Cover of book: A Comparative Study of the Formation of Contracts in Japanese, English, and German Law
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A Comparative Study of the Formation of Contracts in Japanese, English, and German Law

Authors:
Series:
Recht in Ostasien, Volume 18
Publisher:
 2022

Summary

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Vertragsschlussregelungen im englischen, deutschen und japanischen Recht und stellt die Anforderungen nach Angebot und Annahme, Rechtbindungswillen und weiteren Voraussetzungen wie der englischen Consideration und Formvorschriften rechtsvergleichend gegenüber, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf die Unterschrift und das Siegel gelegt wird. Die rechtsgeschichtliche Entwicklung sowie das Rechtsdenken und die gängige Praxis werden zur Verständnisförderung des Regelwerks und den zugrunde liegenden sozio-kulturellen Gründen bei der Analyse berücksichtigt.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2022
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-7128-8
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-1177-7
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Recht in Ostasien
Volume
18
Language
English
Pages
632
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 28 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Style
    2. Translations and Transcriptions of Foreign Language Terms
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. I. Motivation, Subject, and Objectives of the Analysis
    2. II. Defining and Delimiting the Topic
    3. III. A Note on the Method
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Classification of the Legal Traditions of English and German Law
          1. i. The Inter-relationship of the Sources in English (Contract) Law
          2. ii. English Legislation: Statutes and Statutory Instruments
          3. iii. English Case Law
          4. iv. EU Law: Legislation and Cases
          5. v. International Law
          1. i. The Inter-relationship of the Sources in German (Contract) Law
          2. ii. German Legislation: Gesetze and Verordnungen, German Statutes and Regulations
          3. iii. German Case Law: Rechtsprechung, German Court Decisions
          4. iv. EU Law: Legislation and Cases
          5. v. International Law: The CISG
      1. 1. ‘Contract’ Defined
          1. i. Political and Social Background
          2. ii. The General Structure of Law
            1. aa) Definition and Types of Contract
            2. bb) The Law of Contracts: Forms of Actions for Contractual Claims
            3. cc) The Formation of Contract and the Further Requirement of Giving Consideration
            4. dd) Contract Forms
          1. i. Political and Social Background
          2. ii. The General Structure of Law
            1. aa) Definition of Contract
            2. bb) The Conclusion of Contracts: Emergence of the Doctrine of Offer and Acceptance and the Postal Rule
            3. cc) The Further Requirement of an Intention to Create Legal Relations
          1. i. Overview of Political and Social Developments
          2. ii. Overview of (Contractual) Legal Developments
          1. i. Basic Principles: Agreement Through Offer and Acceptance
            1. aa) ‘Offer’ Defined
            2. bb) Offers and Invitations to Treat
            3. cc) Certainty of Offer, Terms
            4. dd) Communication of Offers
            5. ee) Coming into Effect of Offers: The Mailbox Rule
            6. ff) Loss of Effect of Offers
            1. aa) ‘Acceptance’ Defined
            2. bb) Communication and Method of Acceptance
            3. cc) Coming into Effect of Acceptance: The Mailbox and Postal Rules
            4. dd) Loss of Effect of Acceptance
          4. iv. The Further Requirement of an Intention to Create a Binding Legal Relationship
            1. aa) ‘Consideration’ Defined
            2. bb) Rule 1: Sufficient Consideration, not Adequate
            3. cc) Nominal Consideration
            4. dd) Insufficient Consideration
