Stereotypes of Muslim Women in the United States

Alexis Tan; Anastasia Vishnevskaya

doi:10.5771/9781793628367

Summary

This book brings into focus the perception of Muslim women in the United States, often overlooked in research literature and common media narratives, but at the same time facing increasing hate and aggression based on their religious and gendered identities. Guided by data from three original experiments and theories of priming and media effects, Alexis Tan and Anastasia Vishnevskaya discuss how stereotypes of Muslim women in the media influence public stereotypes, and how public stereotypes direct aggressions towards them. This book contributes to existing literature in the field by presenting evidence that both verbal and visual symbols in the media can activate implicit prejudices, and that activation can be controlled by people who self-identify as social liberals. Ultimately, Tan and Vishnevskaya suggest both media and intrapersonal interventions to mitigate harmful consequences of prejudice towards Muslim women in the United States. Scholars of media studies, communication, religious studies, gender studies, and cultural studies will find this book particularly useful.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-1-7936-2835-0
ISBN-Online: 978-1-7936-2836-7
Publisher: Lexington, Lanham
Language: English
Pages: 134
Product type: Book Titles

1. Dedication No access
2. Contents No access
3. 1. Anastasia No access
  2. Alex No access
Chapter 1: Introduction No access Pages 1 - 6
1. 1. A Sexualized Woman of the Orient No access
  2. Oppressed Muslim Women No access
  3. Muslim Women as Terrorists No access
2. The Evolution of Stereotypes about Muslim Women Post-9/11 No access
3. Role of the Media in the Formation of Stereotypes toward Muslims No access
4. 1. Women as Oppressed No access
  2. Veil as a Symbol of Oppression No access
  3. Women as a Threat No access
1. Public Opinion and Stereotypes of Muslims after 9/11 No access
2. Consequences of Public Opinion on Muslim Women’s Experiences No access
1. Priming Theory No access
2. Automatic Activation of Stereotypes and Their Application No access
3. Semantic Primes No access
4. Visual Primes No access
5. Media Primes No access
6. 1. Motivation No access
  2. Restricted Cognitive Resources No access
  3. Dose No access
7. Countering Stereotype Activation No access
8. A Priming Model of the Activation and Application of Unconscious Stereotypes No access
9. 1. Early Experiences No access
  2. Affective Experiences No access
  3. Cultural Biases No access
  4. Cognitive Consistency No access
10. Associative Memory No access
11. Primes No access
12. Activation of Stereotypes and Their Applications No access
13. Activation Control No access
14. Application of the Priming Model to Muslim Women No access
1. Muslim Women Are Easy Stereotype Targets No access
2. 1. Women’s Perspectives No access
  2. Perspectives of Muslim Women No access
3. Priming Stereotypes of Muslim Women in News and Entertainment No access
4. Semantic Primes of Islam and Muslim Women in the Media No access
5. Explaining Prejudice toward Muslim Women: Who is Most Likely to be Prejudiced? No access
6. Generalized Bias toward Racial Minorities No access
7. Muslim Women’s Perceptions of Prejudice in the United States No access
8. Muslim Women as Victims of Hate No access
9. Institutional, Ideological, and Priming Bases for Victimization of Muslim Women No access
10. Responses of Muslim Women to Hate No access
11. Prejudice in Employment No access
1. Semantic and Visual Primes of Muslim Women: Evaluative and Behavioral Consequences No access
2. Priming Theories and Research No access
3. Media Primes No access
4. Discrete Semantic and Visual Primes No access
5. Names as Primes No access
6. Photographs as Primes No access
7. Culture as Source of Stereotypes No access
8. Intensity: Semantic and Visual Primes No access
9. Stereotypes of Muslim Women No access
10. 1. 1. Design No access
    2. Stimulus Materials No access
    3. Dependent Measures No access
    4. Procedure No access
    5. Analysis No access
  2. 1. Independent Variable No access
    2. Dependent Variables No access
    3. Tests of Competing Hypotheses No access
    4. Qualifications No access
  3. Discussion, Conclusions, Limitations No access
11. 1. Stereotypes and Their Measures No access
  2. Stereotypes: Dimensions No access
  3. Stereotypes of Muslims No access
  4. Political Ideology No access
  5. 1. Participants No access
    2. Study Design and Procedures No access
    3. Stimulus Materials No access
    4. Dependent Measures No access
    5. Analysis No access
  6. 1. RQ1: Stereotypes of Muslim Women No access
    2. RQ2: Predictors of Intent to Interview, Intent to Hire No access
    3. RQ3 and Tests of Hypotheses: Effects of Prime Dose on Stereotypes No access
  7. Summary and Conclusions No access
12. 1. Participants No access
  2. Experimental Design and Procedure No access
  3. Stimulus Materials (Primes) No access
  4. 1. Stereotypes No access
  5. Analysis No access
  6. 1. Interactions with Students and Faculty No access
    2. Affective Evaluation (Semantic Differential) No access
  7. Conclusions No access
13. Summary and Conclusions: Studies 1, 2, and 3 No access
14. 1. Instructions to Participants No access
  2. Job Description No access
  3. Curriculum Vitae of the Applicant No access
15. Note No access
1. Increasing Reporting of Aggressions: Community Support No access
2. 1. 1. Goals No access
    2. Personal Assessment of Self-Worth No access
    3. Personal Assessment of Values No access
    4. Re-Definition of Categories No access
  2. Application to Muslim Women No access
  3. Challenges to Preventing Activation of Stereotypes No access
3. 1. Application to Muslim Women No access
4. 1. Myth Busters and Facts about Muslims No access
  2. Primes as Interventions No access
1. Forgotten Women? No access
2. Biased Public Perceptions No access
3. Media Portrayals of Muslim Women No access
4. Effects of Media Coverage and Primes No access
5. Media Primes No access
6. 1. Theoretical Model No access
7. Individual Differences, Information Processing, and Stereotypes No access
8. Primes, Activation, and Activation Control No access
Bibliography No access Pages 109 - 126
Index No access Pages 127 - 132
About the Authors No access Pages 133 - 134