Digital Ethics

Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier; Prof. Dr. Tiziana Andina

doi:10.5771/9783748934011

Summary

Digital images raise ethical issues that have so far received only little attention. The discrete pixels of digital images can be freely combined. Compared to the dissemination of analog images the net enables dis-proportionately greater control over how digital images are to be distributed. As of today, the consequences for contemporary visual communication as well as for the cultural visual memory are all but clear. Can there be an applied ethics of digital images at all? What could be the content of such a normative ethics? And what is the relationship between ethics and the law of digital images? This volume brings together the contributions to an interdisciplinary German-Italian conference at Villa Vigoni, sponsored by the DFG. With contributions byProf. Gianmaria Ajani, Prof. Tiziana Andina, Dr. Eva-Maria Bauer, Dr. Davide Dal Sasso, Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier, PD Dr. Johannes Eichenhofer, Prof. Maurizio Ferraris, Prof. Dr. Christophe Geiger, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Gephart, Olivia Hägle, Prof. Wybo Houkes, Dr. Lisa Käde, Prof. Massimo Leone, Lorenz Müller-Tamm, Dr. Eberhard Ortland, Prof. Dr. Benjamin Raue, Ass. Prof. Cosetta Saba, Prof. Dr. Reinold Schmücker, Ass. Prof. Enrico Terrone and Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8841-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3401-1
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Bild und Recht - Studien zur Regulierung des Visuellen
Volume: 11
Language: English
Pages: 426
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 8 Download chapter (PDF)
1. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    1. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      1. a) What is to be understood by digital image ethics?Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      2. b) Changes brought about by digital and networking technologiesThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    2. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      1. a) Practical levelThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      2. b) Semantical levelThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    3. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      1. a) Questions to be askedThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      2. b) Consequential ethicsThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    4. 4. Law and ethicsThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
  2. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    1. 1. Transalpine considerationsThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    2. 2. The parts of this bookThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
    3. Thomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      1. a) The ethical frameworkThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      2. b) Images, art and societyThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      3. c) Binary encoding and artificial intelligence: The dissolution of the visual objectThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      4. d) Technology, ethics and legal normsThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
      5. e) Ethics and fundamental rightsThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
  3. ReferencesThomas Dreier, Tiziana Andina
2. Werner Gephart Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. PrefaceWerner Gephart
  2. II. “Travelling” as a Medium of Communication and DiscoveryWerner Gephart
  3. III. Letters, Circulars, and Broadcast ChainsWerner Gephart
  4. IV. How We Participate in Foreign LifeWerner Gephart
  5. V. The Power of the “Image”Werner Gephart
  6. VI. ConclusionWerner Gephart
  7. ReferencesWerner Gephart
1. Reinold Schmücker Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. IntroductionReinold Schmücker
  2. II. Digital Ethics Today: A SnapshotReinold Schmücker
  3. Reinold Schmücker
