The Use of Armed Forces Abroad

Dr. Ruth Effinowicz LL.M., M.A.

doi:10.5771/9783748926542

Summary

Ever since the end of the Second World War, Japanese defense and security law has been shaped by the tension between the "peace article" of the Constitution and the political expectations of an operational force. The result is a complex network of statutory guidelines for the activities of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces. The book analyzes these regulations, with a focus on the particularly strictly regulated deployments abroad. Based on a comprehensive, structured presentation of the legal framework and of its implementation in prac-tice, it offers a critical analysis of Japanese defense and security law, putting an emphasis on the criteria of foreseeability and accountability.

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2023
Publication date: 08.09.2023
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8232-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2654-2
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale
Volume: 19
Language: English
Pages: 446
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 16
1. 1. I. Foreseeability and Accountability and a Note of Caution No access
  2. II. Other Definitions and Scope No access
2. B. A Note on Language and Conventions No access
3. C. Overview No access
1. 1. I. Article 9 of the Constitution and its Changing Interpretation No access
  2. II. The Development of the Sub-Constitutional Legal Framework in its Historic Context No access
2. 1. I. The New Constitution and the Creation of Article 9 No access
  2. II. Article 9 and Its Subsequent Interpretation(s) No access
  3. 1. 1. a. No Military Forces (but Self-Defense Forces) No access
      2. b. No War Potential (戦力, Senryoku) No access
    2. 1. i. Condition 1: Armed Attack No access
        ii. Condition 2: No Other Means Available No access
        (a) Domestic Understanding of the Use of Force No access
        (b) Minimum Extent Necessary No access
        iv. Additional International Law Requirements No access
      2. i. Gray Zones: Use of Force in the Absence of an Armed Attack? No access
        (a) Concept No access
        (1) Duty-Implementation Type No access
        (i) Self-Preservation Not Limited to the Execution of Specific Duties No access
        (ii) Self-Preservation Limited to the Execution of Specific Duties No access
        (c) Further Aspects No access
        (a) Geographical Proximity No access
        (b) Nature of the Activity No access
      3. i. Condition 1: A Qualified Armed Attack No access
        ii. Condition 2: No Other Means Available No access
        iii. Condition 3: Use of Force to the Minimum Extent Necessary No access
        iv. Additional International-Law Requirements No access
      4. i. Collective Security No access
        ii. PKO No access
    3. 3. Article 9 and the Ius in Bello: Right of Belligerency (交戦権, Kōsen-ken) No access
3. 1. I. The Birth of the SDF No access
  2. II. ‘Gradual Developments’ 1960s–1980s No access
  3. III. PKO Act and International Disaster Relief Act No access
  4. IV. Act Concerning Situations in Areas Surrounding Japan No access
  5. V. The Antiterrorism Special Measures Act of 2001 and Its Successor No access
  6. VI. Armed Attack Act and Two Other Contingency Laws No access
  7. VII. Iraq Special Measures Act No access
  8. VIII. The Seven Laws of 2004 and the Establishment of the Defense Ministry in 2007 No access
  9. IX. Anti-Piracy Act of 2009 No access
  10. X. Security Legislation of 2015 No access
4. D. Conclusion No access
1. A. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Concept No access
    2. 2. International Discourse and Practice No access
  2. 1. 1. OSCE No access
    2. 2. OECD No access
    3. 3. NATO No access
    4. 4. CIS Commonwealth of Independent States No access
    5. 5. AU and ECOWAS No access
    6. 6. EU No access
    7. 7. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe No access
    8. 8. OAS and the Americas No access
  3. III. Conclusion No access
3. 1. I. Foreseeability Through a Legal Framework No access
  2. II. Accountability Through the Separation-of-Powers Principle No access
  3. III. Procedure No access
  4. IV. Material Requirements No access
  5. V. Conclusion No access
1. 1. 1. 1. a. The Text of the Constitution No access
      2. (a) Actors of Executive Interpretation No access
        (b) Instruments of Interpretation by the Executive Branch No access
        ii. Interpretations of the Judiciary and Parliament No access
    2. 1. a. Reform of a Substantive Provision of the Constitution, especially Article 9 No access
      2. b. Amendment of the Amendment Provision of the Constitution No access
      3. c. Constitutional Changes Outside the Formal Framework (i.e. Executive Interpretation) No access
    3. 3. Conclusion No access
  2. 1. 1. i. Legislative Implementation of Executive Interpretation Rather than Original Interpretation of the Constitution No access
        ii. Specific Authorizations to Use Weapons, etc. No access
        iii. Excursus: Legislative Procedure No access
      2. i. Policy Setting No access
        ii. Interpretation of Statutes (and Constitution) No access
        iii. Delegation/Delegated Law-Making No access
        iv. Additional Requirements and Standards No access
        v. Ex-Ante Decisions as Fulfilment of (Statutory) Procedural Requirements No access
    2. 1. a. Reform of Statutes Through New Legislation No access
      2. b. Reform of Statutes Through Change in Interpretation No access
      3. c. Reform of Instruments of the Executive No access
    3. 3. Conclusion No access
  3. 1. 1. a. Control Mechanism Within the Executive Branch No access
      2. b. Ex-Ante Control by Legislative Branch No access
    2. 1. i. Procedural Requirements No access
        ii. Substantial Techniques of Avoidance No access
        iii. Remedies No access
        iv. Conclusion No access
      2. b. Reasons for the Supreme Court’s Cautious Approach to Judicial Review No access
      3. c. Conclusion No access
    3. 3. Conclusion No access
  4. IV. Conclusion No access
2. 1. 1. 1. a. Actors No access
      2. b. Plan No access
      3. c. Implementation Guidelines No access
      4. d. Order No access
    2. 1. i. Fact Scenario No access
        ii. Subsidiarity No access
      2. i. International Law No access
        ii. Human Rights No access
        iii. Exit Strategy/End No access
    3. 3. Conclusion No access
  2. 1. 1. a. Ad-Hoc Legislation No access
      2. i. Diet Approval for Some Deployments No access
        ii. Reports No access
        iii. No Specific Parliamentary Control of Most Deployments No access
      3. c. Budget No access
      4. i. Formal Inquiries No access
        ii. Written Questions No access
        iii. Parliamentary Debates No access
        iv. Non-Confidence Motion No access
      5. e. Diet Sessions No access
      6. f. Conclusion No access
    2. 2. The Role of the Judiciary in Controlling Individual Deployments No access
    3. 3. Conclusion No access
Chapter 5. Conclusion No access Pages 383 - 386
1. A. Table of Abbreviations No access
2. B. Glossary of Japanese Terms No access
3. 1. 1. Where the full English title is provided by the Ministry of Justice it was used and taken from www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp. No access
  2. 1. 1. a. Supreme Court of the Judicature No access
      2. b. Supreme Court No access
      3. c. High Courts No access
      4. d. District Courts No access
    2. 2. Other Domestic Cases No access
    3. 3. International Cases No access
4. D. Bibliography No access