Digital Ethics: The issue of images

Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier; Prof. Dr. Tiziana Andina

doi:10.5771/9783748934011

Summary

Digital images raise ethical issues that have so far received only little attention. The discrete pixels of digital images can be freely combined. Compared to the dissemination of analog images the net enables dis-proportionately greater control over how digital images are to be distributed. As of today, the consequences for contemporary visual communication as well as for the cultural visual memory are all but clear. Can there be an applied ethics of digital images at all? What could be the content of such a normative ethics? And what is the relationship between ethics and the law of digital images? This volume brings together the contributions to an interdisciplinary German-Italian conference at Villa Vigoni, sponsored by the DFG. With contributions byProf. Gianmaria Ajani, Prof. Tiziana Andina, Dr. Eva-Maria Bauer, Dr. Davide Dal Sasso, Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier, PD Dr. Johannes Eichenhofer, Prof. Maurizio Ferraris, Prof. Dr. Christophe Geiger, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Gephart, Olivia Hägle, Prof. Wybo Houkes, Dr. Lisa Käde, Prof. Massimo Leone, Lorenz Müller-Tamm, Dr. Eberhard Ortland, Prof. Dr. Benjamin Raue, Ass. Prof. Cosetta Saba, Prof. Dr. Reinold Schmücker, Ass. Prof. Enrico Terrone and Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich.