    1. 1. The problem of justificationReinold Schmücker
    2. 2. The problem of applicationReinold Schmücker
  4. Reinold Schmücker
    1. 1. The need for applied ethicsReinold Schmücker
    2. 2. Applied ethics is different from everyday moral judgingReinold Schmücker
    3. 3. The “seat in life” of applied ethicsReinold Schmücker
  5. V. The Task of Digital Image EthicsReinold Schmücker
  6. Reinold Schmücker
    1. 1. The Principle of Unconditionally Permissible Use of all Vocabulary of a Visual LanguageReinold Schmücker
    2. 2. The Principle of the Legitimacy of Taking Photographs in MuseumsReinold Schmücker
    3. 3. The Principle of Prohibiting Deception by Manipulated PhotographsReinold Schmücker
  7. ReferencesReinold Schmücker
2. Enrico Terrone Download chapter (PDF)
  1. ReferencesEnrico Terrone
1. Maurizio Ferraris Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Prologue: The Virus and the WebMaurizio Ferraris
  2. II. Privacy, Post-Truth, and Documedia Surplus ValueMaurizio Ferraris
  3. Maurizio Ferraris
    1. 1. Quantity: big dataMaurizio Ferraris
    2. 2. Quality: rich dataMaurizio Ferraris
    3. 3. Relation: secret dataMaurizio Ferraris
    4. 4. Modality: real dataMaurizio Ferraris
    5. 5. The unfair exchangeMaurizio Ferraris
  4. IV. Epilogue: Objections and AnswersMaurizio Ferraris
  5. ReferencesMaurizio Ferraris
2. Davide Dal Sasso Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. IntroductionDavide Dal Sasso
  2. Davide Dal Sasso
    1. Davide Dal Sasso
      1. a) PlanningDavide Dal Sasso
      2. b) ProcessingDavide Dal Sasso
    2. Davide Dal Sasso
      1. a) DispositionsDavide Dal Sasso
      2. b) RealityDavide Dal Sasso
  3. Davide Dal Sasso
    1. Davide Dal Sasso
      1. a) FormsDavide Dal Sasso
      2. b) HybridizationsDavide Dal Sasso
    2. Davide Dal Sasso
      1. a) InteractionDavide Dal Sasso
      2. b) Identification CriteriaDavide Dal Sasso
  4. IV. ConclusionDavide Dal Sasso
  5. ReferencesDavide Dal Sasso
3. Wolfgang Ullrich Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. The Democratization of the Image ToolsWolfgang Ullrich
  2. II. From Analogue Images to Forms of OralityWolfgang Ullrich
  3. III. Aby Warburg’s “Pathosformeln”Wolfgang Ullrich
  4. IV. Selfies and EmojisWolfgang Ullrich
  5. V. The Vivification of the Images: MemesWolfgang Ullrich
  6. VI. The Application of Social Media Tools to Classical ArtworksWolfgang Ullrich
  7. VII. ...and The Future? – Consequences for Authorship and CopyrightWolfgang Ullrich
  8. ReferencesWolfgang Ullrich
4. Eva-Maria Bauer Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Referencing as a Cultural PhenomenonEva-Maria Bauer
  2. Eva-Maria Bauer
    1. 1. Historical use of referencing and appropriationEva-Maria Bauer
    2. 2. Appropriation artEva-Maria Bauer
    3. 3. Referencing as a medium of communicationEva-Maria Bauer
  3. Eva-Maria Bauer
    1. 1. Consent pursuant to § 23 (1) sentence 2 UrhGEva-Maria Bauer
    2. 2. Citation according to § 51 UrhGEva-Maria Bauer
    3. 3. Caricature or parody according to § 51a UrhGEva-Maria Bauer
    4. Eva-Maria Bauer
      1. a) A broad understanding of pastiche in the Explanatory Memorandum to the German Act implementing the DSM-DirectiveEva-Maria Bauer
      2. b) A narrow understanding of pasticheEva-Maria Bauer
      3. c) Pastiche does not achieve a systemic changeEva-Maria Bauer
  4. V. Concluding RemarksEva-Maria Bauer
  5. ReferencesEva-Maria Bauer
5. Tiziana Andina Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Digital ImagesTiziana Andina
  2. II. The Transgenerational BondTiziana Andina
  3. III. Transgenerational ActionsTiziana Andina
  4. IV. Transgenerational ImagesTiziana Andina
  5. ReferencesTiziana Andina
6. Cosetta Saba Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Iconoclasm as a Means of Innovation and ReappraisalCosetta Saba
  2. II. Iconoclasm and IconoclashCosetta Saba
  3. III. Digital Preservation and RestorationCosetta Saba
  4. IV. Provisional ConclusionCosetta Saba
  5. ReferencesCosetta Saba
