Cover of book: EU Gas Supply Security
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Book Titles No access

EU Gas Supply Security

A Geopolitical Vision of the Southern Gas Corridor
Authors:
Publisher:
 2019

Summary

Die wiederholten Gaskrisen zwischen Russland und der Ukraine haben auf europäischer Ebene in den letzten Jahren zu einem erheblichen Bedeutungszuwachs von Fragen der Energiesicherheit geführt. Das Buch untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund die geopolitische Vision der EU-Außenenergiepolitik am Beispiel des Südlichen Gaskorridors. Basierend auf den theoretischen Annahmen der Kritischen Geopolitik analysiert die Autorin den Diskurs der Europäischen Kommission im Zuge der Gaskrisen und geht der Frage nach, inwiefern geopolitische Narrative die europäische Energiesicherheitspolitik tatsächlich beeinflussen. Sie beobachtet dabei, wie die Diversifizierung von Gaslieferungen über den Südlichen Gaskorridor zu dem zentralen Narrativ der EU-Kommission wird, um letztlich die Abhängigkeit von russischem Gas zu reduzieren und Energiesicherheit für Europa zu gewährleisten.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2019
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-5901-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-0029-0
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Studies on the European Union
Volume
16
Language
English
Pages
209
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 18
    1. 1.1 State of the Art, Research Aim and Research Question No access
    2. 1.2 The Research Focus on Natural Gas No access
    3. 1.3 Outline of the Study No access
      1. 1st phase: 1950s – 1980s: pooling of national energy interests No access
      2. 2nd phase: 1980s – mid-2000s: liberalisation of gas and electricity No access
        1. 2.1.1 The European Commission as Promoter of a Common Energy Policy No access
        2. 2.1.2 The External Dimensions of the EU’s Energy Policy No access
          1. 2.1.3.1 Externalisation of Internal Energy Market Rules: The Gas Directive No access
          2. 2.1.3.2 Security of Supply Regulation No access
          3. 2.1.3.3 A Pan-European Energy Infrastructure – TEN-E Guidelines No access
      1. 2.2.1 Energy Dependence: the EU’s Import Dependence No access
      2. 2.2.2 A Policy Response: The EU’s Drive for Diversification No access
      1. 2.3.1 Mapping the EU’s Import Dependency on Russian Gas Pipelines No access
      2. 2.3.2 The Search for Alternative Supply Sources – Prospects for the Caspian Region No access
      3. 2.3.3 Pipeline Projects for the Southern Gas Corridor No access
    1. 3.1 Geopolitics – a Contested Term No access
      1. Phase I: Imperialist Geopolitics No access
      2. Phase II: Cold War Geopolitics No access
      3. Phase III: New World Order Geopolitics No access
      4. Phase IV: Environmental Geopolitics No access
    3. 3.3 The Antipode: Anti or Critical Geopolitics as Alternative to Classical Geopolitics No access
      1. 4.1.1 Political Space: Territoriality and Power No access
      2. 4.1.2 Intellectuals of Statecraft No access
      3. 4.1.3 Geopolitical Visions No access
      1. 4.2.1.1 Energy Community No access
      2. 4.2.1.2 European Neighbourhood Policy No access
      3. 4.2.1.3 Strategic Energy Dialogues No access
    3. 4.3 Criticism and Limits of Critical Geopolitics No access
    1. 5.1 Applying Critical Geopolitics’ Discourse Analysis to EU Studies No access
      1. Formal, Practical and Popular Geopolitics No access
        1. 5.2.1 Phase 1: Geopolitical Reasoning and the Grammar of Geopolitics No access
        2. 5.2.2 Phase 2: The Three Dimensions of the Geopolitical Vision No access
      1. 5.3.1 Policy Narratives and Geopolitical Reasoning No access
      2. 5.3.2 Single Case Study: Turkey and the Southern Gas Corridor No access
      3. 5.3.3 Collection of Documents No access
      1. The Grammar of Geopolitics: Gas Crisis 2006 No access
      1. The Grammar of Geopolitics: Gas crisis 2009 No access
      1. The Grammar of Geopolitics: Gas crisis 2014 No access
    4. 6.4 The Assemblage of Storylines No access
    1. 7.1 Diversification as Key Policy Solution No access
    2. 7.2 From Nabucco to TANAP: The Southern Gas Corridor – a Geopolitical Exercise No access
      1. 8.1.1 The Symbolic Construction of the Southern Gas Corridor No access
      2. 8.1.2 Turkey – a Hub, a Crossroad, a Bridge No access
      1. 8.2.1 The Territorial Scope of the SGC No access
      2. 8.2.2 Turkey as One of ‘Us’? No access
      1. 8.3.1 The Energy Chapter No access
      2. 8.3.2 The Energy Community No access
      3. 8.3.3 Regional Initiatives and Bilateral Agreements No access
      4. 8.3.4 The Institutional Energy Map of the Caspian Region No access
    1. 9.1 Research Results I: The ‘Spatialisation’ of Russian-Ukrainian Gas Crises No access
    2. 9.2 Research Results II: The Geopolitical Vision of the SGC No access
    3. 9.3 Contribution to the Academic Debate, Outlook and Future Research Agendas No access
  11. 10 References No access 173 - 191
  12. 11 Primary Sources No access 192 - 206
  13. 12 Annex No access 207 - 209

Bibliography (312)

  1. Aalto, P., & Korkmaz, D. (2014). European energy security: natural gas and the integration process. Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(4), 758–774. Open Google Scholar
  2. Abbasov, F. G. (2014). EU’s external energy governance: A multidimensional analysis of the southern gas corridor. Energy Policy, 65, 27–36. Open Google Scholar
  3. Agnew, J. (2003). Geopolitics: Re-visioning world politics (2nd ed.). London/New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  4. Agnew, J. (2005). Hegemony. The new shape of global power. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Open Google Scholar
  5. Atkinson, D., & Dodds, K. (Eds.). (2000). Geopolitical traditions. A century of geopolitical thought. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  6. Austvik, O. G., & Rzayeva, G. (2016). Turkey in the geopolitics of natural gas. M-RCBG Associate Working Paper Series, 66, 09/16. Open Google Scholar
  7. Baku Initiative. (2004). Ministerial Declaration on enhanced energy co-operation between the EU, the littoral states of the Black and Caspian Seas and their neighbouring countries. Baku. Open Google Scholar
  8. Baku Initiative. (2006). Ministerial Declaration on enhanced energy co-operation between the EU, the littoral states of the Black and Caspian Seas and their neighbouring countries. Annex I, Road Map. Astana. Open Google Scholar
  9. Baran, Z. (2007). EU Energy Security: Time to end Russian leverage. The Washington Quarterly, 30(4), 131–144. Open Google Scholar
  10. Baumann, F., & Simmerl, G. (2011). Between conflict and convergence: the EU member states and the quest for a common external energy policy. CAP discussion paper, München: Centrum für angewandte Politikforschung, Forschungsgruppe Europa. Open Google Scholar
  11. Beauguitte, L., Richard, Y., & Guérin-Pace, F. (2015). The EU and Its Neighbourhoods: A Textual Analysis on Key Documents of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Geopolitics, 20(4), 853–879. Open Google Scholar
  12. Berk, I., Schulte, S., & Cam, E. (2017). An economic assessment of Turkey’s future role in European oil and gas supply security. In M. Schröder, M. O. Bettzüge & W. Wessels (Eds.), Turkey as an Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey’s Role in EU Energy Supply (Vol. 1, pp. 141–183). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  13. Bettzüge, M. O., & Hecking, H. (2017). Geopolitical Dynamics in the European Gas Market from an Economic Perspective. In M. Schröder, M. O. Bettzüge & W. Wessels (Eds.), Turkey as an Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey’s Role in EU Energy Suppl (Vol. 1, pp. 123–139). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  14. Bialasiewicz, L. (Ed.). (2011). Europe in the world: EU geopolitics and the making of European space. London; New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  15. Bialasiewicz, L. (2012). Spectres of Europe: Europe’s past, present, and future. In D. Stone (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History (1st ed., pp. 98–119). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  16. Biesenbender, S. (2015). The EU’s energy policy agenda: directions and developments. In J. Tosun, S. Biesenbender, & K. Schulze (Eds.), Energy policy making in the EU: building the agenda (Vol. 28, pp. 21–40). London: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  17. Bilgin, M. (2009). Geopolitics of European natural gas demand: Supplies from Russia, Caspian and the Middle East. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4482–4492. Open Google Scholar
