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New Digital Markets Act

A Practitioner's Guide
Editors:
Publisher:
 2023

Summary

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) is an ex ante regulation of large digital platforms that act as gatekeepers. It also has a direct impact on all users of these platforms. The book The Practitioner’s Guide is an easy-to-use introduction to this highly complex subject. It makes the new law accessible and offers answers to the most important questions, including: How are gatekeepers identified? What are the specific duties of conduct imposed on gatekeepers? What powers do the EU Commission and national authorities have over gatekeepers? To what extent do business users benefit from the new rules? Questions on private enforcement of the DMA are answered from the perspective of different EU jurisdictions. Highest level of professional expertise Franck Audran, lawyer | M arkus Brösamle, lawyer | Prof. Dr. Oliver Budzinski | Rob Corbet, lawyer | Rick Cornelissen, lawyer | E milia Etz, Maître en Droit, lawyer | Pablo Figueroa, LL.M. (Cornell Law School and College of Europe), lawyer | Dr. Lucas Gasser, lawyer | Dr. Jochen Hegener, LL.M. (Columbia University), lawyer | Dr. Fabian Hübener, LL.M. (Georgetown), lawyer | Johanna Krauskopf, LL.M. (Universiteit van Amsterdam), lawyer | Gonçalo Machado Borges, LL.M., lawyer | Elsa Mandel, LL.M. (NYU School of Law), lawyer | Leonor Martins Machado, lawyer | Jorge Masía, LL.M. (Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago), lawyer | Jun.- Prof. Dr. Juliane Mendelsohn | Robert Pahlen, lawyer | Dr. Ana Parés, lawyer | Dr. Raphael Reims, LL.M. (LSE), inhouse lawyer | Dr. Edoardo Ricci, LL.M. (Université libre de Bruxelles), lawyer | Dr. Francesco Maria Salerno, lawyer | Dr. Henner Schläfke, lawyer | Dr. Jens Peter Schmidt, lawyer | Immo Schuler, LL.M. (Univ. of North Carolina), lawyer | Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow, lawyer | Lumine van Uden, LL.M., lawyer | Sofia Vaz Sampaio, lawyer | Richard Willis, lawyer

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2023
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0317-4
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3706-7
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language
German
Pages
260
Product type
Edited Book

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access I - XLII
  2. Chapter 1 The DMA at a glance No access 1 - 2 Jens Peter Schmidt
  3. Juliane Mendelsohn, Oliver Budzinski
      1. I. Digital platforms and ecosystems as a new challenge for economic policy No access
      2. II. Development of the DMA No access
      3. III. The specific approach taken by the DMA No access
      1. I. Legal basis No access
        1. 1. Asymmetrical regulation No access
        2. 2. Sector-specific regulation No access
        3. 3. Ex ante regulation No access
        4. 4. Self-executing regulation No access
          1. a) Classification No access
          2. b) Negative definition and localisation No access
          1. a) Background No access
          2. b) Definition and localisation No access
        3. 3. Interoperability? No access
      1. I. DMA as a component of the Digital Single Market No access
      2. II. Relationship with European and German competition law No access
    4. D. Summary No access
  4. Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow, Robert Pahlen
    1. A. Overview No access
      1. I. Gatekeeper (Art. 2 point (1) DMA) No access
      2. II. Core platform services (Art. 2 point (2) DMA) No access
      1. I. Size, gateway and durability criterion (Art. 3(1) DMA) No access
      2. II. Turnover and user thresholds (Art. 3(2) DMA) No access
    4. D. Application cases in practice No access
  5. Markus Brösamle, Johanna Krauskopf
    1. A. Definition No access
      1. I. Presumption (Art. 3(2) DMA) No access
      2. II. Rebuttal of presumption (Art. 3(5) DMA) No access
        1. 1. General No access
        2. 2. Emerging gatekeepers No access
      4. IV. Procedure No access
    3. C. Evaluation No access
  6. Markus Brösamle, Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow
    1. A. Overview No access
        1. 1. Substantial change in the underlying facts (lit. a) No access
        2. 2. Based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading information (lit. b) No access
        3. 3. Legal consequence of the event-driven review No access
        1. 1. Routine review of gatekeeper status (para. 2 subpara. 1) No access
        2. 2. Annual review of new core platform services (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        3. 3. Legal consequence of the regular review No access
    3. C. Publication and updating of the gatekeeper list (Art. 4(3) DMA) No access
      1. I. Review options for gatekeepers No access
      2. II. Review options for, and obligations of, the European Commission No access
