cooperation and Transfer of Knowledge, 1976–1991. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Open Google Scholar
- Hayes, M. (2014) ‘We gained a lot over what we would have had’: the geographical arbitrage of America’s lifestyle migrants to Cuenca, Ecuador. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(12): 1953–1971. Open Google Scholar
- Hayes, M. and Pérez-Gañán, R. (2017) North–South migrations and the asymmetric expulsions of late capitalism: global inequality, arbitrage, and new dynamics of North–South transnationalism. Migration Studies, 5(1): 116–135. Open Google Scholar
- Henderson, L. (1979) Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Henderson, L. (1990) A Igrega em Angola: Um Rio com Várias Correntes. Lisbon: Alem-Mar. Open Google Scholar
- Herrnstein, R. and Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. Open Google Scholar
- Heywood, L. (1989) Unita and ethnic nationalism in Angola. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27(1): 47–66. Open Google Scholar
- Hodges, T. (2004) Angola: Anatomy of an Oil State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Holland, S. (1979) Dependent development: Portugal as periphery. In Seers, D., Schaffer, B. and Kiljunen, L. (eds) Underdeveloped Europe: Studies in Core–Periphery Relations, pp. 139–160. Hassocks: Harvester Press. Open Google Scholar
- Huntington, S. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations. New York: Simon and Schuster. Open Google Scholar
- Huntington, S. (2004) Who Are We? New York: Simon and Schuster. Open Google Scholar
- IOM (2013) World Migration Report 2013: Migrant Well-Being and Development. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Open Google Scholar
- IOM (2020) World Migration Report 2020. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Open Google Scholar
- Jerónimo, M. (2015) The ‘Civilizing Mission’ of Portuguese Colonialism, 1870–1930. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Jørgensen, M. and Phillips, L. (2002) Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: Sage. Open Google Scholar
- Kaplan, R. (2000) The Coming Anarchy. New York: Random House. Open Google Scholar
- King, R. (2012) Geography and migration studies: retrospect and prospect. Population, Space and Place, 18(2): 134–153. Open Google Scholar
- King, R. (2015) Migration and Southern Europe – a center-periphery dynamic? In Baumeister, M. and Sala, R. (eds) Southern Europe? Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece from the 1950s to the Present Day, pp. 139–169. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. Open Google Scholar
- King, R. (2019) New migration dynamics on the south-western periphery of Europe: theoretical reflections on the Portuguese case. In Azevedo, J. and Pereira, C. (eds) New and Old Routes of Portuguese Migration: Uncertain Futures at the Periphery of Europe, pp. 267–281. Cham: Springer. Open Google Scholar
- Klekowski Von Koppenfels, A. (2014) Migrants or Expatriates? Americans in Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Kritz, M., Zlotnik, H. and Lim, L. (1992) International Migration Systems: A Global Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Open Google Scholar
- Krug, J. (2011) The strange life of lusotropicalism in Luanda: on race, nationality, gender, and sexuality in Angola. In Talton, B. and Mills, T. (eds) Black Subjects in Africa and its Diasporas, pp. 109–127. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Lafleur, J.M. and Stanek, M. (2017a) South-North Migration of EU Citizens at Times of Crisis. Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Lafleur, J.M. and Stanek, M. (2017b) EU migration and economic crisis: concepts and issues. In Lafleur, J. and Stanek, M. (eds) South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis, pp. 1–14 . Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Latouche, S. (1996) Westernization of the World: The Significance, Scope and Limits of the Drive towards Global Uniformity. Cambridge: Polity Press. Open Google Scholar
- Lentz, C. (2013) Land, Mobility, and Belonging in West Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Loomba, A. (2005) Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Luce, F. (1990) A History of Labour in Angola. Toronto: University of Toronto, unpublished LLM thesis. Open Google Scholar
- Lundström, C. (2014) White Migrations: Gender, Whiteness and Privilege in Transnational Migration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Mabeko-Tali, J. (2018) Guerrilhas e Lutas Socias o MPLA Perante Si Proprio 1960–1977. Lisbon: Mercado de Letras Editores. Open Google Scholar