            5. ee) Rule 2: No Past Consideration
            6. ff) Rule 3: Consideration of the Promisee
          1. i. Excursus: The Classification of Things in English Law
            1. aa) The Requirements of Writing and of Evidence in Writing
            2. bb) Instances of the Written and the Written Evidence Forms
            1. aa) Requirements of Deeds
            2. bb) Instances of Deeds
            1. aa) ‘Signing’ and ‘Sealing’ Defined
            2. bb) Instances of Signing and Sealing
            1. aa) Electronic Documents: Writing
            2. bb) Electronic Signatures: English and EU Law
          1. i. Registration of Title to Land
          2. ii. Stamp Tax on Land Transactions
        4. d. Current Legal Practice in England
      4. 4. Summary of Results
      1. 1. ‘Vertrag’(Contract) Defined
          1. i. Political and Social Background
          2. ii. The General Structure of Law
            1. aa) Definition and Types of Contract
            2. bb) Contract Conclusion: Offer and Acceptance
            3. cc) The Coming into Effect of Declarations of Intentions
            4. dd) Contract Forms
            5. ee) The Further Requirement of Giving Arrha or Draufgabe (Earnest)
          1. i. Political and Social Background
          2. ii. Structural Changes in the Law: Creation of an Imperial Supreme Court and the Codification of the BGB and the HGB
          3. iii. Contract Law in the Draft Legislation
          1. i. Overview of Political Developments
          2. ii. Overview of (Contractual) Legal Developments
            1. aa) ‘Willenserklärungen’ Defined
            2. bb) Types of Willenserklärungen and Methods of Declaration
            3. cc) Interpretation of Willenserklärungen
            4. dd) Rechtsgeschäfte (Legal Transactions)
            1. aa) ‘Antrag’or ‘Angebot’ Defined
            2. bb) Angebot and Invitatio ad Offerendum (Invitation to Make an Offer)
            3. cc) Certainty of Angebote
            4. dd) Coming into Effect of Angebote: Empfangstheorie (Receipt Theory)
            5. ee) Bindingness and Loss of Effect of Angebote
            1. aa) ‘Annahme’ Defined
            2. bb) Method of Annahme
            3. cc) Certainty of Annahme
            4. dd) Coming Into Effect and Loss of Effect of Annahme
          4. iv. The Further Requirement of a Rechtsbindungswille (Intention of Legal Commitment)
          1. i. Excursus: The Classification of Things in German Law
            1. aa) The Requirements of the Urkunde
            2. bb) The Requirement of the lesbare Erklärung auf einem dauerhaften Datenträger
            3. cc) Instances of Written or Text Form
            1. aa) Excursus: Seals of Public Authorities
            2. bb) Unterschrifts- and Handzeichensbeglaubigung (Certification of Signatures and Marks)
            3. cc) Notarielle and Öffentliche Beurkundung (Notarial and Official Authentication)
            4. dd) Instances of Beglaubigungen and of Beurkundungen
            1. aa) ‘Unterschrift’Defined
            2. bb) Characteristics of an Unterschrift
            3. cc) The Method of Unterschreiben
            1. aa) ‘Electronic Contract’ and ‘Electronic Declarations of Intention’ Defined
            2. bb) Electronic Form and Electronic Signatures
            1. aa) General Consequence of Non-Fulfilment: Voidness
            2. bb) Exceptional Instances of Other Consequences
            3. cc) Extent of Operation of Form Requirements and their Consequences
            4. dd) Healing and Other Ways of Avoiding the Consequences of Non-fulfilment
          1. i. Delivery and Registration of Property
          2. ii. Draufgabe(Earnest)
        4. d. Current Legal Practice in Germany
      4. 4. Summary of Results
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. Classification of the Legal Tradition of Japanese Law
        1. a. The Inter-relationship of the Sources of Japanese (Contract) Law
        2. b. Japanese Legislation: Hōrei (法令), Japanese Laws and Regulations
        3. c. Japanese Case Law: Hanrei (判例), Japanese Court Decisions