  18. Biresselioglu, M. E. (2011). European energy security: Turkey’s future role and impact. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  19. Blackwill, R. D., & Harris, J. M. (2016). War by other means. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  20. Boedeltje, F., & van Houtum, H. (2011). Brussels is Speaking: The Adverse Speech Geo-Politics of the European Union Towards its Neighbours. Geopolitics, 16(1), 130–145. Open Google Scholar
  21. Boersma, T. (2015). Energy security and natural gas markets in Europe. Lessons from the EU and the United States. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  22. Bordoff, J., & Houser, T. (2014). American Gas to the Rescue? The Impact of US LNG Exports on European Security and Russian Foreign Policy. Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia SIPA, 09/2014. Open Google Scholar
  23. Borg, S., & Diez, T. (2016). Postmodern EU? Integration between Alternative Horizons and Territorial Angst: Postmodern EU? Journal of Common Market Studies, 54(1), 136–151. Open Google Scholar
  24. Borger, J., Dehghan, S. K., & Holmes, O. (2018). Iran deal: Trump breaks with European allies over ‘horrible, one-sided’ nuclear agreement. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/08/iran-deal-trump-withdraw-us-latest-news-nuclear-agreementhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/08/iran-deal-trump-withdraw-us-latest-news-nuclear-agreement Open Google Scholar
  25. Bosse, G. (2011). The EU’s geopolitical vision of a European energy space: When ‘Gulliver’ meets ‘White Elephants’ and Verdi’s Babylonian King. Geopolitics, 16, 512–535. Open Google Scholar
  26. Bosse, G., & Schmidt-Felzmann, A. (2011). The geopolitics of energy supply in the ‘Wider Europe’. Geopolitics, 16(3), 479–485. Open Google Scholar
  27. BP (2017). BP statistical review of world energy 2017, June 2017. Open Google Scholar
  28. Brinkmann, S. (2013). Qualitative interviewing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  29. Bryn, A., & Coletti, R. (2015). Global empires and the European neighbourhood: China, Russia and the US. In F. Celata & R. Coletti (Eds.), Neighbourhood Policy and the Construction of the European External Borders (pp. 179–197). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  30. Buchan, D. (2010). Energy policy: sharp challenges and rising ambitions. In H. Wallace (Ed.), Policy-making in the European Union (6., pp. 357–379). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  31. Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & Wilde, J. de. (1998). Security: a new framework for analysis. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Pub. Open Google Scholar
  32. Cagaptay, S., & Evans, T. (2013). The geopolitics of natural gas - Turkey’s energy policy and the future of natural gas. Houston: Baker Institue, Rice University. Open Google Scholar
  33. Celata, F., & Coletti, R. (2015a). Beyond fortress ’EU’rope? Bordering and cross-bordering along the European external frontiers. In F. Celata & R. Coletti (Eds.), Neighbourhood Policy and the Construction of the European External Borders (pp. 1–26). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  34. Celata, F., & Coletti, R. (Eds.). (2015b). Neighbourhood policy and the construction of the European external borders. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  35. Celata, F., & Coletti, R. (2017). Borderescapes of external Europeanization in the Mediterranean neighbourhood. European Urban and Regional Studies, 1–13. Open Google Scholar
  36. Colantoni, L., Korkmaz, D., Sartori, N., Schröder, M., Sever-Mehmetoglu, D., & Yilmaz, S. (2017). Energy and climate strategies, interests and priorities of the EU and Turkey. FEUTURE Online Paper, 2. Open Google Scholar
  37. Colombo, S., Harrak, M. E., & Sartori, N. (Eds.). (2016). The future of natural gas: Markets and geopolitics. Hof van Twente: Lenthe. Open Google Scholar
  38. Commission of the European Communities. (1968). First Guidelines for a Community energy policy. Memorandum presented by the Commission to the Council, COM(68) 1040 final, 18.12.1968, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  39. Commission of the European Communities. (2000). Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply. Green Paper, COM(2000)769 final, 29.11.2000, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  40. Commission of the European Communities. (2003). Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM(2003) 104 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  41. Commission of the European Communities. (2006a). A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy. Green Paper, COM(2006) 105 final, 08.03.2006, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  42. Commission of the European Communities. (2006b). An External Policy to Serve Europe’s Energy Interests. Paper from Commission/ Secretary General/ High Representative for the European Council, No. S160/06, June 2006, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  43. Commission of the European Communities. (2006c). External energy relations - from principles to action. Communication from the Commission to the European Council, COM(2006) 590 final, 12.10.2006, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  44. Commission of the European Communities. (2007). An Energy Policy for Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament, COM(2007) 1 final, 10.01.2007, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  45. Commission of the European Communities. (2008a). Second Strategic Energy Review. An EU energy security and solidarity action plan. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2008) 781 final, 13.11.2008, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  46. Commission of the European Communities. (2008b). Towards a secure, sustainable and competitive European energy network. Green Paper, COM(2008)782 final, 13.11.2008, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  47. Coote, B. (2017). The Caspian Sea and Southern Gas Corridor. A view from Russia, 04/2017 Retrieved from https://www.naturalgasworld.com/pdfs/Caspian%https://www.naturalgasworld.com/pdfs/Caspian% 20Sea%20and%20Southern%20Gas%20Corridor%20FINAL.pdf Open Google Scholar
  48. Correljé, A. (2016). The European natural gas market. Current Sustainable/ Renewable Energy Reports, 3(1–2), 28–34. Open Google Scholar
  49. Correljé, A., & van der Linde, C. (2006). Energy supply security and geopolitics: A European perspective. Energy Policy, 34(5), 532–543. Open Google Scholar
  50. Council of the European Union. (2009). Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit. 07.05.2009, Prague. Open Google Scholar
  51. Council of the European Union. (2011). Council conclusions on strengthening the external dimension of EU energy policy, 3127th TTE Council meeting, 24.11.2011, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  52. Council of the European Union. (2015). Council Conclusions on Energy Diplomacy. No. 10995/15, 20.07.2015, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  53. Council of the European Union. (2017a). Climate and energy diplomacy: Council gives guidance on strengthening synergies. Press Release No. 106/17, 06.03.2017, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  54. Council of the European Union. (2017b). Council conclusions on the EU strategy for Central Asia. Council Conclusions No. 10387/17, 19.06.2017, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  55. Council of the European Union. (2018). The Fourth Ministerial Meeting of the Southern Gas Corridor Advisory Council, Baku 15 February 2018. Joint Declaration, General Secretariat of the Council to the Permanent Representatives Committee/ Council No. 5651/18, 29.01.2018, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  56. Crespy, A. (2015). Analysing European discourse. In K. Lynggaard, I. Manners, & K. Löfgren (Eds.), Research Methods in European Union Studies. Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  57. Cronshaw, I., Marstrand, J., Pirovska, M., Simmons, D., & Wempe, J. (2008). Development of competitive gas trading in continental Europe. How to achieve workable competition in European gas markets. IEA Information Paper, Paris: International Energy Agency. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/gas_trading.pdfhttps://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/gas_trading.pdf Open Google Scholar
  58. Dalby, S. (1990a). American security discourse: the persistence of geopolitics. Political Geography Quarterly, 9(2), 171–188. Open Google Scholar