1. Massimo Leone Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. The Intimate Nature of the Visual FakeMassimo Leone
  2. II. The Visual Fake, Technology, and EvolutionMassimo Leone
  3. III. Conventionality and Motivation in the Technology of the Visual FakeMassimo Leone
  4. IV. The Third Way of SemioticsMassimo Leone
  5. V. Semiotics as Discipline of the FakeMassimo Leone
  6. VI. The Background of Reflection: Advances and LacunaeMassimo Leone
  7. VII. The Tasks Ahead for a Semioethics of the Visual FakeMassimo Leone
  8. VIII. Conclusions: On Fakes and VirusesMassimo Leone
  9. ReferencesMassimo Leone
2. Olivia Hägle Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. IntroductionOlivia Hägle
  2. Olivia Hägle
    1. Olivia Hägle
      1. a) Starting point: art forgeryOlivia Hägle
      2. b) Making history with fake photographsOlivia Hägle
      3. c) “Face swap” as preliminary stageOlivia Hägle
    2. Olivia Hägle
      1. a) Deep learningOlivia Hägle
      2. b) AutoencoderOlivia Hägle
      3. c) Generative adversarial networkOlivia Hägle
    3. 3. The power of images: why images are more than simple information mediaOlivia Hägle
  3. Olivia Hägle
    1. 1. State of the art: what AI is already capable ofOlivia Hägle
    2. Olivia Hägle
      1. a) Consequences for the individual as a social beingOlivia Hägle
      2. b) Potentially affected rightsOlivia Hägle
      3. c) Indirect consequences: disinformationOlivia Hägle
    3. Olivia Hägle
      1. a) Legal mechanismsOlivia Hägle
      2. b) Technical solutionsOlivia Hägle
      3. c) Social measuresOlivia Hägle
      4. d) CombinationOlivia Hägle
  4. IV. ConclusionOlivia Hägle
  5. ReferencesOlivia Hägle
3. Benjamin Raue Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Semantic InformationBenjamin Raue
  2. II. Syntactic InformationBenjamin Raue
  3. III. Structural InformationBenjamin Raue
  4. IV. Context of CreationBenjamin Raue
  5. V. ConclusionBenjamin Raue
  6. References:Benjamin Raue
4. Lorenz Müller-Tamm Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. IntroductionLorenz Müller-Tamm
  2. Lorenz Müller-Tamm
    1. 1. The codification of the right to one’s own image in the KUG: an overviewLorenz Müller-Tamm
    2. 2. Images in the scope of European data protection lawLorenz Müller-Tamm
  3. Lorenz Müller-Tamm
    1. 1. Opening clauses in the GDPRLorenz Müller-Tamm
    2. Lorenz Müller-Tamm
      1. a) Journalistic and artistic purposesLorenz Müller-Tamm
      2. b) Other purposesLorenz Müller-Tamm
      3. c) Opening clauses and already existing lawsLorenz Müller-Tamm
    3. 3. The (legal) discrepancy between capturing images and their publicationLorenz Müller-Tamm
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks: The Future of Image Protection LawLorenz Müller-Tamm
  5. ReferencesLorenz Müller-Tamm
5. Gianmaria Ajani Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Introductory NoteGianmaria Ajani
  2. II. A New Agenda for Copyright LawsGianmaria Ajani
  3. III. AI-Generated Art and CreativityGianmaria Ajani
  4. IV. AI-Made Art and the LawGianmaria Ajani
  5. V. AI-Made Art and the Art WorldGianmaria Ajani
  6. VI. Concluding RemarksGianmaria Ajani
  7. ReferencesGianmaria Ajani
1. Wybo Houkes Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. Digitization in Economic TransactionsWybo Houkes
  2. II. ‘Servitization’ and Cloud-Based Image StorageWybo Houkes
  3. III. Seeking Moral and Practical ContinuityWybo Houkes
  4. Wybo Houkes
    1. 1. AccumulatingWybo Houkes
    2. 2. AccessingWybo Houkes
    3. 3. CuratingWybo Houkes
    4. 4. DeletingWybo Houkes
  5. V. ConclusionsWybo Houkes
  6. ReferencesWybo Houkes
2. Thomas Dreier Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. What It’s All About and what Consequences Does it Entail?Thomas Dreier
  2. Thomas Dreier
    1. 1. From public goods to technical protection measuresThomas Dreier
    2. Thomas Dreier
      1. a) Legislative solutionsThomas Dreier
      2. b) Reactions of the courtsThomas Dreier
      3. c) Additional issues described in legal literatureThomas Dreier
    3. Thomas Dreier