- Macamo, E. (2005) Denying modernity: the regulation of native labour in colonial Mozambique and its postcolonial aftermath. In Macamo, E. (ed.) Negotiating Modernity: Africa’s Ambivalent Experience, pp. 67–97. Dakar: Codesria. Open Google Scholar
- Malaquias, A. (2000) Ethnicity and conflict in Angola: prospects for reconciliation. In Cilliers, J. and Dietrich, C. (eds) Angola’s War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 95–113. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. Open Google Scholar
- Malaquias, A. (2007) Rebels and Robbers: Violence in Postcolonial Angola. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitute. Open Google Scholar
- Maldonado-Torres, N. (2010) On the coloniality of being: contributions to the development of a concept. In Mignolo, W.D. and Escobar, A. (eds) Globalization and the Decolonial Option, pp. 94–123. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Malheiros, J. (2005) Jogos de relações internacionais: repensar a posição de Portugal no arquipélago migratório global. In Barreto, A. (ed.) Globalização e Migrações, pp. 251–272. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais. Open Google Scholar
- Mamdani, M. (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Marques, J. and Góis, P. (2017) Structural emigration: the revival of Portuguese outflows. In Lafleur, J. and Stanek, M. (eds) South-North Migration of EU Citizens at Times of Crisis, pp. 65–82. Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Massey, D. (1993) Power geometry and a progressive sense of place. In Bird, J., Curtis, B., Putnam, T., Robertson, G. and Tickner, L. (eds) Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, pp. 59–69. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Massey, D. (2005) For Space. London: Sage. Open Google Scholar
- Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. and Taylor, J.E. (2006) Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. In Massina, A. and Lehav, G. (eds) The Migration Reader: Exploring Politics and Policies, pp. 34–62. London: Lynne Rienner. Open Google Scholar
- Mbembe, A. (2001) On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press. Open Google Scholar
- McEwan, C. (2009) Postcolonialism and Development. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- McIntosh, P. (1989) White privilege: unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom Magazine, pp. 10–12. Open Google Scholar
- McLeod, J. (2000) Beginning Postcolonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Mignolo, W. (2000) Local Histories/Global Designs. Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges and Border Thinking. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Mignolo, W. (2011) The Dark Side of Western Modernity. Durham NC: Duke University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Moco, M. (2015) Angola Estado da Nação ou Etnia Politica. Lisbon: Marmoco Criações. Open Google Scholar
- Morier-Genoud, E. and Cahen, M. (2013) Introduction: Portugal, empire and migrations – was there ever an autonomous social imperial space? In Morier-Genoud, E. and Cahen, M. (eds) Imperial Migrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, pp. 1–30. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
- Moss, P. (2002) Feminist Geography in Practice: Research and Methods. Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
- Mudimbe, V. (1988) The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington. Indiana University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Nascimento, W. (2016) Entre assimilados, mulheres e homens do mato: a busca pelo sujeito nacional em luadino vieira. História Questões e Debates Curitiba, 64(1): 227–298. Open Google Scholar
- Observatório de Emigração (2019) http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4EN/paises.html?id=9. Open Google Scholar
- O’Reilly, K. (2005) Ethnographic Methods. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Pawson, L. (2014) In the Name of the People. London: I.B. Tauris. Open Google Scholar
- Pereira, S. (2010) Trabalhadores de Origem Africana em Portugal. Impacto das Novas Vagas de Imigração. Lisbon: Edições Colibri. Open Google Scholar
- Pereira, C. and Azevedo, J. (2019) The fourth wave of Portuguese emigration: austerity policies, European peripheries and postcolonial continuities. In Pereira, C. and Azevedo, J. (eds) New and Old Routes of Portuguese Emigration: Uncertain Futures at the Periphery of Europe, pp. 1–26. Cham: Springer Open. Open Google Scholar
- Piore, M. (1979) Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Portes, A. (1998) Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 1–24. Open Google Scholar
