Peace making and transitional justice after a non-international armed conflict

Dr. Rodrigo Villagran

doi:10.5771/9783748940081

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Peace making and transitional justice after a non-international armed conflict

The precedent of Guatemala

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Series:: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale, Volume 25
Publisher:: 21.03.2024

Summary

Transitional Justice can be defined as the group of processes and mechanisms that address the problems caused by large-scale human rights violations that were committed during conflicts or by repressive regimes. This book analyses the efforts made in the implementation of the peace accords in Guatemala and the main problems encountered in this process through the lens of the transitional justice framework. It discusses the mechanisms put in place to prevent the recurrence of violence, to make reparations, to guarantee the right to truth and to restore the democratic order. In addition, it covers the most important trials conducted against those accused of the most serious crimes.

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2024
Publication date: 21.03.2024
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1256-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4008-1
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale
Volume: 25
Language: English
Pages: 527
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 26
Introduction No access Pages 27 - 32
1. Introduction No access
2. 1.1 Definition No access
3. 1.2 Development of the concept No access
4. 1. 1. 1.3.1.1 Importance of the Political climate No access
    2. 1.3.1.2 Trial criticism No access
    3. 1.3.1.3 Characteristics No access
  2. 1. 1.3.2.1 Importance of the Political climate No access
    2. 1.3.2.2 Development of this phase No access
    3. 1.3.2.3 Characteristics No access
  3. 1. 1.3.3.1 Importance of the Political Climate and development of this phase No access
    2. 1.3.3.2 Characteristics No access
5. 1. 1. 1.4.1.1 Truth Commissions No access
    2. 1.4.1.2 Obligations relating the right to truth No access
  2. 1. 1.4.2.1 Obligations relating to the right to obtain reparations No access
    2. 1.4.2.2 Procedures and Mechanisms No access
  3. 1. 1.4.3.1 Obligations related to implement non-recurrence measures No access
    2. 1.4.3.2 Implementation No access
  4. 1. 1.4.4.1 Historical considerations No access
    2. 1.4.4.2 Obligations related to the right to justice No access
    3. 1.4.4.3. Policy and institutional considerations No access
6. 1. 1. 1.5.1.1 Peace vs. Justice dilemma No access
    2. 1.5.1.2 Regarding the Legitimacy of the processes No access
  2. 1.5.2 Political factors affecting Institution Building No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 2.1.1.1 Pre-Columbian and Colonial Period No access
    2. 2.1.1.2 The Central American Independence process No access
  2. 1. 2.1.2.1 Relating to security No access
  3. 1. 2.1.3.1 Human Rights in the CPRG No access
    2. 2.1.3.2 Related to the Executive Power No access
    3. 2.1.3.3 Legislative Body (Guatemalan Congress) No access
    4. 2.1.3.4 Supreme Court and the Judicial branch No access
    5. 2.1.3.5 The Constitutional Court No access
    6. 2.1.3.6 Ministerio Público (Prosecutor’s Office) No access
    7. 2.1.3.7 National Civilian Police Force No access
    8. 2.1.3.8 Guatemalan Armed Forces No access
    9. 2.1.3.9 Important measures that can be related to TJ procedures No access
    10. 2.1.3.10 National legislation related to crimes under international law No access
    11. 2.1.3.11 International relations of the State No access
3. 1. 1. 2.2.1.1 Related to a class struggle and a revolutionary war No access
    2. 2.2.1.2 Related to an ethnic conflict No access
    3. 2.2.1.3 Related to an East vs. West conflict that took place during the Cold War (and the fight against communism) No access
4. 1. 2.3.1 Political Situation No access
  2. 2.3.2 On the violence that occurred during the Armed Conflict No access
  3. 1. 2.3.3.1 Movements related to the defense and promotion of the rights of indigenous communities No access
  4. 2.3.4 On the relations with the United States No access
5. 1. 2.4.1 When did the transition in Guatemala begin? No access
  2. 2.4.2 Conflicting versions related to the Nature of the confrontation No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 3.1.1.1 The Contadora Act No access
    2. 3.1.1.2 The Esquipulas II Agreement No access
  2. 1. 3.1.2.1 The Oslo Agreement No access
    2. 3.1.2.2 The government’s position before the negotiation No access
  3. 3.1.3 URNG’s position before the negotiation No access
3. 1. 3.2.1 United Nations / MINUGUA No access
  2. 1. 3.3.3.1 CACIF No access
  3. 1. 3.2.3.1 San Egidio Community No access
  4. 1. 3.2.4.1 The National Consensus Group (INC) No access
    2. 3.2.4.2. The Civil Society Assembly (ASC) No access
  5. 3.2.5 Countries and international institutions supporting the process No access