  59. Dalby, S. (1990b). Creating the Second World War: The discourse of politics. New York: Guilford. Open Google Scholar
  60. Dalby, S. (1991). Critical Geopolitics: Discourse, difference and dissent, 9(3), 261–283. Open Google Scholar
  61. Dalby, S. (2002). Environmental security. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Open Google Scholar
  62. Dalby, S. (2003). Geopolitics, knowledge and power at the end of the century. In The Geopolitics Reader (pp. 305–312). London/ New York. Open Google Scholar
  63. Dalby, S. (2009). Security and environmental change. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity. Open Google Scholar
  64. Dalby, S. (2016). Interpreting climate geopolitics: knowledge, power, and security. Geopolitics, 21(1), 236–241. Open Google Scholar
  65. Damro, C. (2012). Market power Europe. European Journal of Public Policy, 19(5), 682–699. Open Google Scholar
  66. Del Sarto, R. A. (2016). Normative Empire Europe: The European Union, its Borderlands, and the ‘Arab Spring’: Normative Empire Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 54(2), 215–232. Open Google Scholar
  67. Demiryol, T. (2013). The Geopolitics of energy co-operation between Turkey and the European Union. L’Europe En Formation, 367(1), 109–134. Open Google Scholar
  68. Devlin, B., & Heer, K. (2010). The Southern Corridor - Strategic Aspects for the EU. In K. Linke & M. Vietor (Eds.), Beyond Turkey. The EU’s Energy Policy and the Southern Gas Corridor (pp. 5–9). Berlin: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Open Google Scholar
  69. Dickel, R., Hassanzadeh, E., Henderson, J., Honoré, A., El-Katiri, L., Pirani, S., Yafimava, K. (2014). Reducing European dependence on Russian gas: distinguishing natural gas security from geopolitics. OIES Paper, 92. Open Google Scholar
  70. Diez, T. (2005). Constructing the self and changing others: Reconsidering ‘Normative Power Europe’. Millenium, 33(3), 613–636. Open Google Scholar
  71. Dijkink, G. (1996). National identity and geopolitical visions. Maps of pride and pain. London; New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  72. Dijkink, G., & Van der Wusten, H. (2002). German, British and French Geopolitics: The enduring differences. Geopolitics, 7(3), 19–38. Open Google Scholar
  73. Directorate-General for Research. (2007). Energy corridors. European Union and neighbouring countries, No. EUR 22581, Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2007/b07016.pdfhttp://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2007/b07016.pdf Open Google Scholar
  74. Dodds, K. (2014). Geopolitics. A very short introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  75. Dodds, K., Kuus, M., & Sharp, J. P. (2016). Introduction: Geopolitics and its Critics. In K. Dodds, M. Kuus, & J. P. Sharp (Eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Critical Geopolitics (2nd ed., pp. 1–18). New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  76. EEAS. (2014). Black Sea Synergy. Brussels. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/black-sea-synergy/346/black-sea-synergy_enhttps://eeas.europa.eu/diplomatic-network/black-sea-synergy/346/black-sea-synergy_en Open Google Scholar
  77. EEAS. (2016a). Joint Statement on Energy. Statement on the establishment of an EU-Iran High Level Energy Dialogue, 17.04.2016, Teheran. Open Google Scholar
  78. EEAS. (2016b). Shared Vision, Common Action: a stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. June 2016, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  79. EEAS. (2017). Remarks by High-Representative/Vice President Federica Mogherini at the joint press conference with Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malta George Vella, 28.04.2017, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  80. EIA. (2011). Annual Energy Outlook 2011, US Energy Information Administration, Washington DC. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/pressroom/releases/imahttp://www.eia.gov/pressroom/releases/ima ges/2010_13_figure1.jpg. Open Google Scholar
  81. EIA. (2017). Country analysis brief: Russia, US Energy Information Administration, Washington DC. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Russia/russia.pdfhttps://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Russia/russia.pdf Open Google Scholar
  82. EIA. (2018). EIA expects 2018 and 2019 natural gas prices to remain relatively flat. In Today in Energy, 25.01.2018, Washington DC. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34672https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=34672 Open Google Scholar
  83. Ellinas, C., Roberts, J., & Tzimitras, H. (2016). Hydrocarbon Developments in the Eastern Mediterranean: the Case for Pragmatism. Atlantic Council, 08/2016. Open Google Scholar
  84. Energy Community Secretariat. (2017). Energy Community Facts in Brief, Vienna. Retrieved from www.energy-community.orgwww.energy-community.org Open Google Scholar
  85. Euractiv. (2018). EU bank approves largest ever energy loan, for TAP pipeline. Euractiv.Com, 07.02.2018, Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-bank-approves-largest-ever-energy-loan-for-tap-pipeline/https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-bank-approves-largest-ever-energy-loan-for-tap-pipeline/ Open Google Scholar
  86. Eurogas. (2011). The external policy of the European Union: an industry and market perspective from Eurogas. Retrieved from http://www.eurogas.org/uploads/media/Position_Paper_External_Energy_Policy_Paper_31.05.11.pdfhttp://www.eurogas.org/uploads/media/Position_Paper_External_Energy_Policy_Paper_31.05.11.pdf Open Google Scholar
  87. European Commission. (2006). Annex to the Green Paper - A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy What is at stake - Background document. Commission Staff Working Document, SEC(2006)317, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  88. European Commission. (2007a). Black Sea Synergy: A regional co-operation initiative, COM(2007) 160 final, 11.04.2007, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  89. European Commission. (2007b). ENPI Armenia Country strategy paper 2007–2013. Retrieved from http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/content/armenia-country-strategy-paper-2007-2013http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/content/armenia-country-strategy-paper-2007-2013 Open Google Scholar
  90. European Commission. (2007c). ENPI Azerbaijan Country strategy paper 2007–2013. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/csp-azerbaijan-2007-2013_en.pdfhttps://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/csp-azerbaijan-2007-2013_en.pdf Open Google Scholar
  91. European Commission. (2007d). ENPI Georgia Country strategy paper 2007–2013. Retrieved from http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/content/georgia-country-strategy-paper-2007-2013http://www.enpi-info.eu/library/content/georgia-country-strategy-paper-2007-2013 Open Google Scholar
  92. European Commission. (2010a). Energy 2020, A Strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2010) 639 final, 10.11.2010, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  93. European Commission. (2010b). Energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond - A blueprint for an integrated European energy network. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2010) 677 final, 17.11.2010 Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  94. European Commission. (2010c). On the Implementation of Trans-European Energy Networks in the Period 2007–2009. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2010) 203 final, 04.05.2010, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  95. European Commission. (2011a). A new response to a changing Neighbourhood. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2011) 303 final, 25.05.2011, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  96. European Commission. (2011b). Energy Roadmap 2050. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2011) 885 final, 15.12.2011, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  97. European Commission. (2011c). On security of energy supply and international co-operation - ‘The EU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders’. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2011) 539 final, 07.09.2011, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  98. European Commission. (2012). Turkey-EU Positive agenda. Enhanced EU-Turkey energy co-operation. 14.06.2012, Stuttgart. Open Google Scholar