        4. d. International Law: The CISG
    2. II. ‘Keiyaku’(契約, Contract) Defined
        1. a. Political and Social Background
        2. b. The General Structure of Law
          1. i. Definition and Types of Contracts
          2. ii. Contract Law
          3. iii. Contract Forms
          4. iv. The Further Requirement of Giving Tetsuke (Earnest)
        1. a. Political and Social Background
        2. b. Initial Reform Projects in Japanese Private and Commercial Law
          1. i. First Codification Attempt of a Civil Code
          2. ii. First Codification Attempt of a Commercial Code
          3. iii. The Codification Dispute
        4. d. The Creation of the Minpō (Civil Code) and of the Shōhō (Commercial Code)
        1. a. Overview of Political and Social Developments
        2. b. Overview of (Contractual) Legal Developments
          1. i. Contracts as Ishi Hyōji
            1. aa) ‘Mōshikomi’Defined
            2. bb) Mōshikomi and Mōshikomi no Yūin(申込みの誘引, Invitation to Make an Offer)
            3. cc) Coming into Effect of Mōshikomi: Tōtatsu Shugi (到達主義, Arrival Rule)
            4. dd) Loss of Effect of Mōshikomi: The Distinction Between Taiwa-sha-kan (対話者間, Between Present Persons) and Kakuchi-sha-kan (隔地者間, Between Persons at Distance)
            1. aa) ‘Shōdaku’ Defined
            2. bb) Method of Shōdaku
            3. cc) Coming into Effect of Shōdaku: Hasshin Shugi (発信主義, Dispatch Rule) and Tōtatsu Shugi (到達主義, Arrival Rule)
            4. dd) Loss of Effect of Shōdaku
          1. i. Excursus: The Classification of Mono (物, Things) in Japanese Law
            1. aa) ‘Writing’ and ‘Document’ Defined
            2. bb) Instances of the Written Form
            1. aa) ‘Signing’ and ‘Sealing’ Defined
            2. bb) Instances of a Requirement to Sign and Seal
            3. cc) Excursus: The Different Types of Seals in Japan for Individuals
            1. aa) Drafting of Contract Documents by Japanese Notaries (Notarial Authentication)
            2. bb) Notarial Certification of Private Documents
          1. i. Registration of Property
          2. ii. Inshi-zei(印紙税, Stamp Tax)
            1. aa) ‘Tetsuke’Defined
            2. bb) Method of Effecting Tetsuke
            3. cc) Types and Functions of Tetsuke
        1. a. Japanese Legal Thinking Generally
        2. b. Contracts in Japanese Legal Thinking
        3. c. Contractual Formality in Japanese Legal Thinking
        4. d. Current Legal Practice in Japan
      1. 1. Reasons Underlying the Reform Project of the Law of Obligations
      2. 2. The Reform Process: Initiation, Intermediate Results, Coming into Effect of the Amendments
          1. i. Article 97 Minpō
          2. ii. Article 526 Minpō; Article 508 Shōhō
          3. iii. Article 4 Denshi keiyaku-hō
        2. b. Concerning the Time of the Formation of a Contract
          1. i. Former Article 521, new Article 523 Minpō
          2. ii. Former Articles 522–523, new Article 524 Minpō; Article 508 Shōhō
          3. iii. Former Article 524, new Article 525 Minpō; Article 507 Shōhō
          1. i. New Article 522 Minpō
          2. ii. New Article 587-2 Minpō
          3. iii. Article 557 Minpō; Article 39 Paragraph 2 Takuchi-gyō-hō
    6. VI. Summary of Results
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. I. The Concept and Types of Contract
          1. i. Statements and Acts Deemed as Offers
          2. ii. Statements and Acts Deemed as Invitations to Make an Offer
        2. b. Requirements for Offers: Certainty and Communication
        3. c. The Effectiveness of Offers
        1. a. Acceptance and other Acts or Statements; Method of Acceptance
        2. b. Requirements for Acceptance: Unconditionality, Congruence, and Communication
          1. i. Coming into Effect of Acceptance
          2. ii. Loss of Effect of Acceptance
      3. 3. Intention to be Legally Bound
      4. 4. Indiciaof Seriousness
        1. a. Simple Written Forms: Evidence in Writing and the Textform
        2. b. The Standard Written Form
          1. i. Requirements of (Notarial) Deeds
          2. ii. Instances of (Notarial) Deeds
        1. a. Signatures
            1. aa) Types and Functions of Seals
            2. bb) Sealing in Contracting
            3. cc) The Accessibility of Seals
            4. dd) The Development of the Sealing Practice
            1. aa) Seals in England and Germany
            2. bb) Seals in Japan
        3. c. Excursus: Other Forms of Authenticating Documents
        1. a. The Classification of Statements made Electronically as Legally (Ir)relevant
        2. b. Coming into Effect of Electronic Declarations of Intention
        1. a. Electronic Contract Forms
        2. b. Electronic Forms of Authentication: Electronic Signatures and Seals
      3. 3. Excursus: The Future of Contracting in Online Transactions through Legal Tech and Smart Contracts
      1. 1. The Classification of Real Estate in Terms of Property
      2. 2. The Course of a Real Estate Transaction in Practice
      3. 3. The Legal Requirements for a Contract Concerning Real Estate
        1. a. The Role of Solicitors, Rechtsanwälte, and Bengo-shi (弁護士)
        2. b. The Role of Notaries Public, Notare, and Kōshō-nin (公証人)
        3. c. The Role of Real Estate Agents, Immobilienmakler, and Fudō-san-ya (‍不‍動‍産‍屋‍)
        4. d. The Role of Shihō shoshi (司法書士, Judicial Scriveners)
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. 1. The Sphere of Application of the CISG: International Sale of Goods
          1. i. ‘Offer’ Defined and Distinction from Invitations to Make an Offer
          2. ii. Requirements of Offers: Certainty of Terms and Intention
          1. i. ‘Acceptance’ Defined; Distinction from Other Acts and Statements
          2. ii. Method of Acceptance
          3. iii. Congruence Between Offer and Acceptance
            1. aa) Coming into Effect of Offers to the Public
            2. bb) Coming into Effect of Acceptance: Must be Made Within a Set or Reasonable Period; Late Acceptance
            3. cc) ‘Reaching’ Defined
          2. ii. Loss of Effect of Declarations of Intention
        4. d. No Form Requirements
      3. 3. Summary of Results
      1. 1. The Sphere of Application of the CESL, the DCFR, and the PECL
        1. a. ‘Contract’ Defined
        2. b. Offers
        3. c. Acceptance
          1. i. Coming into Effect of Declarations of Intention
          2. ii. Loss of Effect of Declarations of Intention
        5. e. The Sufficiency of the Agreement: Certainty or Determinability
        6. f. The Requirement of an Intention to be Legally Bound
          1. i. The Standard Written Form and the Textual Form
          2. ii. Instances of Form Requirements
      3. 3. Summary of Results
    3. III. Synthesis of the Comparative Analysis and Final Conclusions
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Literature in Print
    2. Online Resources: Blog Entries and Websites
    3. Personal Interviews, Lectures, and Seminars
  9. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. International Conventions
    2. European Union
    3. England
    4. Germany
    5. Japan
  10. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. European Union (Court of Justice of the European Union; in chronological order)
    2. England (alphabetical order)
      1. Federal Consitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, 1951–)
      2. Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof, 1950–)
      3. Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht, 1954–)
      4. Higher Regional Courts (Oberlandesgerichte)
      5. Regional Courts (Landgerichte)
      6. Local Courts (Amtsgerichte)
      7. Imperial Court (Reichsgericht, 1879–1945)
      8. Other German Courts
      1. Great Court of Judicature (Dai-shin'i, 大審院, 1875–1947)
      2. Japanese Supreme Court (Saikō Saiban-sho, 最高裁判所, 1947–)
      3. Japanese District Court (Chihō Saiban-sho, 地方裁判所)
      4. Other Courts
  11. Index 627 - 632 Download chapter (PDF)

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