- Power, M. (2003) Rethinking Development Geographies. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Power, M. (2006) Anti-racism, deconstruction and ‘overdevelopment’. Progress in Development Studies, 6(1): 24–39. Open Google Scholar
- Quijano, A. (2010) Coloniality and modernity/rationality. In Mignolo, W. and Escobar, A. (eds) Globalization and the Decolonial Option, pp. 22–32. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Saïd, E. (1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Open Google Scholar
- Samers, M. (1997) The production of diaspora: Algerian emigrants from colonialism to neo-colonialism (1840–1940). Antipode, 29(1): 32–64. Open Google Scholar
- Sawyer, M. (2006) Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Sayyid, S. (2013) Empire, Islam and the postcolonial. In Huggan, G. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Studies, pp. 127–142. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Schmitz, C.M. (2018) Performing ‘China in Africa’ for the West: Chinese migrant discourses in Angola. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 27(1): 9–27. Open Google Scholar
- Schubert, J. (2017) Working the System. A Political Ethnography of the New Angola. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Seers, D. (1979) The periphery of Europe. In Seers, D., Schaffer, B. and Kiljunen, L. (eds) Underdeveloped Europe: Studies in Core–Periphery Relations, pp. 3–34. Hassocks: Harvester Press. Open Google Scholar
- Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Sen, A. (2006) Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. London: Penguin. Open Google Scholar
- Serrado, R. (2012) O Estado Novo e o Futebol. Northbrook: Prime Publishing. Open Google Scholar
- Shohat, L. and Stam, S. (1994) Unthinking Eurocentrism. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Slater, D. (2004) Geopolitics and the Postcolonial. Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
- Smith, R. (2006) Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants. Berkeley: University of California Press. Open Google Scholar
- Smith, S. (2019) The Scramble for Europe: Young Africa on its Way to the Old Continent. Cambridge: Polity Press. Open Google Scholar
- Soares de Oliveira, R. (2015) Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola since the Civil War. London: Hurst. Open Google Scholar
- Soremekun, F. (1965) A History of the American Board of Missions in Angola 1880–1940. Evanston: Northwestern University, unpublished PhD thesis. Open Google Scholar
- Sultana, F. (2007) Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 6(3): 374–385. Open Google Scholar
- Suri, H. (2011) Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2): 63–75. Open Google Scholar
- Torfing, J. (1999) New Theories of Discourse. Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
- Twine, F. (2000) Racism in a Racial Democracy. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Vala, J., Lopes, D. and Lima, M. (2008) Black immigrants in Portugal: Luso-tropicalism and prejudices. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2): 287–302. Open Google Scholar
- Van der Waals, W. (2011) Portugal’s War in Angola 1961–1974. Pretoria: Protea Book House. Open Google Scholar
- Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015) Europe’s Border Crisis: Biopolitical Security and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
- Vertovec, S. and Wessendorf, S. (2010) Introduction: assessing the backlash against multiculturalism in Europe. In Vertovec, S. and Wessendorf, S. (eds) The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, pp. 1–31. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
- Vradis, A., Papada, E., Painter, J. and Papoutsi, A. (2019) New Borders: Hotspots and the European Migration Regime. London: Pluto Press. Open Google Scholar
- Waldorff, P. (2017) Renegotiated (post-)colonial relations within the new Portuguese migration to Angola. Africa Spectrum 52(3): 55–80. Open Google Scholar
- Wallerstein, I. (1976) The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press. Open Google Scholar
- Wallerstein, I. (1995) After Liberalism. New York: The New Press. Open Google Scholar
- Walsh, K. (2018) Transnational Geographies of the Heart. Chichester: Wiley. Open Google Scholar
- Warwick, A. (2003) The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health and Racial Destiny in Australia. New York: Basic Books. Open Google Scholar
- White, S. (2002) Thinking race, thinking development. Third World Quarterly, 23(3): 407–417. Open Google Scholar
- Williams, G., Meth, P. and Willis, K. (2014) Geographies of Developing Areas: The Global South in a Changing World. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar





