Rethinking EU Cultural Property Law: Towards Private Enforcement

Prof. Dr. Matthias Weller Mag.

doi:10.5771/9783845290140

Summary

The cross-border restitution of looted works of art and cultural goods triggers numerous, complex private international law questions, because it often involves various national jurisdictions and substantive laws. So far, legislative actions in this particular area have been widely uncoordinated and fragmented. Additionally, national legislators have adopted different responses to certain legal questions, such as good faith acquisition and prescriptive acquisition in respect to looted cultural property in general, but also in respect to the specific issue of Nazi looted art.

In general, the current legislative frameworks do not always offer adequate tools for private enforcement. However, as in many other complex areas of the law, private enforcement is a crucial supplement to the regulation under public law.

This book explores possible steps forward towards such private enforcement in cultural property law, based on a Study commissioned by the European Parliament in the context of its European Added Value Assessment of possible future legislative action.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2018
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-4757-3
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-9014-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Schriften zum Kunst- und Kulturrecht
Volume: 26
Language: English
Pages: 174
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 12
1. Executive Summary No access
2. 1. I. Mission: Tackling legal uncertainty within the civil law dimension of cross-border restitution claims by EU legislative action No access
  2. II. Overall objective: Improving “private enforcement” against looting of art and cultural property No access
  3. III. Reason: Limited scope and success of public enforcement No access
  4. IV. Caveats: Procedural and material justice of civil law No access
  5. V. Incomplete history of public and private “partnership” in the protection of cultural property No access
  6. VI. Support for a comprehensive regulatory framework by the United Nations No access
  7. VII. Focal points of an effective private enforcement for claims for restitution of looted cultural property by EU legislative action No access
3. 1. I. The global art market: Up to USD 57 billion per annum? No access
  2. II. Illicit trade: Up to USD 8 billion per annum? No access
  3. III. ILLICID: A German pilot project for investigating the illicit art market No access
  4. 1. 1. INTERPOL No access
    2. 2. Art Loss Register No access
    3. 3. Lost Art Database (Nazi Looted Art) No access
    4. 4. Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933 - 1945 (Nazi Looted Art) No access
  5. 1. 1. UN Security Council Resolution 2347 (24 March 2017) No access
    2. 2. Terrorism and Illicit Finance Subcommittee of the US House of Representatives (23 June 2017) No access
    3. 3. FBI Report “Art Theft” (3 May 2017) No access
    4. 4. Council of Europe Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Property (3 May 2017) No access
    5. 5. European Commission Proposal for a Regulation on the import of cultural goods (July 2017) No access
  6. VI. Recommendations No access
4. 1. 1. 1. General observations on the EU system of international jurisdiction for civil matters No access
    2. 2. Need for a special ground of jurisdiction based on the location of movable cultural property No access
    3. 3. Legislative Reaction of the EU: Article 7 no. 4 Brussels Ibis Regulation No access
    4. 1. a. Definition of “cultural property” No access
      2. (1) Status quo No access
        (2) Different results without reason No access
        (3) In particular: Similar but not identical definition of cultural object under the UNIDROIT Convention and Article 7 no. 4 Brussels Ibis Regulation No access
      3. c. Declaratory Relief No access
    5. 1. a. Option 1: Introducing jurisdiction in rem for movable property No access
      2. b. Option 2: Using the definition of cultural property of Article 2 UNIDROIT Convention in Article 7 no. 4 Brussels Ibis Regulation No access
      3. c. Option 3: Spelling out the definition of Article 2 of Directive 2014/60/EU directly in Article 7 no. 4 Brussels Ibis Regulation No access
      4. d. Option 4: Updating the reference in Article 7 no. 4 Brussels Ibis No access
  2. 1. 1. Context No access
    2. 2. Fundamental distinction: Legislative immunity granted by a state and immunity from seizure under customary public international law No access
    3. 1. a. Exhibition “Treasures of the Sons of Heaven” at Bonn, Germany No access
      2. b. Exhibition “DYNAMIK! Kubismus / Futurismus / KINETISMUS” at the Belvedere, Austria No access
      3. c. Exhibition “From Russia” (Pouchkin Museum Moscow) in London No access
      4. d. Exhition from the Stedelijk Museum of Amsterdam to New York (“Malevich case”) No access
    4. 1. a. Fragmentation in the EU and beyond No access
      2. b. Unclear relation between national anti-seizure statutes and Directive 2014/60/EU No access
      3. c. Exception for Nazi Looted Art? No access
    5. 1. (1) Treaty Law No access
        (2) Customary International Law No access
      2. b. Conclusion: Rule of customary international law exists, but uncertainties remain No access
    6. 1. a. Joint Declaration on immunity from seizure for cultural property of foreign states on loan for the purpose of cultural exchange in other states No access
      2. b. Harmonization of state legislation on legislative immunity No access
      3. c. Clarifying the relation between anti-seizure legislation of the Member States and Directive 2014/60/EU No access
  3. 1. 1. Different concepts in the legal regimes on property law No access
    2. 1. a. Design elements of a choice of law rule for the acquisition of cultural property No access
      2. b. Recommendation: Harmonized choice of law rule along the lines of Article 90 of the Belgian Code of Private International Law No access
      3. c. Application of foreign public law No access
    3. 3. Recommendation No access
  4. 1. 1. Fundamental differences in the substantive laws of the Member States No access
    2. 1. a. Policy Option 1: Encouraging the remaining EU Member States to accede to the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention No access
      2. b. Policy Option 2: Incorporating Chapter II of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention into EU secondary law (e.g. as new part of Directive 2014/60/EU) No access
      3. c. Policy Option 3: Adopting Articles VIII.-3:101 and VIII.-4:102 DCFR No access
      4. d. Policy Option 4: Introducing a general prohibition of sale and acquisition for stolen and illegally exported/imported cultural property No access
  5. 1. 1. No retroactive legislation No access
    2. 1. a. Case study: The auction of Lodovico Carraci's “St. Jerome” (Max Stern Gallery) by Lempertz No access
      2. b. Recommendation: Defining the sellers due diligence and the buyer's remedies under a European sales law when Nazi looted art is sold No access
    3. 1. a. Invalidity of “foiced sale” transactions from 1933 to 1945 No access
      2. b. Validity of “non-forced sale” transactions from 1933 to 1945 No access
      3. c. Burden of proof for invalidity of transaction during 1933 to 1945 No access
      4. d. Valid post-war good faith acquisition / prescription in many (not all) cases No access
      5. e. No retroactive legislation on good faith acquisitions / prescription in the past No access
      6. f. Case study: The Schwabing Art Trove (“Gurlitt case”) No access
      7. g. Recommendation: No retroactive legislation No access
    4. 1. a. Background No access
      2. b. Increasingly diverging and contradictory restitution recommendations No access
      3. c. Recommendation: (Non-binding) Restatement of Restitution Principles No access
  6. 1. 1. Cross-linking provenance research amongst local and national institutions and entities No access
    2. 2. Common Cataloguing System / Object IDs No access
    3. 3. Alternative Dispute Resolution No access
    4. 4. EU Agency on Cultural Property Protection No access
5. Chapter 4 - European Added Value by Proposed Measures No access
1. Introduction No access
2. The illegal art market, legal challenges and indicators on the amount of restitution claims No access
3. EU Policy Context No access
4. Weaknesses in the existing EU legal system No access
5. Possible EU legislative action No access
6. European Added Value No access
Part III: Draft Opinion of the Committee on Culture and Education No access Pages 137 - 140
Part IV: Amendments No access Pages 141 - 162
1. A. Secondary Sources No access
2. B. Legislative and Governmental Materials No access
3. C. Treaties/Conventions No access
4. D. EU instruments No access
5. E. National legislation No access
6. F. Cases No access

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