Keywords

Search publication

Bibliographic data

Copyright Year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8841-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3401-1
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Bild und Recht - Studien zur Regulierung des Visuellen
Volume: 11
Language: English
Pages: 426
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 8 Download chapter (PDF)
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) What is to be understood by digital image ethics?
        Authors:
      2. b) Changes brought about by digital and networking technologies
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Practical level
        Authors:
      2. b) Semantical level
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. a) Questions to be asked
        Authors:
      2. b) Consequential ethics
        Authors:
    4. 4. Law and ethics
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Transalpine considerations
      Authors:
    2. 2. The parts of this book
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. a) The ethical framework
        Authors:
      2. b) Images, art and society
        Authors:
      3. c) Binary encoding and artificial intelligence: The dissolution of the visual object
        Authors:
      4. d) Technology, ethics and legal norms
        Authors:
      5. e) Ethics and fundamental rights
        Authors:
  3. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Preface
    Authors:
  2. II. “Travelling” as a Medium of Communication and Discovery
    Authors:
  3. III. Letters, Circulars, and Broadcast Chains
    Authors:
  4. IV. How We Participate in Foreign Life
    Authors:
  5. V. The Power of the “Image”
    Authors:
  6. VI. Conclusion
    Authors:
  7. References
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
    Authors:
  2. II. Digital Ethics Today: A Snapshot
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. The problem of justification
      Authors:
    2. 2. The problem of application
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. 1. The need for applied ethics
      Authors:
    2. 2. Applied ethics is different from everyday moral judging
      Authors:
    3. 3. The “seat in life” of applied ethics
      Authors:
  5. V. The Task of Digital Image Ethics
    Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. 1. The Principle of Unconditionally Permissible Use of all Vocabulary of a Visual Language
      Authors:
    2. 2. The Principle of the Legitimacy of Taking Photographs in Museums
      Authors:
    3. 3. The Principle of Prohibiting Deception by Manipulated Photographs
      Authors:
  7. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. References
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Prologue: The Virus and the Web
    Authors:
  2. II. Privacy, Post-Truth, and Documedia Surplus Value
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Quantity: big data
      Authors:
    2. 2. Quality: rich data
      Authors:
    3. 3. Relation: secret data
      Authors:
    4. 4. Modality: real data
      Authors:
    5. 5. The unfair exchange
      Authors:
  4. IV. Epilogue: Objections and Answers
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) Planning
        Authors:
      2. b) Processing
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Dispositions
        Authors:
      2. b) Reality
        Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) Forms
        Authors:
      2. b) Hybridizations
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Interaction
        Authors:
      2. b) Identification Criteria
        Authors:
  4. IV. Conclusion
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. The Democratization of the Image Tools
    Authors:
  2. II. From Analogue Images to Forms of Orality
    Authors:
  3. III. Aby Warburg’s “Pathosformeln”
    Authors:
  4. IV. Selfies and Emojis
    Authors:
  5. V. The Vivification of the Images: Memes
    Authors:
  6. VI. The Application of Social Media Tools to Classical Artworks
    Authors:
  7. VII. ...and The Future? – Consequences for Authorship and Copyright
    Authors:
  8. References
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Referencing as a Cultural Phenomenon
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Historical use of referencing and appropriation
      Authors:
    2. 2. Appropriation art
      Authors:
    3. 3. Referencing as a medium of communication
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Consent pursuant to § 23 (1) sentence 2 UrhG
      Authors:
    2. 2. Citation according to § 51 UrhG
      Authors:
    3. 3. Caricature or parody according to § 51a UrhG
      Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. a) A broad understanding of pastiche in the Explanatory Memorandum to the German Act implementing the DSM-Directive
        Authors:
      2. b) A narrow understanding of pastiche
        Authors:
      3. c) Pastiche does not achieve a systemic change
        Authors:
  4. V. Concluding Remarks
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
5. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Digital Images
    Authors:
  2. II. The Transgenerational Bond
    Authors:
  3. III. Transgenerational Actions
    Authors:
  4. IV. Transgenerational Images
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
6. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Iconoclasm as a Means of Innovation and Reappraisal
    Authors:
  2. II. Iconoclasm and Iconoclash
    Authors:
  3. III. Digital Preservation and Restoration
    Authors:
  4. IV. Provisional Conclusion
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. The Intimate Nature of the Visual Fake
    Authors:
  2. II. The Visual Fake, Technology, and Evolution
    Authors:
  3. III. Conventionality and Motivation in the Technology of the Visual Fake
    Authors:
  4. IV. The Third Way of Semiotics
    Authors:
  5. V. Semiotics as Discipline of the Fake
    Authors:
  6. VI. The Background of Reflection: Advances and Lacunae
    Authors:
  7. VII. The Tasks Ahead for a Semioethics of the Visual Fake
    Authors:
  8. VIII. Conclusions: On Fakes and Viruses
    Authors:
  9. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) Starting point: art forgery
        Authors:
      2. b) Making history with fake photographs
        Authors:
      3. c) “Face swap” as preliminary stage
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Deep learning
        Authors:
      2. b) Autoencoder
        Authors:
      3. c) Generative adversarial network
        Authors:
    3. 3. The power of images: why images are more than simple information media