4. 1. 3.3.1 Framework Agreement to pursue peace through political measures No access
  2. 3.3.2 Global Agreement on Human Rights No access
  3. 3.3.3 Resettlement Agreement for the displaced population caused by the armed confrontation No access
  4. 3.3.4 Agreement establishing the Historical Truth Commission related to the human rights violations and acts of violence suffered by the Guatemalan population No access
  5. 3.3.5 Agreement on the rights and identity of the indigenous people No access
  6. 3.3.6 Agreement on the Agrarian and Socio-Economic Situation No access
  7. 3.3.7 Agreement on the Strengthening of Civil Power and the function of the army in a democratic society No access
  8. 3.3.8 Definitive Cease fire Agreement No access
  9. 3.3.9 Agreement on the Constitutional reforms and the Electoral regime No access
  10. 3.3.10 Agreement on the incorporation of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity into legality No access
  11. 3.3.11 Agreement on the implementation, compliance and verification of the peace accords No access
  12. 3.3.12 Firm and lasting peace Agreement No access
5. 3.4 Final Considerations No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 4.1.1.1 The “Guatemala, Memoria del Silencio” Report No access
  2. 1. 4.1.2.1 The “Guatemala nunca más report” of the Human Rights Office of the Archbishop of Guatemala (ODHAG) No access
    2. 4.1.2.2 The Reports of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights No access
    3. 4.1.2.3 The Reports of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) No access
    4. 4.1.2.4 The MINUGUA Report No access
  3. 1. 4.1.3.1 The historical archive of the National Police of Guatemala No access
    2. 4.1.3.2 The General Archive of Central America No access
  4. 1. 4.1.4.1 Memoria Virtual de Guatemala No access
    2. 4.1.4.2 ¿Por qué estamos como estamos? No access
3. 1. 1. 4.2.1.1 The National Reconciliation Commission and the National Reconciliation Policy (Blue Book) No access
    2. 4.2.1.2 Reparation measures given by the PNR No access
    3. 4.2.1.3 Reparation programs implemented outside of the PNR No access
4. 1. 1. 4.3.1.1. Disarmament from the Government’s perspective No access
  2. 1. 4.3.2.1. Related to measures and norms that foster Institutional and Security sector Reform No access
    2. 4.3.2.2. Regarding Judicial Reform No access
    3. 4.3.2.3 Regarding norms that promote Human Rights and dignification measures No access
    4. 4.3.2.4 Related to the elimination of violence against women No access
    5. 4.3.2.5 Regarding norms created to fight impunity, corruption and the establishment of CICIG No access
    6. 4.3.2.6 The rejection of Constitutional Reforms No access
  3. 4.3.3 On the Government Guarantees to protect the freedom of expression, movement, and association No access
  4. 4.3.4 Ratification of International Treaties or Conventions No access
  5. 1. 4.3.5.1 FONAPAZ No access
  6. 4.3.6 Regarding land access and the construction of popular housing No access
  7. 4.3.7 The Refugees and the returnees No access
  8. 1. 4.3.8.1 The National Council for the compliance of the Peace Accords (CNAP) No access
    2. 4.3.8.2 The Peace Secretariat No access
5. 1. 1. 4.4.1.1 The Amnesty Law of 1982 No access
    2. 4.4.1.2 The Amnesty Law of 1986 No access
    3. 4.4.1.3 The amnesty included in the Agreement on the Incorporation of the National Revolutionary Unity into legality No access
  2. 4.4.2 Unconstitutionality action presented against the amnesty No access
  3. 1. 4.4.3.1 The Dos Erres Massacre Case No access
    2. 4.4.3.2 The Case of the Burning of the Spanish Embassy No access
    3. 4.4.3.3 The Genocide Case No access
    4. 4.4.3.4 The Sepur Zarco Case No access
    5. 4.4.3.5 The Molina Theissen case No access
    6. 4.4.3.6 The Aguacate massacre case No access
    7. 4.4.3.7 The national courts’ decisions with respect to the amnesties No access
  4. 1. 4.4.4.1 Implementation of the jurisprudence of the IACtHR by national Courts No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 5.1.1.1 Differences between legal and historical truth No access
    2. 5.1.1.2 Importance of the narratives in the Guatemalan context No access
  2. 1. 5.1.2.1 Competing narratives related to the Truth Commission’s Report on the “causes or origins of the conflict” No access
    2. 5.1.2.2. The competing narratives surrounding the Burning of the Spanish Embassy No access
    3. 5.1.2.3 The discrepancy regarding the number of victims that died in the confrontation No access
3. 1. 5.2.1 The amounts paid to compensate the victims for human rights violations by the PNR have been excessively low and do not “dignify” the victims No access
  2. 1. 5.2.2.1 The annual budget has decreased every year No access
    2. 5.2.2.2 The PNR is financially and inadequately organized No access
    3. 5.2.2.3 PNR has challenges creating and processing case files No access
    4. 5.2.2.4 Lack of Support by other State institutions and lack of transparency No access