  99. European Commission. (2013a). Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2013-2014. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM(2013)700 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  100. European Commission. (2013b). Long term infrastructure vision for Europe and beyond. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2013) 711 final, 14.10.2013, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  101. European Commission. (2014a). A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2014) 15 final, 22.01.2014, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  102. European Commission. (2014b). Communication on the exploration and production of hydrocarbons (such as shale gas) using high volume hydraulic fracturing in the EU. Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament, COM(2014) 23 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  103. European Commission. (2014c). European Energy Security Strategy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM(2014) 330 final, 28.05.2014, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  104. European Commission. (2014d). In-depth study of European Energy Security. Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: European energy security strategy, Commission Staff Working Document, SWD(2014) 330 final, 02.07.2014, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  105. European Commission. (2014e). Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II). Indicative Strategy Paper for Turkey (2014-2020). 26.08.2014, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  106. European Commission. (2015a). Black Sea Synergy: review of a regional co-operation initiatve. Joint Staff Working Document, SWD(2015) 6 final, 20.01.2015, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  107. European Commission. (2015b). Energy Union Package. A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, COM(2015) 80 final, 25.02.2015, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  108. European Commission. (2015c). Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy. JOIN(2015) 50 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  109. European Commission. (2015d). State of the Energy Union 2015. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, COM(2015) 572 final, 18.11.2015, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  110. European Commission. (2015e). Turkey-EU High Level Energy Dialogue EU-Turkey Strategic Energy Co-operation. Joint Declaration, Ankara. Open Google Scholar
  111. European Commission. (2016). Communication on an EU strategy for liquefied natural gas and gas storage. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, COM(2016) 49 final, 16.02.2016, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  112. European Commission. (2017a). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas, COM(2017) 660 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  113. European Commission. (2017b). Second Report on the State of the Energy Union. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, COM(2017) 53 final, 01.02.2017, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  114. European Commission. (2017c). The Union list of projects of common interests. Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 347/2013, C(2017) 7834 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  115. European Commission. (2017d). Third Report on the State of the Energy Union. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, COM(2017) 688 final, 23.11.2017, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  116. European Commission. (2018a). Quarterly Report on European Gas Markets. Market Observatory for Energy, DG Energy, 11(4). Open Google Scholar
  117. European Commission. (2018b). Turkey 2018 report. Commission Staff Working Document, SWD(2018) 153 final, 17.04.2018, Strasbourg. Open Google Scholar
  118. European Commission. (2018c). EU energy in figures. Statistical pocketbook 2018. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/99fc30eb-c06d-11e8-9893-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-79929745https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/99fc30eb-c06d-11e8-9893-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-79929745 Open Google Scholar
  119. European Commission, & High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy. (2014). Neighbourhood at the Crossroads: Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2013. Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the Council the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, JOIN(2014) 12 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  120. European Commission, & High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy. (2017). Report on EU-Azerbaijan relations in the framework of the revised ENP. Joint Staff Working Document, SWD(2017) 485 final, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  121. European Council. (2003). European Security Strategy. A secure Europe in a better world. Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  122. European Council. (2007). Presidency Conclusions, 8/9 March 2007, No. 7224/1/07, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  123. European Council. (2011a). Conclusions on energy, 04.02.2011, No. PCE 026/11, Brussels: European Council. Open Google Scholar
  124. European Council. (2011b). European Council Conclusions, No. EUCO 2/11, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  125. European Council. (2014). European Council Conclusions, 20-21 March 2014, No. EUCO 7/1/14, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  126. European Council. (2015). European Council Conclusions, 19-20 March 2015, No. EUCO 11/15, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  127. European Council. (2018). European Council Conclusions, 22 March 2018, No. EUCO 1/18, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  128. European Parliament. (2001). Provisional 2001/2071 (COS), Committee on Industry, External Trade, Research and Energy. Open Google Scholar
  129. European Parliament. (2016). Energy Union: Key decisions for the realisation of a fully integrated energy market. Study for the ITRE Committee, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  130. Far, S., & Youngs, R. (2015). Energy Union and EU Global Strategy. The undefined link (No. 5). Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy (SIEPS). Retrieved from http://www.sieps.se/sites/default/files/sieps_%202015_5_rapp.pdfhttp://www.sieps.se/sites/default/files/sieps_%202015_5_rapp.pdf Open Google Scholar
  131. Ferrero-Waldner, B. (2005, October). Azerbaijan. Speech to the European Parliament, Strasbourg. Open Google Scholar
  132. Forsberg, T. (1996). Beyond sovereignty, within territoriality: mapping the space of late-modern (geo)politics. Co-operation and Conflict, 31(4), 355–386. Open Google Scholar
  133. Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  134. Foucault, M. (1982). The subject and power. In H. L. Dreyfus & P. Rabinow (Eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics (pp. 208–226). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Open Google Scholar
  135. Francés, G. E. (2013). Market or geopolitics? The Europeanization of EU’s energy corridors. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 5(1), 39–60. Open Google Scholar
  136. Frandsen, F., & Johansen, W. (2017). Organizational crisis communication. London: SAGE Publications. Open Google Scholar
  137. Franza, L., de Jong, D., & van der Linde, C. (2016). The future of gas: the transition fuel? In S. Colombo, M. E. Harrak, & N. Sartori (Eds.), The future of natural gas. Markets and geopolitics (pp. 25–40). Hof van Twente: Lenthe. Open Google Scholar
  138. Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of the history and the last man. New York: Free Press. Open Google Scholar
  139. Furlong, P., & Marsh, D. (2002). A skin not a sweater: ontology and epistemology in political science. In D. Marsh & G. Stoker (Eds.), Theory and methods in political science (2nd ed, pp. 17–41). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  140. Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of containment: A critical appraisal of American national security policy during the Cold War (rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  141. Gadinger, F., Jarzebski, S., & Yildiz, T. (2014) (Eds.). Politische Narrative. Konzepte – Analysen – Forschungspraxis. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. Open Google Scholar
  142. George, A., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press. Open Google Scholar
  143. George, J. (1994). Discourses and global politics: a critical (re)introduction to International Relations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Open Google Scholar