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. State of the art: what AI is already capable of
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Consequences for the individual as a social being
        Authors:
      2. b) Potentially affected rights
        Authors:
      3. c) Indirect consequences: disinformation
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. a) Legal mechanisms
        Authors:
      2. b) Technical solutions
        Authors:
      3. c) Social measures
        Authors:
      4. d) Combination
        Authors:
  4. IV. Conclusion
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Semantic Information
    Authors:
  2. II. Syntactic Information
    Authors:
  3. III. Structural Information
    Authors:
  4. IV. Context of Creation
    Authors:
  5. V. Conclusion
    Authors:
  6. References:
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. The codification of the right to one’s own image in the KUG: an overview
      Authors:
    2. 2. Images in the scope of European data protection law
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Opening clauses in the GDPR
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Journalistic and artistic purposes
        Authors:
      2. b) Other purposes
        Authors:
      3. c) Opening clauses and already existing laws
        Authors:
    3. 3. The (legal) discrepancy between capturing images and their publication
      Authors:
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks: The Future of Image Protection Law
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
5. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introductory Note
    Authors:
  2. II. A New Agenda for Copyright Laws
    Authors:
  3. III. AI-Generated Art and Creativity
    Authors:
  4. IV. AI-Made Art and the Law
    Authors:
  5. V. AI-Made Art and the Art World
    Authors:
  6. VI. Concluding Remarks
    Authors:
  7. References
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Digitization in Economic Transactions
    Authors:
  2. II. ‘Servitization’ and Cloud-Based Image Storage
    Authors:
  3. III. Seeking Moral and Practical Continuity
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. 1. Accumulating
      Authors:
    2. 2. Accessing
      Authors:
    3. 3. Curating
      Authors:
    4. 4. Deleting
      Authors:
  5. V. Conclusions
    Authors:
  6. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. What It’s All About and what Consequences Does it Entail?
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. From public goods to technical protection measures
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) Legislative solutions
        Authors:
      2. b) Reactions of the courts
        Authors:
      3. c) Additional issues described in legal literature
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. a) Is there really a problem?
        Authors:
      2. b) Advantages of technological restrictions
        Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Case scenarios
      Authors:
    2. 2. Structural issues
      Authors:
    3. 3. Ethical considerations
      Authors:
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
    Authors:
  2. II. Censorship
    Authors:
  3. III. Reasons for Censorship
    Authors:
  4. IV. Algorithmic Judgment and the Pragmatics of Pictorial Speech Acts
    Authors:
  5. References
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. Fear of algorithms and technology
      Authors:
    2. 2. Improvements through regulation
      Authors:
    3. 3. Present impact of algorithms
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Regulation
      Authors:
    2. 2. Algorithm
      Authors:
    3. 3. Regulating algorithms
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Initiating regulation through algorithm type-specific guidelines
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
        Authors:
      2. b) Ranking: regulation in a B2B context
        Authors:
      3. c) Automated administrative acts in Germany
        Authors:
    3. 3. Summary
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. 1. Algo.Rules
      Authors:
    2. 2. Google model cards
      Authors:
  5. V. What Comes Next?
    Authors:
  6. References
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. What “images” are we talking about?
      Authors:
    2. 2. Depictions, illustrations, data, information, metaphors, imaginations: the multiformity of the concept of image
      Authors:
    3. 3. Wording in the following: “inner” and “outer” images, “self-images” and “foreign images”
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. a) State symbols
        Authors:
      2. b) “Guiding images” of the state or individual state organs
        Authors:
      3. c) Dealing with “outer” images beyond states symbols and guiding principles (“image regimes”)
        Authors:
    2. 2. Fundamental rights
      Authors:
    3. 3. Prospect on the further argumentation
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Soraya before the Italian courts
      Authors:
    2. 2. Caroline before the German courts
      Authors:
    3. 3. Caroline before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
      Authors:
    4. 4. Comparison between the three decisions
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. 1. Impact on “outer” images
      Authors:
    2. 2. Impact on “inner” images
      Authors:
    3. 3. Impact on the relationship between the “inner” and “outer image”
      Authors:
  5. V. In the End: Constitutional Requirements for the Dissemination of Digital Images
    Authors:
  6. References
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. Appropriation art’s discontents with copyright
      Authors:
    2. 2. The traditional approach: narrow interpretation of exceptions and internal control by fundamental rights
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Fundamental Rights and the CJEU
      Authors:
    2. 2. Fundamental Rights and the ECtHR
      Authors:
    3. 3. Other national jurisdictions
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Resistance to change: the improper use of the proportionality test by the judiciary in copyright cases
      Authors:
    2. 2. CJEU: Internalization of a (limited) room to manoeuvre using fundamental rights
      Authors:
  4. IV. Proposal of a European Style “Fair Use” Grounded in Freedom of Expression
    Authors:
  5. V. The U.S. “Fair Use” Exception
    Authors:
  6. VI. A proposal for a European “Fair Use” Test
    Authors:
  7. VII. Conclusion
    Authors:
  8. References
    Authors:
About the authorsPages 417 - 426 Download chapter (PDF)