  7. Lucas Gasser, Jochen Hegener
    1. A. Overview No access
      1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Prohibition of the combination of personal data (Art. 5(2) DMA) No access
      3. III. Prohibition of the use of most-favoured nation clauses (Art. 5(3) DMA) No access
      4. IV. Obligation to allow communication with end users (Art. 5(4) DMA) No access
      5. V. Obligation to grant end users access to services of business users (Art. 5(5) DMA) No access
      6. VI. Prohibition on restricting users’ legal remedies (Art. 5(6) DMA) No access
      7. VII. Prohibition on tying (Art. 5(7) DMA) No access
      8. VIII. Prohibition on requiring registration with other core platform services (Art. 5(8) DMA) No access
      9. IX. Obligation to provide advertisers and publishers with information on advertising prices (Art. 5(9) and (10) DMA) No access
      1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Prohibition of data use in competition with business users (Art. 6(2) DMA) No access
      3. III. Obligation to allow un-installation of pre-installed software and changes to default settings (Art. 6(3) DMA) No access
      4. IV. Obligation to allow the installation of third-party software (Art. 6(4) DMA) No access
      5. V. Prohibition of self-preferencing in ranking, indexing and crawling (Art. 6(5) DMA) No access
      6. VI. Prohibition of the restriction of the ability to switch between services (Art. 6(6) DMA) No access
      7. VII. Obligation to ensure interoperability (Art. 6(7) DMA) No access
      8. VIII. Obligation to provide advertisers and publishers with access to performance measuring tools (Art. 6(8) DMA) No access
      9. IX. Obligation to grant end users access to data (Art. 6(9) DMA) No access
      10. X. Obligation to grant business users access to data (Art. 6(10) DMA) No access
      11. XI. Obligation of search engine operators to provide search data based on FRAND conditions (Art. 6(11) DMA) No access
      12. XII. Obligation to grant access to app stores, online search engines and online social network services based on FRAND conditions (Art. 6(12) DMA) No access
      13. XIII. Prohibition of disproportionate conditions for termination (Art. 6(13) DMA) No access
    4. D. Conduct obligations pursuant to Art. 7 DMA No access
  8. Jens Peter Schmidt
      1. I. Resources for the compliance function No access
      2. II. Tasks of the head of the compliance function No access
      3. III. Remit of the compliance officers No access
      4. IV. Remit of the management body (Management Board) of the gatekeeper No access
    2. B. Review and annual reporting obligation (Art. 8 and 11 DMA) No access
  9. Johanna Krauskopf, Markus Brösamle
          1. a) Designation other than via presumption No access
          2. b) Designation in cases involving the rebuttal of presumption No access
        2. 2. Market investigation into systematic non-compliance (Art. 18 DMA) No access
        3. 3. Market investigation on the inclusion of new core platform services and on new practices (Art. 19 DMA) No access
        1. 1. Opening of a market investigation No access
        2. 2. Conducting the market investigation No access
    2. B. Evaluation No access
  10. Jens Peter Schmidt
    1. A. Importance of merger control in the digital economy No access
      1. I. Obligation to inform for gatekeepers No access
      2. II. Type of information to be provided No access
        1. 1. Modified approach of the European Commission regarding referrals: Referral Notice No access
        2. 2. Criteria for referral No access
        3. 3. Procedure No access
      4. IV. Total prohibition on entering into concentrations (Art. 18 DMA) No access
  11. Fabian Hübener, Raphael Reims
        1. 1. Substantive DMA infringements No access
        2. 2. Formal DMA infringements No access
        3. 3. Standard of fault No access
        4. 4. Limitation No access
        5. 5. Calculating the amount of a fine No access
        6. 6. Significance of the ban on double jeopardy – ne bis in idem No access
      2. II. Periodic penalty payments (Art. 31 DMA) No access
      3. III. Additional remedies (Art. 18 DMA) No access
      4. IV. Interim measures (Art. 24 DMA) No access
    2. B. Investigative powers (Art. 21 et seqq. DMA) No access
          1. a) Admissibility of the action No access
          2. b) Merits of the action No access
          1. a) Admissibility of the application No access
          2. b) Merits of the application No access
        3. 3. Appeals No access
        1. 1. Reporting infringements No access
        2. 2. Access to files No access
  12. Markus Brösamle, Emilia Etz
    1. A. Overview No access
      1. I. Centralised enforcement by the European Commission No access
      2. II. No independent role for national authorities No access
        1. 1. Precedence of the DMA over national rules with the aim of contestable and fair markets (Art. 1(5) sent. 1 DMA) No access