  144. Ghaleb, A. (2011). Natural gas as an instrument of Russian state power. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Open Google Scholar
  145. Goldthau, A. (2008). Resurgent Russia? Rethinking energy inc. Policy Review, 147(02-03/2008), 53–66. Open Google Scholar
  146. Goldthau, A. (2010). Energy diplomacy in trade and investment of oil and gas. In A. Goldthau & J. M. Witte (Eds.), Global energy governance: the new rule of the game (pp. 25–47). Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. Open Google Scholar
  147. Goldthau, A. (2013). The geopolitics of natural gas. The politics of natural gas development in the European Union. Houston: James Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Open Google Scholar
  148. Goldthau, A. (2015). Addressing the Russian energy challenge: why regulation trumps geopolitics, The German Marshall Fund, Policy Brief, 12/2005. Open Google Scholar
  149. Goldthau, A., & Sitter, N. (2014). A liberal actor in a realist world? The Commission and the external dimension of the single market for energy. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10), 1452–1472. Open Google Scholar
  150. Goldthau, A., & Sitter, N. (2015). Soft power with a hard edge: EU policy tools and energy security. Review of International Political Economy, 22(5), 941–965. Open Google Scholar
  151. Gstöhl, S., & Schunz, S. (Eds.). (2017). Theorizing the European neighbourhood policy. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Open Google Scholar
  152. Gürel, A. (2016). Eastern Mediterranean gas: source of prosperity for the region? In S. Colombo, N. Sartori, & M. E. Harrak (Eds.), The Future of Natural Gas: Markets and Geopolitics. (pp. 117–138). Hof van Twente: Lenthe. Open Google Scholar
  153. Gusev, A., & Westphal, K. (2015). Russian energy policies revisited. SWP Research Paper, 8, 12/2015. Open Google Scholar
  154. Haghighi, S. S. (2007). Energy security: the external legal relations of the European Union with major oil- and gas-supplying countries. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  155. Hanke, S., & de Jong, J. (2007). Energy as a bond: relations with Russia in the European and Dutch context. Clingendael Institute for International Relations, The Hague. Open Google Scholar
  156. Haushofer, K. (1931). Geopolitik der Pan-Ideen. Berlin: Zentral. Open Google Scholar
  157. Haushofer, K. (1941). Der Kontinentalblock: Mitteleuropa - Eurasien - Japan. Munich: Eher. Open Google Scholar
  158. Haverluk, T. W., Beauchmin, K. M., & Mueller, B. A. (2014). The three flaws of Critical Geopolitics: Towards a Neo-Classical Geopolitics. Geopolitics, 19, 19–39. Open Google Scholar
  159. Hecking, H., Schulte, S., Vatansever, A., & Raszewski, S. (2016). Options for gas supply diversification for the EU and Germany in the next two decades (Study to the Federal Foreign Office (Germany)). Cologne and London: ewi Energy Research & Scenarios gGmbH (ewi ER&S) and European Centre for Energy and Resource Security (EUCERS). Open Google Scholar
  160. Heffernan, M. (1998). The Meaning of Europe. Geography and Geopolitics. London: Arnold Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  161. Henderson, J., & Mitrova, T. (2015). The political and commercial dynamics of Russia’s gas export strategy. OIES Paper, NG 102(09/2015). Open Google Scholar
  162. Herranz-Surrallés, A. (2016). An emerging EU energy diplomacy? Discursive shifts, enduring practices. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1386–1405. Open Google Scholar
  163. Herranz-Surrallés, A., & Natorski, M. (2012). The European Energy Policy towards Eastern Neighbors: Rebalancing Priorities or Changing Paradigms? In F. Morata & I. Sandoval (Eds.), European Energy Policy: An environmental approach (pp. 132–155). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Open Google Scholar
  164. Hilpert, H. G., & Wacker, G. (2015). Geoökonomik trifft Geopolitik. Chinas neue außenwirtschaftliche und außenpolitische Initiativen. SWP-Aktuell, 52, 05/2015. Open Google Scholar
  165. Howarth, R., Santoro, R., & Ingraffea, A. (2011). Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations. Climatic Change, 106, 679–690. Open Google Scholar
  166. Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon and Schuster. Open Google Scholar
  167. Hurriyet Daily News. (2017). Ankara launches new national energy policy. Hurriyet Daily News, 6 April 2017. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ ankara-launches-new-national-energy-policy—111712 Open Google Scholar
  168. IEA. (2018). What is Energy Security? Website: https://www.iea.org/topics/energyhttps://www.iea.org/topics/energy security/ whatisenergysecurity/ Open Google Scholar
  169. IEA. (2016a). Gas. Medium-term market report 2016. Market analysis and forecasts to 2021. Paris: International Energy Agency/ OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/ MTGMR2016.pdf Open Google Scholar
  170. IEA. (2016b). Key Natural Gas Trends. Excerpt from: Natural Gas Information, Natural Gas Information (2016 edition), Paris: International Energy Agency/ OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyNaturalGasTrends.pdfhttp://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyNaturalGasTrends.pdf Open Google Scholar
  171. IEA. (2017a). Natural gas information: overview. Paris: International Energy Agency/ OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/NaturalGasInformation2017Overview.pdfhttps://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/NaturalGasInformation2017Overview.pdf Open Google Scholar
  172. IEA. (2017b). World Energy Outlook 2017. Paris: International Energy Agency/ OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/weo2017/https://www.iea.org/weo2017/ Open Google Scholar
  173. IHS CERA. (2010). Caspian Development Corporation. Final Implementation Report (IHS Energy Research Associates presented to the EC, EIB and World Bank). Cambridge, Massachusetts. Open Google Scholar
  174. Jensen, O. B., & Richardson, T. (2004). Making European Space: Mobility, Power and Territorial Identity. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  175. Johnston, R. (2001). Out of the ‘moribund backwater’: territory and territoriality in political geography. Political Geography, 20(6), 677–693. Open Google Scholar
  176. Jonavicius, L. (2008). The Democracy Promotion policies of Central and Eastern European States. FRIDE Working Papers, 55. Madrid: Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior. Open Google Scholar
  177. Jones, A. (2011). Making regions for EU action: The EU and the Mediterranean. In L. Bialasiewicz (Ed.), Europe in the World: EU Geopolitics and the Making of European Space (pp. 42–58). London; New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  178. Jones, A., & Clark, J. (2008). Europeanisation and discourse building: The European Commission, European narratives and European Neighbourhood Policy. Geopolitics, 13(3), 545–571. Open Google Scholar
  179. Jones, M., & McBeth, M. (2010). A narrative policy framework: clear enough to be wrong? The Policy Studies Journal, 38(2), 329–353. Open Google Scholar
  180. Kanellakis, M., Martinopoulos, G., & Zachariadis, T. (2013). European energy policy—A review. Energy Policy, 62(3), 1020–1030. Open Google Scholar
  181. Kaplan, R. (1994). The coming anarchy: How scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet. Atlantic Monthly, 273(2), 44–76. Open Google Scholar
  182. Kaplan, R. (2009). The revenge of geography. Foreign Policy, 05-06/2009. Open Google Scholar
  183. Kelly, P. (2006). A critique of critical geopolitics. Geopolitics, 11(1), 24–53. Open Google Scholar
  184. Kjellén, R. (1917). Der Staat als Lebensform. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Open Google Scholar
  185. Klinke, I. (2009). Five minutes for critical geopolitics: A slightly provocative introduction. Retrieved from http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/publicationhttp://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/publication _klinke_ian_five_minutes_for_critical_geopolitics_a_slightly_provocative_introduction/ Open Google Scholar
  186. Kostadinova, V. (2009). The Commission, ENP and Construction of Borders. Geopolitics, 14(2), 235–255. Open Google Scholar
  187. Krauer-Pacheco, K. (2011). Turkey as a transit country and energy hub: the link to its foreign policy aims. Retrieved from http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/44092/ssoar-2011-krauer-pacheco-Turkey_as_a_transit_country.pdf?sequence=1http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/44092/ssoar-2011-krauer-pacheco-Turkey_as_a_transit_country.pdf?sequence=1 Open Google Scholar