      1. a) Is there really a problem?Thomas Dreier
      2. b) Advantages of technological restrictionsThomas Dreier
  3. Thomas Dreier
    1. 1. Case scenariosThomas Dreier
    2. 2. Structural issuesThomas Dreier
    3. 3. Ethical considerationsThomas Dreier
  4. IV. Concluding RemarksThomas Dreier
  5. ReferencesThomas Dreier
3. Eberhard Ortland Download chapter (PDF)
  1. I. IntroductionEberhard Ortland
  2. II. CensorshipEberhard Ortland
  3. III. Reasons for CensorshipEberhard Ortland
  4. IV. Algorithmic Judgment and the Pragmatics of Pictorial Speech ActsEberhard Ortland
  5. ReferencesEberhard Ortland
4. Lisa Käde Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Lisa Käde
    1. 1. Fear of algorithms and technologyLisa Käde
    2. 2. Improvements through regulationLisa Käde
    3. 3. Present impact of algorithmsLisa Käde
  2. Lisa Käde
    1. 1. RegulationLisa Käde
    2. 2. AlgorithmLisa Käde
    3. 3. Regulating algorithmsLisa Käde
  3. Lisa Käde
    1. 1. Initiating regulation through algorithm type-specific guidelinesLisa Käde
    2. Lisa Käde
      1. a) EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)Lisa Käde
      2. b) Ranking: regulation in a B2B contextLisa Käde
      3. c) Automated administrative acts in GermanyLisa Käde
    3. 3. SummaryLisa Käde
  4. Lisa Käde
    1. 1. Algo.RulesLisa Käde
    2. 2. Google model cardsLisa Käde
  5. V. What Comes Next?Lisa Käde
  6. ReferencesLisa Käde
1. Johannes Eichenhofer Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Johannes Eichenhofer
    1. 1. What “images” are we talking about?Johannes Eichenhofer
    2. 2. Depictions, illustrations, data, information, metaphors, imaginations: the multiformity of the concept of imageJohannes Eichenhofer
    3. 3. Wording in the following: “inner” and “outer” images, “self-images” and “foreign images”Johannes Eichenhofer
  2. Johannes Eichenhofer
    1. Johannes Eichenhofer
      1. a) State symbolsJohannes Eichenhofer
      2. b) “Guiding images” of the state or individual state organsJohannes Eichenhofer
      3. c) Dealing with “outer” images beyond states symbols and guiding principles (“image regimes”)Johannes Eichenhofer
    2. 2. Fundamental rightsJohannes Eichenhofer
    3. 3. Prospect on the further argumentationJohannes Eichenhofer
  3. Johannes Eichenhofer
    1. 1. Soraya before the Italian courtsJohannes Eichenhofer
    2. 2. Caroline before the German courtsJohannes Eichenhofer
    3. 3. Caroline before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)Johannes Eichenhofer
    4. 4. Comparison between the three decisionsJohannes Eichenhofer
  4. Johannes Eichenhofer
    1. 1. Impact on “outer” imagesJohannes Eichenhofer
    2. 2. Impact on “inner” imagesJohannes Eichenhofer
    3. 3. Impact on the relationship between the “inner” and “outer image”Johannes Eichenhofer
  5. V. In the End: Constitutional Requirements for the Dissemination of Digital ImagesJohannes Eichenhofer
  6. ReferencesJohannes Eichenhofer
2. Christophe Geiger Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Christophe Geiger
    1. 1. Appropriation art’s discontents with copyrightChristophe Geiger
    2. 2. The traditional approach: narrow interpretation of exceptions and internal control by fundamental rightsChristophe Geiger
  2. Christophe Geiger
    1. 1. Fundamental Rights and the CJEUChristophe Geiger
    2. 2. Fundamental Rights and the ECtHRChristophe Geiger
    3. 3. Other national jurisdictionsChristophe Geiger
  3. Christophe Geiger
    1. 1. Resistance to change: the improper use of the proportionality test by the judiciary in copyright casesChristophe Geiger
    2. 2. CJEU: Internalization of a (limited) room to manoeuvre using fundamental rightsChristophe Geiger
  4. IV. Proposal of a European Style “Fair Use” Grounded in Freedom of ExpressionChristophe Geiger
  5. V. The U.S. “Fair Use” ExceptionChristophe Geiger
  6. VI. A proposal for a European “Fair Use” TestChristophe Geiger
  7. VII. ConclusionChristophe Geiger
  8. ReferencesChristophe Geiger
About the authorsPages 417 - 426 Download chapter (PDF)