        2. 2. Parallel application of competition law rules (Art. 1(6) DMA) No access
        3. 3. National competition law and DMA – example of classification of § 19a GWB (a German digital competition law rule) No access
        4. 4. Implementation measures in Germany (11th GWB Amendment Act) No access
      1. I. Cooperation between the European Commission and national courts (Art. 39 DMA) No access
      2. II. National courts and enforcement of third-party claims (private enforcement) No access
      3. III. Assistance No access
      4. IV. Evaluation No access
  13. Jens Peter Schmidt
    1. A. Importance of third parties for effective enforcement No access
      1. I. Third parties No access
      2. II. Content of the information No access
      3. III. Procedure No access
      4. IV. Information provided to a national authority or the European Commission No access
      5. V. Consequence of the information No access
    3. C. Comments on compliance measures by gatekeepers (Art. 8 DMA) No access
    4. D. Comments in the context of a market investigation into systematic non-compliance (Art. 18 DMA) Comments in the context of a market investigation into systematic non-compliance No access
    5. E. Consultation in the context of a market investigation into new services and new practices (Art. 19 DMA) No access
    6. F. Consultation in the event of a non-compliance decision (Art. 29 DMA) No access
    1. A. Private enforcement – a key implementation mechanism of the DMA No access 114 - 116 Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler
    2. Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler
          1. a) Obligations under Art. 5 DMA No access
          2. b) Obligations under Art. 6 DMA No access
          3. c) Obligations under Art. 7 DMA No access
          1. a) Rights of access and use No access
          2. b) Prohibitions of use and exploitation No access
          3. c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships No access
          1. a) Rights of access and use No access
          2. b) Prohibitions of use and exploitation No access
          3. c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships No access
        1. 1. Lack of regulation as an argument against private enforcement No access
        2. 2. No risk of fragmentation No access
    3. Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler
      1. I. Enforceable rights under the DMA No access
      2. II. Secondary claims under European Union law No access
    4. D. International jurisdiction No access 127 - 128 Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler
    5. Franck Audran, Elsa Mandel
          1. a) Significant imbalance No access
          2. b) Abrupt termination of an established commercial relationship No access
          3. c) Enforcement of PRCs No access
        2. 2. Protection of end users: the prohibition of unfair commercial practices No access
        3. 3. Conclusion No access
        1. 1. Fault No access
        2. 2. Prejudice and causal link No access
        1. 1. Evidence No access
        2. 2. Statute of limitation No access
        3. 3. Competence No access
    6. Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler
        1. 1. Claims under the GWB as amended by the 11th GWB Amendment Act No access
          1. a) Damages according to § 823(2) BGB in connection with norms set out in the DMA No access
          2. b) Claims for injunctive relief under § 1004 BGB No access
          3. c) Claims under the UWG No access
      2. II. Basis for claims of end users under national law No access
        1. 1. Concentration of jurisdiction under the 11th GWB Amendment Act No access
          1. a) Representative actions in favour of business users No access
          2. b) Representative action in favour of end users No access
        3. 3. Evidence No access
      4. IV. Conclusion No access
    7. Rob Corbet, Richard Willis
        1. 1. Legislation No access
        2. 2. Wider debate and commentary on implementation No access
        1. 1. Types of actions No access
        2. 2. Potential conflict of laws No access
        1. 1. Forum No access
        2. 2. Jurisdiction No access
        3. 3. Representative actions No access
      4. IV. Conclusion No access
    8. Francesco Maria Salerno, Edoardo Ricci
        1. 1. Actions in torts (extracontractual liability) No access
        2. 2. Actions for contractual liability No access
        1. 1. Representative action in favour of end users No access
        2. 2. Jurisdiction No access
        3. 3. Interim measures No access
    9. Rick Cornelissen, Lumine van Uden
      1. I. National provisions implementing the DMA No access
        1. 1. Claims for damages No access
        2. 2. Claims for condemnatory relief No access
        3. 3. Claims for a declaratory judgment No access
          1. a) Assignment of claims No access
          2. b) Class actions No access
        2. 2. Stay of proceedings No access
          1. a) Obligation to furnish facts No access
          2. b) Disclosure No access
          3. c) Use of witnesses No access
          4. d) Use of experts No access
        4. 4. Statute of limitation No access
        5. 5. Damage, damage calculation and statutory interest No access
        6. 6. Legal costs No access
    10. Gonçalo Machado Borges, Sofia Vaz Sampaio, Leonor Martins Machado
        1. 1. General considerations No access
          1. a) Actions for compensation of damages No access
          2. b) Injunctive relief No access
        3. 3. Other bases for claims No access
        1. 1. General considerations No access
          1. a) Representative actions No access
          2. b) Third-party funding No access
      3. III. Noteworthy procedural specifics No access
    11. Pablo Figueroa, Jorge Masía, Ana Parés
        1. 1. First approach: non-contractual claims No access
        2. 2. Second approach: unfair trade No access
        3. 3. Third approach: claims arising from contractual relationships No access
        1. 1. Interim measures under Spanish law No access
        2. 2. Collective actions under Spanish law No access
      3. III. Conclusion No access
    12. L. Conclusion and outlook No access 175 - 176 Henner Schläfke
      1. Article 1 Subject matter and scope No access
      2. Article 2 Definitions No access
      1. Article 3 Designation of gatekeepers No access
      2. Article 4 Review of the status of gatekeeper No access
      1. Article 5 Obligations for gatekeepers No access
      2. Article 6 Obligations for gatekeepers susceptible of being further specified under Article 8 No access
      3. Article 7 Obligation for gatekeepers on interoperability of number-independent interpersonal communications services Obligation for gatekeepers on interoperability No access
      4. Article 8 Compliance with obligations for gatekeepers No access
      5. Article 9 Suspension No access
      6. Article 10 Exemption for grounds of public health and public security No access
      7. Article 11 Reporting No access
      8. Article 12 Updating obligations for gatekeepers No access
      9. Article 13 Anti-circumvention No access
      10. Article 14 Obligation to inform about concentrations No access
      11. Article 15 Obligation of an audit No access
      1. Article 16 Opening of a market investigation No access
      2. Article 17 Market investigation for designating gatekeepers No access
      3. Article 18 Market investigation into systematic non-compliance No access
      4. Article 19 Market investigation into new services and new practices No access
      1. Article 20 Opening of proceedings No access
      2. Article 21 Requests for information No access
      3. Article 22 Power to carry out interviews and take statements No access
      4. Article 23 Powers to conduct inspections No access
      5. Article 24 Interim measures No access
      6. Article 25 Commitments No access
      7. Article 26 Monitoring of obligations and measures No access
      8. Article 27 Information by third parties No access
      9. Article 28 Compliance function No access
      10. Article 29 Non-compliance No access
      11. Article 30 Fines No access
      12. Article 31 Periodic penalty payments No access
      13. Article 32 Limitation periods for the imposition of penalties No access
      14. Article 33 Limitation periods for the enforcement of penalties No access
      15. Article 34 Right to be heard and access to the file No access
      16. Article 35 Annual reporting No access
      17. Article 36 Professional secrecy No access
      18. Article 37 Cooperation with national authorities No access
      19. Article 38 Cooperation and coordination with national competent authorities enforcing competition rules No access
      20. Article 39 Cooperation with national courts No access
      21. Article 40 The high-level group No access
      22. Article 41 Request for a market investigation No access
      23. Article 42 Representative actions No access
      24. Article 43 Reporting of breaches and protection of reporting persons No access
      1. Article 44 Publication of decisions No access
      2. Article 45 Review by the Court of Justice No access
      3. Article 46 Implementing provisions No access
      4. Article 47 Guidelines No access
      5. Article 48 Standardisation No access
      6. Article 49 Exercise of the delegation No access
      7. Article 50 Committee procedure No access
      8. Article 51 Amendment to Directive (EU) 2019/1937 No access
      9. Article 52 Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828 No access
      10. Article 53 Review No access
      11. Article 54 Entry into force and application No access
      12. ANNEX Annex: Digital Markets Act No access
  16. Index No access 255 - 260

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