  188. Kropatcheva, E. (2011). Playing both ends against the middle: Russia’s geopolitical energy games with the EU and Ukraine. Geopolitics, 16, 553–573. Open Google Scholar
  189. Kustova, I. (2015). EU–Russia energy relations, EU energy integration, and energy security: the state of the art and a roadmap for future research. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 11(3), 287‐295. Open Google Scholar
  190. Kuus, M. (2007). Geopolitics reframed: security and identity in Europe’s eastern enlargement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  191. Kuus, M. (2010). Critical Geopolitics. In R. A. Denemark (Ed.), The International Studies Encyclopedia (Vol. 2, pp. 683–701). London; New York: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Open Google Scholar
  192. Kuus, M. (2011). Policy and geopolitics: bounding Europe and EUrope. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101(5), 1140–1155. Open Google Scholar
  193. Kuus, M. (2014). Geopolitics and expertise: knowledge and authority in European diplomacy. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
  194. Kuzemko, C. (2014). Ideas, power and change: explaining EU–Russia energy relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(1), 58–75. Open Google Scholar
  195. Lavenex, S. (2004). EU external governance in ‘wider Europe’. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 680–700. Open Google Scholar
  196. Lavenex, S. (2008). A Governance perspective on the European neighbourhood policy: Integration beyond conditionality? Journal of European Public Policy, 15(6), 791–812. Open Google Scholar
  197. Lavenex, S. (2011). Concentric circles of flexible ‘EUropean’ integration: A typology of EU external governance relations. Comparative European Politics, 9(4–5), 372–393. Open Google Scholar
  198. Lavenex, S., & Schimmelfennig, F. (2009). EU rules beyond EU borders: theorizing external governance in European politics. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(6), 791–812. Open Google Scholar
  199. Loskot-Strachota, A. (2016). Winds of change. Challenging future for Russia’s gas. In S. Colombo, N. Sartori, & M. E. Harrak (Eds.), The Future of Natural Gas: Markets and Geopolitics. (pp. 159–179). Hof van Twente: Lenthe. Open Google Scholar
  200. Luciani, G. (2016). The EU and LNG as a flexible tool for energy security: constraints and opportunities. In S. Colombo, N. Sartori, & M. E. Harrak (Eds.), The Future of Natural Gas: Markets and Geopolitics. (pp. 101–116). Hof van Twente: Lenthe. Open Google Scholar
  201. Luttwak, E. (1990). From geopolitics to geo-economics: logic of conflict, grammar of commerce. The National Interest, 20, 17–24. Open Google Scholar
  202. Luttwak, E. (1993). The coming global war for economic power: There are no nice guys on the battlefield of geo-economics. The International Economy, 7(5), 18–67. Open Google Scholar
  203. Lynggaard, K., Manners, I., & Löfgren, K. (2015). Research methods in European Union studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  204. Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421. Open Google Scholar
  205. Mackinder, H. J. (1919). Democratic ideals and reality: a study in the politics of reconstruction. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Open Google Scholar
  206. Maltby, T. (2013). European Union energy policy integration: A case of European Commission policy entrepreneurship and increasing supranationalism. Energy Policy, 55, 435–444. Open Google Scholar
  207. Mamadouh, V., & Dijkink, G. (2006). Geopolitics, International Relations and Political Geography: The politics of geopolitical discourse. Geopolitics, 11, 349–366. Open Google Scholar
  208. Mané, A. (2006). European energy security: towards the creation of the geo-energy space. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3773–3786. Open Google Scholar
  209. Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258. Open Google Scholar
  210. McGowan, F. (2011). Putting Energy Insecurity into Historical Context: European Responses to the Energy Crises of the 1970s and 2000s. Geopolitics, 16(3), 486–511. Open Google Scholar
  211. Megoran, N. (2010). Neoclassical geopolitics. Political Geography, 29(4), 187–190. Open Google Scholar
  212. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (2018). Annual report on execution of the federal budget (updated 07.05.2018), Moscow. Retrieved from http://old.minfin.ru/en/statistics/fedbud/execute/?id_4=25609http://old.minfin.ru/en/statistics/fedbud/execute/?id_4=25609 Open Google Scholar
  213. Mitchell, J. (2001). The new economy of oil: impacts on business, geopolitics and society. London: Earthscan Pub. Ltd. Open Google Scholar
  214. Mogherini, F. (2016). Remarks by the High Representative/ Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the Southern Gas Corridor Advisory Council. Baku. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_fa/5333/https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_fa/5333/ Remarks%20by%20the%20High%20Representative/Vice-President%20Federica%20Mogherini%20at%20the%20Southern%20Gas%20 Corridor%20Advisory%20Council Open Google Scholar
  215. Müller, M. (2008). Reconsidering the concept of discourse for the field of critical geopolitics: Towards discourse as language and practice. Political Geography, 27(3), 322–338. Open Google Scholar
  216. Müller, M. (2010). Doing discourse analysis in critical geopolitics. L’Espace Politique, 12(3), 1–20. Open Google Scholar
  217. Müller, M. (2013). Text, discourse, affect and things. In K. Dodds, M. Kuus, & J. P. Sharp (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to critical geopolitics (pp. 49–68). Farnham: Ashgate. Open Google Scholar
  218. Müller-Kraenner, S. (2015). Energy security. Re-measuring the world (2.). New York: Taylor and Francis. Open Google Scholar
  219. Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: the means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs. Open Google Scholar
  220. Observatoire Méditerranéen de l’Energie (OME). (2015). Global Energy for the Mediterranean (GEM), 13, 12/15. Open Google Scholar
  221. Ó Tuathail, G. (1989). Critical geopolitics: The social construction of space and place in the practice of statecraft. Syracause University, Syracuse, New York. Open Google Scholar
  222. Ó Tuathail, G. (1994). Critical Geopolitics and Development Theory: Intensifying the Dialogue. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 19(2), 228–233. Open Google Scholar
  223. Ó Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical geopolitics the politics of writing global space. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  224. Ó Tuathail, G. (2002). Theorizing practical geopolitical reasoning: the case of the United States’ response to the war in Bosnia. Political Geography, 21(3), 601–628. Open Google Scholar
  225. Ó Tuathail, G. (2003). Thinking critically about geopolitics. In G. Ó Tuathail, S. Dalby, & P. Routledge (Eds.), The Geopolitics Reader (pp. 1–12). London; New York: Taylor and Francis. Open Google Scholar
  226. Ó Tuathail, G., & Agnew, J. (1992). Geopolitics and discourse: Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy. Political Geography, 11(2), 190–204. Open Google Scholar
  227. Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (1998a). Introduction: Rethinking Geopolics: Towards a Critical Geopolitics. In G. Ó Tuathail & S. Dalby (Eds.), Rethinking Geopolitics (pp. 1–15). London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  228. Ó Tuathail, G., & Dalby, S. (Eds.). (1998b). Rethinking geopolitics. London/ New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  229. Ó Tuathail, G., Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (1998). The geopolitics reader. London; New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  230. Ó Tuathail, G., Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (Eds.). (2003). The geopolitics reader. London/ New York: Taylor and Francis. Open Google Scholar
  231. O’Byrne, D. (2018). Turkey’s BOTAŞ wins new LNG import licence. Natural Gas World. Retrieved from https://www.naturalgasworld.com/turkeys-BOTAhttps://www.naturalgasworld.com/turkeys-BOTAŞ-wins-new-lng-import-licence-59092 Open Google Scholar
  232. Offenberg, P. (2016). The European Neighbourhood and the EU’s security of gas supply with natural gas. Policy Paper, 156. Open Google Scholar
  233. Patterson, M., & Renwick Monroe, K. (1998). Narrative in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 1, 315–331. Open Google Scholar
  234. Piebalgs, A. (2006). External projection of the EU internal energy market. Opening speech at the External Energy Policy Conference, SPEECH/06/712, Brussels. Open Google Scholar
  235. Pirani, S. (2014). Ukraine’s imports of Russian gas: how a deal might be reached. Oxford Energy Comment, Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 07/2014. Open Google Scholar
  236. Pirani, S. (2016). Azerbaijan’s gas supply squeeze and the consequences for the Southern Corridor. OIES Paper, NG 110, 07/2016. Open Google Scholar
  237. Pirani, S., Stern, J., & Yafimava, K. (2009). The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: a comprehensive assessment. OIES Paper, NG 27, 02/2009. Open Google Scholar
  238. Prange-Gstöhl, H. (2009). Enlarging the EU’s internal market: why would third countries accept EU rule export? Energy Policy, 37, 5296–5303. Open Google Scholar
  239. Prontera, A. (2017). The new politics of energy security in the European Union and beyond: states, markets, institutions. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  240. Raspotnik, A. (2016). The European Union and its Northern Frontier: EUropean Geopolitics and its Arctic Context. Universität zu Köln, Cologne. Open Google Scholar
  241. Ratzel, F. (1903). Politische Geographie oder die Geographie der Staaten, des Verkehres und des Krieges. München: Oldenbourg. Open Google Scholar
  242. Rehn, O. (2005). Speech to civil society Belgrade, SPEECH/05/32, Belgrade. Open Google Scholar
  243. Renner, S. (2009). The Energy Community of Southeast Europe: A neo-functionalist project of regional integration. European Integration Online Papers (EIoP). Open Google Scholar
  244. Renner, S., & Trauner, F. (2009). Creeping EU Membership in South‐east Europe: The Dynamics of EU Rule Transfer to the Western Balkans. Journal of European Integration, 31(4), 449–465. Open Google Scholar
  245. Republic of Turkey, Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2018). Turkey’s Energy Profile and Strategy. Website: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfahttp://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa Open Google Scholar
  246. Reuters. (2018a). Turkish blockade of ship off Cyprus is out of Eni’s control: CEO. Reuters, 16.02.2018, Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-natgas-turkey-eni/turkish-blockade-of-ship-off-cyprus-is-out-of-enis-control-ceo-idUSKCN1G01K0https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-natgas-turkey-eni/turkish-blockade-of-ship-off-cyprus-is-out-of-enis-control-ceo-idUSKCN1G01K0 Open Google Scholar
  247. Reuters. (2018b). Europeans work to save Iran deal, and business, after Trump pulls out, 08.05.2018, Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear/trump-expected-to-pull-u-s-from-iran-nuclear-deal-on-tuesday-idUSKhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear/trump-expected-to-pull-u-s-from-iran-nuclear-deal-on-tuesday-idUSK Open Google Scholar
  248. Ringel, M., & Knodt, M. (2018). The governance of the European Energy Union: Efficiency, effectiveness and acceptance of the Winter Package 2016. Energy Policy, 112, 209–220. Open Google Scholar
  249. Roberts, J. (2015). The impact of Turkish Stream on European energy security and the Southern Gas Corridor. Atlantic Council, July 2015, Retrieved from http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/reports/the-impact-of-turkish-stream-on-european-energy-security-and-the-southern-gas-corridorhttp://www.atlanticcouncil.org/publications/reports/the-impact-of-turkish-stream-on-european-energy-security-and-the-southern-gas-corridor Open Google Scholar
  250. Roe, E. (1994). Narrative policy analysis: Theory and practice. Durham: Duke University Press. Open Google Scholar
  251. Rogers, J. (2009). From ‘Civilian Power’ to ‘Global Power’: Explicating the European Union’s ‘Grand Strategy’ Through the Articulation of Discourse Theory. Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(4), 831–862. Open Google Scholar
  252. Rosamond, B. (2000). Theories of European integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  253. Rosamond, B. (2012). Supranational governance as economic patriotism? The European Union, legitimacy and the reconstruction of state space. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(3), 324–341. Open Google Scholar
  254. Russell, J. (1983). Geopolitics of natural gas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company. Open Google Scholar
  255. Rzayeva, G. (2017). Turkey’s gas demand decline: reasons and consequences. OIES Energy Insight, 11. Retrieved from https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Turkeys-gas-demand-decline-reasons-and-consequences-OIES-Energy-Insight.pdfhttps://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Turkeys-gas-demand-decline-reasons-and-consequences-OIES-Energy-Insight.pdf Open Google Scholar
  256. Rzayeva, G. (2018). Where the gas will come to fill the SGC pipelines? Global Gas Perspectives, 10.04.2018. Retrieved from https://www.naturalgashttps://www.naturalgas world.com/ggp-where-the-gas-will-come-to-fill-the-sgc-pipelines-60225 Open Google Scholar
  257. Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books. Open Google Scholar
  258. Sartori, N., & Koranyi, D. (2014). EU-Turkey energy relations in the context of EU accession negotiations. In S. Aydın-Düzgit, D. Huber, M. Müftlüer-Bac, F. Keyman, J. Tasci, & N. Tocci (Eds.), Global Turkey in Europe II. Energy, migration, civil society and citizenship issues in Turkey-EU relations (pp. 23–39). Rome: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. Open Google Scholar
  259. Schmidt-Felzmann, A. (2011). EU Member States’ energy relations with Russia: Conflicting approaches to securing natural gas supplies. Geopolitics, 16(3), 574–599. Open Google Scholar
  260. Schröder, M., Bettzüge, M. O., & Wessels, W. (Eds.). (2017). Turkey as an Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey’s role in EU energy supply (Vol. 1). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  261. Schröder, M., & Öner Tangör, N. (2017). ‘Turkey as a Future Energy Hub’ - a comparative analysis of the hub narratives in Turkey and in the EU. In M. Schröder, M. O. Bettzüge & W. Wessels (Eds.), Turkey as an Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey’s Role in EU Energy Supply (Vol. 1, pp. 185–201). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  262. Schröder, M., & Wessels, W. (2017). The energy geopolitics of Turkey - from classical to critical reading. In M. Schröder, M. O. Bettzüge & W. Wessels (Eds.), Turkey as an Energy Hub? Contributions on Turkey’s Role in EU Energy Supply (Vol. 1, pp. 27–47). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  263. Schubert, S., Pollak, J., & Kreutler, M. (2016). Energy policy of the European Union. London/ New York: Palgrave. Open Google Scholar
  264. Schulte, S., & Berk, I. (2017). Turkey’s future in natural gas - becoming a transit country? EWI Working Papers, 2017/01. Open Google Scholar
  265. Schulte, S., & Weiser, F. (2017). Natural Gas Transits and Market Power - the case of Turkey. EWI Working Papers, 2017/06. Open Google Scholar
  266. Schulze, K. (2015). Exporting the energy acquis: the external agenda shaping power of the EU. In J. Tosun, S. Biesenbender, & K. Schulze (Eds.), Energy policy making in the EU: building the agenda (Vol. 28, pp. 63–83). London: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  267. Scott, James W. (2009). Bordering and ordering the European Neighbourhood: A critical perspective on EU territoriality and geopolitics. TRAMES: A Journal of the Humanities & Social Sciences, 13(3), 232–247. Open Google Scholar
  268. Scott, James W. (2011). Reflections on EU Geopolitics. Consolidation, Neighbourhood and Civil Society in the reordering of European space. Geopolitics, 16(1), 146–175. Open Google Scholar
  269. Scott, James W. (2015). Bordering, border politics and cross-border co-operation in Europe. In F. Celata & R. Coletti (Eds.), Neighbourhood Policy and the Construction of the European External Borders (Vol. 115, pp. 27–44). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  270. Scott, James Wesley. (2006). EU enlargement, region building and shifting borders of inclusion and exclusion. Aldershot Burlington: Ashgate. Open Google Scholar
  271. Shah, R. (2009). The Geopolitics of Water and Oil in Turkey. Actuelles de l’Ifri, December 2009. Open Google Scholar
  272. Sharp, J. P. (1993). Publishing American identity: popular geopolitics, myth and the reader’s digest. Political Geography, 12(6), 491–503. Open Google Scholar
  273. Siddi, M. (2017a). The EU’s Botched Geopolitical Approach to External Energy Policy: The Case of the Southern Gas Corridor. Geopolitics, 1–21. Open Google Scholar
