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The Relationship between Trade-Related Environmental Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO Law

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Verlag:
 22.04.2020

Zusammenfassung

Im 20. Jahrhundert wurden einige der aufkommenden Umweltvereinbarungen so gestaltet, dass sie starke wirtschaftliche Anreize bieten. Gleichzeitig fanden Umweltverpflichtungen ihren Weg in Handelsabkommen. Daraus ergaben sich Konflikte zwischen handelsbeschränkenden Umweltmaßnahmen und GATT / WTO-Normen zum Schutz des freien Marktes. Zudem löste die aufkommende Umweltkrise eine Debatte über die Einbeziehung von Umweltwerten auf der WTO-Ebene aus.

Die Themen waren jahrzehntelang Gegenstand von Diskussionen im GATT / WTO. Unterdessen haben regionale Handelsvereinbarungen eine Plattform für die Vereinbarung von Umweltverpflichtungen mit dem Freihandel vorbereitet. Diese Vereinbarungen werden als Rechtsinstrumente auf ihre Eignung geprüft, konkurrierende Handels- und Umweltwerte in Einklang zu bringen.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Erscheinungsjahr
2020
Erscheinungsdatum
22.04.2020
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-6568-3
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-0685-8
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)
Band
79
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
339
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 18
  2. INTRODUCTION Kein Zugriff 19 - 22
      1. 1.1. Emergence, Subject and Principles Kein Zugriff
      2. 1.2. MEAs as Opposed to Unilateral Environmental Measures Kein Zugriff
      3. 1.3. Necessity of MEA Negotiations Kein Zugriff
      4. 1.4. Definition of an MEA Kein Zugriff
      5. 1.5. Legal Nature of MEAs Kein Zugriff
      6. 1.6. Effectiveness of MEAs Kein Zugriff
      7. 1.7. Interference with Other Areas of International Law Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1. Definition Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2. Types of TREMs Kein Zugriff
      3. 2.3. Objectives Kein Zugriff
      4. 2.4. Functions Kein Zugriff
      5. 2.5. Ways of Imposition Kein Zugriff
      6. 2.6. Legal Status Kein Zugriff
      7. 2.7. Necessity of TREMs Kein Zugriff
      8. 2.8. Effectiveness of TREMs Kein Zugriff
      1. 3.1. Legal Nature of the Conflict between MEAs and the WTO System Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.2.1. Article I GATT Kein Zugriff
          1. 3.2.2.1. “Like” Products Kein Zugriff
          2. 3.2.2.2. Process and Production Methods (PPMs) Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.2.3. Article XI GATT Kein Zugriff
        4. 3.2.4. Article XIII GATT Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.3.1. GATS Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.3.2. TBT Agreement Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.3.3. SPS Agreement Kein Zugriff
        4. 3.3.4. TRIPS Agreement Kein Zugriff
      4. 3.4. Issues Accompanying the Relationship between MEAs and the WTO System Kein Zugriff
      1. 4.1. Regarding the Legal Status of a TREM Kein Zugriff
        1. 4.2.1. Conflicts between Parties Kein Zugriff
        2. 4.2.2. Conflicts between a Party and a Non-Party Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.1. Possible Disputes over Imposition of a TREM under an MEA Kein Zugriff
      2. 5.2. The “Chill Effect” Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.3. Expansion of Scope Kein Zugriff
      1. 6.1. Judicial Resolution of Conflicts between MEAs and the WTO System Kein Zugriff
        1. 6.2.1. Clarification while Negotiating Kein Zugriff
        2. 6.2.2. Provisions Establishing the Relationship to Other International Agreements Kein Zugriff
        3. 6.2.3. MEAs’ Preambles Kein Zugriff
      3. 6.3. The WTO as a Suitable Forum for the Conflict Resolution Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. Interim Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. 1.1.1. De jure Equality Kein Zugriff
        2. 1.1.2. De facto Supremacy Kein Zugriff
      2. 1.2. Jus Cogens Kein Zugriff
      3. 1.3. Lex Posterior Kein Zugriff
      4. 1.4. “Relating to the Same Subject Matter” Kein Zugriff
      5. 1.5. Lex specialis Kein Zugriff
      6. 1.6. Supremacy of the WTO as a “Self-Contained Regime” (a special case of lex specialis) Kein Zugriff
      7. 1.7. Article 31 VCLT – Interpretation Methods Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1. Preamble of the WTO Agreement Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2. Article XX GATT Kein Zugriff
      3. 2.3. Legal Status of DSB Interpretations Kein Zugriff
        1. 2.4.1. US – Section 337 of the Tariff Act Kein Zugriff
        2. 2.4.2. Thailand – Cigarettes Kein Zugriff
        3. 2.4.3. US – Tuna I, II Kein Zugriff
        4. 2.4.4. Korea – Beef Kein Zugriff
        5. 2.4.6. Brazil – Tyres Kein Zugriff
        1. 2.5.1. US – Reformulated Gasoline Kein Zugriff
        2. 2.5.2. US – Tuna II Kein Zugriff
      6. 2.6. Interpretation of the Chapeau Kein Zugriff
      7. 2.7. Panels and the AB on PPM-based Measures Kein Zugriff
      8. 2.8. Interpretation of the Term “Likeness” Kein Zugriff
      9. 2.9. Extraterritoriality and PPM-based Measures Kein Zugriff
        1. 2.10.1. GATS Kein Zugriff
        2. 2.10.2. TBT Agreement Kein Zugriff
        3. 2.10.3. SPS Agreement Kein Zugriff
        4. 2.10.4. TRIPS Agreement Kein Zugriff
        5. 2.10.5. SCM Agreement Kein Zugriff
        1. 2.11.1. DSU Provisions Regarding Applicable Law Kein Zugriff
        2. 2.11.2. The Use of MEAs for Interpretation Kein Zugriff
        3. 2.11.3. The Use of MEAs to Justify a Violation of WTO Agreements Kein Zugriff
      12. 2.12. Incorporation of MEAs into the WTO System under a Waiver Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Interim Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. 1.1. United States – Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada. Report of the Panel adopted on 22 February 1982 Kein Zugriff
      2. 1.2. Canada – Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon. Report of the Panel adopted on 22 March 1988 Kein Zugriff
      3. 1.3. Canada’s Landing Requirement for Pacific Coast Salmon and Herring. Final Report of the FTA Panel, 16 October 1989 Kein Zugriff
      4. 1.4. Thailand – Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes. Report of the Panel adopted on 7 November 1990 Kein Zugriff
      5. 1.5. United States Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (US – Tuna I). Panel Report not adopted, circulated on 3 September 1991 Kein Zugriff
      6. 1.6. United States – Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (US – Tuna II). Report of the Panel not adopted, circulated on 16 June 1994 Kein Zugriff
      7. 1.7. United States – Taxes on Automobiles (US – Automobiles). Ruling not adopted, circulated on 11 October 1994 Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1. United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (US – Gasoline). Ruling adopted on 20 May 1996 Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2. European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (EC – Hormones). AB Report adopted on 13 February 1998 Kein Zugriff
      3. 2.3. United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (US – Shrimp). Ruling adopted on 6 November 1998 Kein Zugriff
      4. 2.4. United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. Recourse to Art. 21.5 DSU by Malaysia (US – Shrimp 21.5) Kein Zugriff
      5. 2.5. European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos (EC – Asbestos). AB Report adopted on 5 April 2001 Kein Zugriff
      6. 2.6. European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (EC – Biotech). Report of the Panel adopted on 21 November 2006 Kein Zugriff
      7. 2.7. Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (Brazil – Tyres). AB Report adopted on 17 December 2007 Kein Zugriff
      8. 2.8. United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (US – Tuna II (Mexico)). Report adopted on 3 December 2015 Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Interim Conclusion Kein Zugriff
      1. 1.1. Establishment of the EMIT Group Kein Zugriff
      2. 1.2. Contribution of the EMIT Group to the UNCED Kein Zugriff
        1. 1.3.1. The Ex Ante Approach Kein Zugriff
        2. 1.3.2. The Ex Post Approach Kein Zugriff
        3. 1.3.3. Other Proposals Kein Zugriff
      4. 1.4. Outcome of the EMIT Group Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1. Establishment of the CTE Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2. Report of the CTE to the Singapore Ministerial Conference Kein Zugriff
      3. 2.3. CTE Proposals 1995-1996 Kein Zugriff
        1. 2.4.1. Maintaining the Status Quo Kein Zugriff
        2. 2.4.2. Amending Article XX GATT Kein Zugriff
        3. 2.4.3. Granting Multi-Year Waivers and Developing Non-Binding Guidelines Kein Zugriff
        4. 2.4.4. Setting "Differentiated WTO Disciplines" for Trade Measures Pursuant to MEAs Kein Zugriff
        5. 2.4.5. Designing a Coherence Clause Kein Zugriff
        6. 2.4.6. Developing a Principles and Criteria Approach Kein Zugriff
        7. 2.4.7. Reversing the Burden of Proof under Article XX GATT and Developing a Code of Good Conduct Kein Zugriff
        8. 2.4.8. Developing Non-Binding Interpretative Guidelines Kein Zugriff
        9. 2.4.9. Developing an Understanding Kein Zugriff
        10. 2.4.10. Developing a Voluntary Consultative Mechanism (VCM) Kein Zugriff
        11. 2.4.11. Promoting Mutual Supportiveness and Deference Kein Zugriff
        12. 2.4.12. Chile’s Proposal (the Example of UNCLOS) Kein Zugriff
        13. 2.4.13. Features Common for All Proposals Kein Zugriff
      5. 2.5. Pre-Doha Outcome Kein Zugriff
      1. 3.1. Doha Declaration on Trade and Environment Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.2.1. Definition of an MEA Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.2.2. Party/Non-Party Issue Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.2.3. Specific Trade Obligations Kein Zugriff
        4. 3.2.4. Measures Explicitly Provided for and Mandatory Kein Zugriff
        5. 3.2.5. “Obligation de résultat” Kein Zugriff
        6. 3.2.6. Measures Taken Pursuant to MEAs Kein Zugriff
        7. 3.2.7. “Set Out in Multilateral Environmental Agreements” Kein Zugriff
        8. 3.2.8. Identification of STOs Kein Zugriff
        9. 3.2.9. WTO Conformity of STOs Kein Zugriff
      3. 3.3. Relationship between MEAs and the WTO Rules Kein Zugriff
      4. 3.4. Draft Ministerial Decision on Trade and the Environment Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.5.1. Limits of the Mandate Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.5.2. Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries Kein Zugriff
      6. 3.6. Recent Developments / Current Situation Kein Zugriff
      7. 3.7. WTO and MEA Cooperation Model (the Example of CITES) Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Interim Conclusion Kein Zugriff
        1. 1.1.1. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) Kein Zugriff
          1. 1.1.2.1. Objectives of Environmental Provisions in PTAs Kein Zugriff
          2. 1.1.2.2. PTAs and Developing Countries Kein Zugriff
      2. 1.2. Options for Inclusion of Environmental Provisions in RTAs Kein Zugriff
      3. 1.3. Environmental Impact Assessments Kein Zugriff
      4. 1.4. Enforcement of RTAs’ Environmental Provisions Kein Zugriff
          1. 1.5.1.1. Reaffirming MEAs’ Importance Kein Zugriff
          2. 1.5.1.2. Clarifying the Relationship to MEAs Kein Zugriff
          3. 1.5.1.3. Fostering MEAs’ Implementation Kein Zugriff
        2. 1.5.2. Implementation of MEAs under EU RTAs Kein Zugriff
        3. 1.5.3. Implementation of MEAs under US RTAs Kein Zugriff
      6. 1.6. Effect of Environment Inclusion in RTAs Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1. Relationship to MEAs Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2. North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) Kein Zugriff
      3. 2.3. North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Kein Zugriff
      4. 2.4. NAFTA Dispute Settlement Kein Zugriff
      5. 2.5. NAFTA’s Environmental Significance Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.1.1. CAFTA-DR Environmental Review Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.1.2. CAFTA-DR Environmental Cooperation Agreement (ECA) Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.1.3. Provisions on MEAs Kein Zugriff
        4. 3.1.4. Implementation of CITES under the CAFTA-DR ECA Work Plan Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.2.1. PTPA Environmental Review Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.2.2 Provisions on MEAs Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.2.2. Implementation of CITES under the PTPA Kein Zugriff
      3. 3.3. General Conclusions about Environmental Provisions in US RTAs Kein Zugriff
      1. 4.1. The Single European Act Kein Zugriff
      2. 4.2. The Treaty of Maastricht Kein Zugriff
      3. 4.3. Environmental Policy after the Treaty of Lisbon Kein Zugriff
      4. 4.4. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and its “Environmental” Exceptions Kein Zugriff
      5. 4.5. MEAs in the EU Treaties Kein Zugriff
      6. 4.6. MEAs and the 7th Environment Action Programme Kein Zugriff
      7. 4.7. EU Environmental Success Factors Kein Zugriff
      8. 4.8. Balance of Trade and Environment in the EU Kein Zugriff
      9. 4.9. Digression: World Environment Organization as a Balancing Mechanism to the WTO Kein Zugriff
      10. 4.10. The EU as a Model for the Integration of Environmental Policy into the WTO Kein Zugriff
        1. 4.11.1. Sustainability Impact Assessment Kein Zugriff
        2. 4.11.2. Trade and Sustainable Development Chapter Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.1. Is the RTA Way Acceptable for the WTO? Kein Zugriff
      2. 5.2. Relationship between RTAs and the WTO Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.3. “Regionalization” of Trade/Environment Rules Kein Zugriff
      4. 5.4. Joint Environment and Trade Agreements Kein Zugriff
      5. 5.5. Can RTAs Replace MEAs? Kein Zugriff
      6. 5.6. Significance of the WTO in the MEA Debate Kein Zugriff
  8. CONCLUSIONS Kein Zugriff 315 - 320
  9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kein Zugriff 321 - 328
    1. International Agreements Kein Zugriff
    2. Final Documents and Declarations of International Conferences Kein Zugriff
    3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT) documents Kein Zugriff
    4. GATT Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade Kein Zugriff
    5. World Trade Organization (WTO) Kein Zugriff
    6. Committee on Trade and Environment Kein Zugriff
    7. Committee on Trade and the Environment (Special Sessions) Kein Zugriff
    8. GATT/WTO Case Law Kein Zugriff
    9. Regional Trade Agreements Kein Zugriff
    10. Bilateral Trade Agreements Kein Zugriff
    11. European Union Kein Zugriff
    12. European Court of Justice (ECJ) Kein Zugriff
    13. International Court of Justice (ICJ) Kein Zugriff
    14. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Kein Zugriff
    15. International Law Commission (ILC) Kein Zugriff
    16. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Kein Zugriff
    17. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Kein Zugriff
    18. Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) Kein Zugriff
    19. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Research Foundation Kein Zugriff
    20. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Kein Zugriff
    21. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Kein Zugriff
    22. Other Kein Zugriff

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