    5. 5.2.2.5 Claims that there have been patronage practices with the reparations and that cronyism exists within the institution No access
    6. 5.2.2.6 The future of the National Reparations Program is uncertain No access
  3. 5.2.3 There is a need to establish victim’s registries No access
  4. 5.2.4. The claim that the reparation policy does not have a gender approach No access
  5. 5.2.5 Claims that most victims have been excluded from receiving reparations (low coverage of the program). No access
  6. 5.2.6 The belief that investment projects are more useful than other types of reparations measures No access
  7. 1. 5.2.7.1 Cases of double compensation No access
  8. 5.2.8 Claims that there is a business that profits from the armed confrontation No access
  9. 5.2.9 Doubts over the legality of some of the friendly agreements No access
4. 1. 5.3.1 Related to the disarmament process No access
  2. 1. 5.3.2.1 Claims made against security sector reform initiatives No access
    2. 5.3.2.2 Issues with Judicial reform No access
    3. 5.3.2.3 Challenges related to the protection of human rights No access
    4. 5.3.2.4 Claims relating to women’s rights No access
    5. 5.3.2.5 Claims that corruption is rampant No access
    6. 5.3.2.6 Related to the failed constitutional referendum No access
  3. 5.3.3 Regarding the guarantees for freedom of expression, movement, or association No access
  4. 5.3.4 Ratification of international treaties and conventions No access
  5. 1. 5.3.5.1 With respect to healthcare No access
    2. 5.3.5.2 Related to the GDP growth No access
    3. 5.3.5.3 UNDP Human development indexes indicate that the Guatemalan development continues to be limited No access
  6. 1. 5.3.6.1 Regarding land access No access
    2. 5.3.6.2 Popular housing deficiencies No access
  7. 5.3.7 Refugees and returnees No access
  8. 1. 5.3.7.1 General assessment chart findings No access
5. 1. 1. 5.4.1.1 Specific claims related to the lack of cooperation of the Guatemalan authorities No access
    2. 5.4.1.2 Regarding the amnesties and the use of “legal tactics” to delay trials No access
    3. 5.4.1.3 Justice would not have been possible without international support No access
  2. 1. 5.4.2.1 The trials violate the rights of the accused and there is no equal treatment in the investigations No access
    2. 5.4.2.2 The trials are completely partial and form part of a vengeance scheme created by former guerrilla militants and their allies to target the ex-military officers and obtain reparations No access
    3. 5.4.2.3 That the guerrilla pretends to create a new alternate history and distort reality through the trials and that this affects the peace that has been achieved No access
  3. 1. 5.4.3.1 The Government of Alvaro Arzú (1996-1999) No access
    2. 5.4.3.2 The Government of Alfoso Portillo (2000-2003) No access
    3. 5.4.3.3 The Government of Oscar Berger (2004-2007) No access
    4. 5.4.3.4 The Government of Alvaro Colom (2008-2011) No access
    5. 5.4.3.5 The Governments of Otto Pérez Molina (2012 - September 2015) and Alejandro Maldonado (September 2015 - January 2016) No access
    6. 5.4.3.6 The Government of Jimmy Morales (2016-2019) No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 6.1.1 The political climate played an important role in the search for peace No access
  2. 6.1.2 The Guatemalan peace negotiations were a political mean to resolve the confrontation between the two main actors No access
3. 1. 6.2.1 Evolution of the peace process during the second transitional justice phase No access
4. 6.3 Lessons learned relating to the Right to truth No access
5. 1. 6.4.1 Related to the budget reductions No access
  2. 6.4.2 Regarding the lack of support that the PNR receives from other State institutions and the lack of oversight that the program receives from Congress No access
  3. 6.4.3 Reparations programs are supposed to be temporary No access
  4. 6.4.4 Regarding the disparities in the different reparation mechanisms No access
  5. 6.4.5 Related to the belief that investment projects are more useful than other types of reparation measures No access
6. 1. 6.5.1. Regarding the measures destined to end the hostilities No access
  2. 6.5.2. Implementation of legal and institutional reform No access
  3. 6.5.3 Regarding guarantees to protect freedom of expression, movement and association No access
  4. 6.5.4 Regarding the ratification of International Treaties or Conventions No access
  5. 6.5.5. Regarding measures destined to improve livelihoods of the people No access
  6. 6.5.6 Regarding land access and the construction of popular housing No access
  7. 6.5.7 Regarding refugees and the returnees No access
  8. 6.5.8. Regarding the verification mechanisms No access
7. 1. 6.6.1 Regarding the conflicting versions that exist related to the nature of the confrontation No access
  2. 6.6.2 Regarding the amnesties and the peace vs. justice dilemma No access
8. 6.7 Final Considerations No access
General Conclusions No access Pages 481 - 494
Bibliography No access Pages 495 - 527