  274. Siddi, M. (2017b). The Southern Gas Corridor. Challenges to a geopolitical approach in the EU’s external energy policy. FIIA Briefing Paper, 216, March 2017. Open Google Scholar
  275. Siles-Brügge, G. (2014). Constructing European Union trade policy: a global idea of Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar
  276. Skalamera, M. (2016). The Russian reality check on Turkey’s gas hub hopes. Policy Brief, Belfer Center. Open Google Scholar
  277. Slaugther, A. M. (2017). The chessboard and the web: strategies of connection in a networked world. New Haven: Yale University Press. Open Google Scholar
  278. Slodatkin, V., & Zinets, N. (2018). Gazprom seeks to halt Ukraine gas contracts as dispute escalates. Reuters, 02.03.2018, Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-ukraine-gas/gazprom-seeks-to-halt-ukraine-gas-contracts-as-dispute-escalates-idUSKCN1GE2DWhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-ukraine-gas/gazprom-seeks-to-halt-ukraine-gas-contracts-as-dispute-escalates-idUSKCN1GE2DW Open Google Scholar
  279. Sparke, M. (2007). Geopolitical fears, geoeconomic hopes, and the responsibilities of geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 338–349. Open Google Scholar
  280. Sparke, M. (2017). Geoeconomics, globalisation and the limits of economic strategy in statecraft: A response to Vihma. Geopolitics, 1–8. Open Google Scholar
  281. Spykman, N. J. (1938a). Geography and Foreign Policy, I. The American Political Science Review, 32(1), 28. Open Google Scholar
  282. Spykman, N. J. (1938b). Geography and Foreign Policy, II. The American Political Science Review, 32(2), 213. Open Google Scholar
  283. Spykman, N. J. (1944). The Geography of Peace. Hartcourt Brace: New York. Open Google Scholar
  284. Stern, J. (2002). Security of European natural gas supplies. The impact of import dependence and liberalization. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Open Google Scholar
  285. Stern, J. (2006). The Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis of January 2006. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Open Google Scholar
  286. Stoddard, E. (2012). Capturing contestation in Caspian Energy: regime complexity and Eurasian energy governance. Political Perspectives, 6(1), 3–25. Open Google Scholar
  287. Stoddard, E. (2017). Tough times, shifting roles: examining the EU’s commercial diplomacy in foreign energy markets. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(7), 1048–1068. Open Google Scholar
  288. Stulberg, A. N. (2005). Moving beyond the great game: The geoeconomics of Russia’s influence in the Caspian energy bonanza. Geopolitics, 10(1), 1–25. Open Google Scholar
  289. Svarin, D. (2016). The construction of ‘geopolitical spaces’ in Russian foreign policy discourse before and after the Ukraine crisis. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(2), 129–140. Open Google Scholar
  290. Tagliapietra, S. (2014). Turkey as a regional natural gas hub: Myth or reality? An analysis of the regional gas market outlook, beyond the mainstream rhetoric. FEEM Working Paper, 02/2014. Open Google Scholar
  291. Taylor, P. J. (1993). Geopolitical world orders. In P. J. Taylor (Ed.), Political Geography of the Twentieth Century. A Global Analysis. London: Belhaven Press. Open Google Scholar
  292. Thirwell, M. (2010). The return of geo-economics. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/return-geo-economicshttps://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/return-geo-economics Open Google Scholar
  293. Tosun, J., Biesenbender, S., & Schulze, K. (Eds.). (2015). Energy policy making in the EU: building the agenda (Vol. 28). London: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  294. Umbach, F. (2010). Global energy security and the implications for the EU. Security, Prosperity and Community – Towards a Common European Energy Policy? Energy Policy, 38(3), 1229–1240. Open Google Scholar
  295. Umbach, F. (2015). Strategic Perspectives of the EU’s Energy Union and the Southern Gas Corridor. Caspian Report, Spring 2015(9), 11–25. Open Google Scholar
  296. US Secretary of State. (2006). Remarks at the State Department Correspondents Association’s Inaugural Newsmaker Breakfast, 05.01.2006. Retrieved 5 May 2018, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/58725.htmhttps://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/58725.htm Open Google Scholar
  297. Victor, D., Jaffe, A., & Hayes, M. (Eds.). (2006). Natural gas and geopolitics. From 1970 to 2040. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  298. Vihma, A. (2017). Geoeconomic analysis and the limits of critical geopolitics: A new engagement with Edward Luttwak. Geopolitics, 1–21. Open Google Scholar
  299. Vollaard, H. (2009). The logic of political territoriality. Geopolitics, 14(4), 687–706. Open Google Scholar
  300. Walters, W. (2004). The frontiers of the European Union: A geo-strategic perspective. Geopolitics, 9(3), 674–698. Open Google Scholar
  301. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of international politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. Open Google Scholar
  302. Westphal, K. (2006). Energy policy between multilateral governance and geopolitics: whither Europe? Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, April 2006, 44–62. Open Google Scholar
  303. Wigell, M., & Vihma, A. (2016). Geopolitics versus geoeconomics: the case of Russia’s geostrategy and its effects on the EU. International Affairs, 92(3), 605–627. Open Google Scholar
  304. Wilson, A. B. (2015). Liquefied natural gas in Europe (European Parliamentary Research Service No. PE 571.314). Brussels. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/571314/EPRS_BRIhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/571314/EPRS_BRI(2015)571314_EN.pdf Open Google Scholar
  305. Winrow, G. M. (2009a). Problems and prospects for the ‘fourth corridor’: the positions and role of Turkey in gas transit to Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, NG 30, June 2009. Open Google Scholar
  306. Winrow, G. M. (2009b). Turkey, Russia and the Caucasus: Common and diverging interests. Chatham House. Open Google Scholar
  307. Winrow, G. M. (2013). The Southern Gas Corridor and Turkey’s role as an energy transit state and energy hub. Insight Turkey, 15(1), 145–163. Open Google Scholar
  308. Yafimava, K. (2015). European energy security and the role of Russian gas: Assessing the feasibility and the rationale of reducing dependence. IAI Working Papers, 15(54). Open Google Scholar
  309. Youngs, R. (2009). Energy security. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  310. Youngs, R. (2014). A new geopolitics of EU energy security. Carnegie Europe, 23 September 2014. Retrieved from http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=56705http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=56705 Open Google Scholar
  311. Youngs, R. (2017). Europe’s Eastern crisis. The geopolitics of asymmetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  312. Zaman, A. (2018). Ankara vows to ignore Iran sanctions. Al-Monitor, 27 June 2018. Retrieved from https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/06/turkey-refuses-us-stop-iran-oil.html?utm_campaign=20180627&utm_source=sailthruhttps://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/06/turkey-refuses-us-stop-iran-oil.html?utm_campaign=20180627&utm_source=sailthru &utm_medium=email&utm_term=Briefly%20Turkey Open Google Scholar

Similar publications

from the topics "Environmental Law & Energy Law & Nuclear Law", "Peace Research & Conflict Research", "International Relations"
Cover of book: Future-Proofing in Public Law
Edited Book No access
Nicole Koblenz LL.M., Nicholas Otto, Gernot Sydow
Future-Proofing in Public Law
Cover of book: Die Bedeutung der Physiologie und Ethologie der Tiere als Grundlage für Tierschutz und Tierschutzrechtsverfahren
Book Titles Full access
Sibylle Wenzel
Die Bedeutung der Physiologie und Ethologie der Tiere als Grundlage für Tierschutz und Tierschutzrechtsverfahren
Cover of book: Comparative Perspectives on the Law of Energy Transition in Europe
Edited Book Full access
Michael Rodi, Johannes Saurer
Comparative Perspectives on the Law of Energy Transition in Europe
Cover of book: Weltbilder und Weltordnung
Educational Book No access
Gert Krell, Peter Schlotter, Alexandra Homolar, Frank A. Stengel
Weltbilder und Weltordnung
Cover of book: The European Council as a Crisis Manager
Book Titles No access
Wolfgang Wessels, Lucas Schramm, Tobias Kunstein
The European Council as a Crisis Manager

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via Open Athens
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex