The Relationship between Trade-Related Environmental Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO Law

Dr. Lidia Rieder LL.M. Eur.

doi:10.5771/9783748906858

Summary

Im 20. Jahrhundert wurden einige der aufkommenden Umweltvereinbarungen so gestaltet, dass sie starke wirtschaftliche Anreize bieten. Gleichzeitig fanden Umweltverpflichtungen ihren Weg in Handelsabkommen. Daraus ergaben sich Konflikte zwischen handelsbeschränkenden Umweltmaßnahmen und GATT / WTO-Normen zum Schutz des freien Marktes. Zudem löste die aufkommende Umweltkrise eine Debatte über die Einbeziehung von Umweltwerten auf der WTO-Ebene aus.

Die Themen waren jahrzehntelang Gegenstand von Diskussionen im GATT / WTO. Unterdessen haben regionale Handelsvereinbarungen eine Plattform für die Vereinbarung von Umweltverpflichtungen mit dem Freihandel vorbereitet. Diese Vereinbarungen werden als Rechtsinstrumente auf ihre Eignung geprüft, konkurrierende Handels- und Umweltwerte in Einklang zu bringen.

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2020
Publication date: 22.04.2020
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-6568-3
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-0685-8
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)
Volume: 79
Language: English
Pages: 339
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 18
INTRODUCTION No access Pages 19 - 22
1. 1. 1.1. Emergence, Subject and Principles No access
  2. 1.2. MEAs as Opposed to Unilateral Environmental Measures No access
  3. 1.3. Necessity of MEA Negotiations No access
  4. 1.4. Definition of an MEA No access
  5. 1.5. Legal Nature of MEAs No access
  6. 1.6. Effectiveness of MEAs No access
  7. 1.7. Interference with Other Areas of International Law No access
2. 1. 2.1. Definition No access
  2. 2.2. Types of TREMs No access
  3. 2.3. Objectives No access
  4. 2.4. Functions No access
  5. 2.5. Ways of Imposition No access
  6. 2.6. Legal Status No access
  7. 2.7. Necessity of TREMs No access
  8. 2.8. Effectiveness of TREMs No access
3. 1. 3.1. Legal Nature of the Conflict between MEAs and the WTO System No access
  2. 1. 3.2.1. Article I GATT No access
    2. 1. 3.2.2.1. “Like” Products No access
      2. 3.2.2.2. Process and Production Methods (PPMs) No access
    3. 3.2.3. Article XI GATT No access
    4. 3.2.4. Article XIII GATT No access
  3. 1. 3.3.1. GATS No access
    2. 3.3.2. TBT Agreement No access
    3. 3.3.3. SPS Agreement No access
    4. 3.3.4. TRIPS Agreement No access
  4. 3.4. Issues Accompanying the Relationship between MEAs and the WTO System No access
4. 1. 4.1. Regarding the Legal Status of a TREM No access
  2. 1. 4.2.1. Conflicts between Parties No access
    2. 4.2.2. Conflicts between a Party and a Non-Party No access
5. 1. 5.1. Possible Disputes over Imposition of a TREM under an MEA No access
  2. 5.2. The “Chill Effect” No access
  3. 5.3. Expansion of Scope No access
6. 1. 6.1. Judicial Resolution of Conflicts between MEAs and the WTO System No access
  2. 1. 6.2.1. Clarification while Negotiating No access
    2. 6.2.2. Provisions Establishing the Relationship to Other International Agreements No access
    3. 6.2.3. MEAs’ Preambles No access
  3. 6.3. The WTO as a Suitable Forum for the Conflict Resolution No access
7. 7. Interim Conclusion No access
1. 1. 1. 1.1.1. De jure Equality No access
    2. 1.1.2. De facto Supremacy No access
  2. 1.2. Jus Cogens No access
  3. 1.3. Lex Posterior No access
  4. 1.4. “Relating to the Same Subject Matter” No access
  5. 1.5. Lex specialis No access
  6. 1.6. Supremacy of the WTO as a “Self-Contained Regime” (a special case of lex specialis) No access
  7. 1.7. Article 31 VCLT – Interpretation Methods No access
2. 1. 2.1. Preamble of the WTO Agreement No access
  2. 2.2. Article XX GATT No access
  3. 2.3. Legal Status of DSB Interpretations No access
  4. 1. 2.4.1. US – Section 337 of the Tariff Act No access
    2. 2.4.2. Thailand – Cigarettes No access
    3. 2.4.3. US – Tuna I, II No access
    4. 2.4.4. Korea – Beef No access
    5. 2.4.6. Brazil – Tyres No access
  5. 1. 2.5.1. US – Reformulated Gasoline No access
    2. 2.5.2. US – Tuna II No access
  6. 2.6. Interpretation of the Chapeau No access
  7. 2.7. Panels and the AB on PPM-based Measures No access
  8. 2.8. Interpretation of the Term “Likeness” No access
  9. 2.9. Extraterritoriality and PPM-based Measures No access
  10. 1. 2.10.1. GATS No access
    2. 2.10.2. TBT Agreement No access
    3. 2.10.3. SPS Agreement No access
    4. 2.10.4. TRIPS Agreement No access
    5. 2.10.5. SCM Agreement No access
  11. 1. 2.11.1. DSU Provisions Regarding Applicable Law No access
    2. 2.11.2. The Use of MEAs for Interpretation No access
    3. 2.11.3. The Use of MEAs to Justify a Violation of WTO Agreements No access
  12. 2.12. Incorporation of MEAs into the WTO System under a Waiver No access
3. 3. Interim Conclusion No access
1. 1. 1.1. United States – Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada. Report of the Panel adopted on 22 February 1982 No access
  2. 1.2. Canada – Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon. Report of the Panel adopted on 22 March 1988 No access
  3. 1.3. Canada’s Landing Requirement for Pacific Coast Salmon and Herring. Final Report of the FTA Panel, 16 October 1989 No access
  4. 1.4. Thailand – Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes. Report of the Panel adopted on 7 November 1990 No access
  5. 1.5. United States Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (US – Tuna I). Panel Report not adopted, circulated on 3 September 1991 No access
  6. 1.6. United States – Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (US – Tuna II). Report of the Panel not adopted, circulated on 16 June 1994 No access
  7. 1.7. United States – Taxes on Automobiles (US – Automobiles). Ruling not adopted, circulated on 11 October 1994 No access
2. 1. 2.1. United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (US – Gasoline). Ruling adopted on 20 May 1996 No access
  2. 2.2. European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (EC – Hormones). AB Report adopted on 13 February 1998 No access
  3. 2.3. United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (US – Shrimp). Ruling adopted on 6 November 1998 No access
  4. 2.4. United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. Recourse to Art. 21.5 DSU by Malaysia (US – Shrimp 21.5) No access
  5. 2.5. European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos (EC – Asbestos). AB Report adopted on 5 April 2001 No access
  6. 2.6. European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (EC – Biotech). Report of the Panel adopted on 21 November 2006 No access
  7. 2.7. Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (Brazil – Tyres). AB Report adopted on 17 December 2007 No access
  8. 2.8. United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (US – Tuna II (Mexico)). Report adopted on 3 December 2015 No access
3. 3. Interim Conclusion No access
1. 1. 1.1. Establishment of the EMIT Group No access
  2. 1.2. Contribution of the EMIT Group to the UNCED No access
  3. 1. 1.3.1. The Ex Ante Approach No access
    2. 1.3.2. The Ex Post Approach No access
    3. 1.3.3. Other Proposals No access
  4. 1.4. Outcome of the EMIT Group No access
2. 1. 2.1. Establishment of the CTE No access
  2. 2.2. Report of the CTE to the Singapore Ministerial Conference No access
  3. 2.3. CTE Proposals 1995-1996 No access
  4. 1. 2.4.1. Maintaining the Status Quo No access
    2. 2.4.2. Amending Article XX GATT No access
    3. 2.4.3. Granting Multi-Year Waivers and Developing Non-Binding Guidelines No access
    4. 2.4.4. Setting "Differentiated WTO Disciplines" for Trade Measures Pursuant to MEAs No access
    5. 2.4.5. Designing a Coherence Clause No access
    6. 2.4.6. Developing a Principles and Criteria Approach No access
    7. 2.4.7. Reversing the Burden of Proof under Article XX GATT and Developing a Code of Good Conduct No access
    8. 2.4.8. Developing Non-Binding Interpretative Guidelines No access
    9. 2.4.9. Developing an Understanding No access
    10. 2.4.10. Developing a Voluntary Consultative Mechanism (VCM) No access
    11. 2.4.11. Promoting Mutual Supportiveness and Deference No access
    12. 2.4.12. Chile’s Proposal (the Example of UNCLOS) No access
    13. 2.4.13. Features Common for All Proposals No access
  5. 2.5. Pre-Doha Outcome No access
3. 1. 3.1. Doha Declaration on Trade and Environment No access
  2. 1. 3.2.1. Definition of an MEA No access
    2. 3.2.2. Party/Non-Party Issue No access
    3. 3.2.3. Specific Trade Obligations No access
    4. 3.2.4. Measures Explicitly Provided for and Mandatory No access
    5. 3.2.5. “Obligation de résultat” No access
    6. 3.2.6. Measures Taken Pursuant to MEAs No access
    7. 3.2.7. “Set Out in Multilateral Environmental Agreements” No access
    8. 3.2.8. Identification of STOs No access
    9. 3.2.9. WTO Conformity of STOs No access
  3. 3.3. Relationship between MEAs and the WTO Rules No access
  4. 3.4. Draft Ministerial Decision on Trade and the Environment No access
  5. 1. 3.5.1. Limits of the Mandate No access
    2. 3.5.2. Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries No access
  6. 3.6. Recent Developments / Current Situation No access
  7. 3.7. WTO and MEA Cooperation Model (the Example of CITES) No access
4. 4. Interim Conclusion No access
1. 1. 1. 1.1.1. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) No access
    2. 1. 1.1.2.1. Objectives of Environmental Provisions in PTAs No access
      2. 1.1.2.2. PTAs and Developing Countries No access
  2. 1.2. Options for Inclusion of Environmental Provisions in RTAs No access
  3. 1.3. Environmental Impact Assessments No access
  4. 1.4. Enforcement of RTAs’ Environmental Provisions No access
  5. 1. 1. 1.5.1.1. Reaffirming MEAs’ Importance No access
      2. 1.5.1.2. Clarifying the Relationship to MEAs No access
      3. 1.5.1.3. Fostering MEAs’ Implementation No access
    2. 1.5.2. Implementation of MEAs under EU RTAs No access
    3. 1.5.3. Implementation of MEAs under US RTAs No access
  6. 1.6. Effect of Environment Inclusion in RTAs No access
2. 1. 2.1. Relationship to MEAs No access
  2. 2.2. North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) No access
  3. 2.3. North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) No access
  4. 2.4. NAFTA Dispute Settlement No access
  5. 2.5. NAFTA’s Environmental Significance No access
3. 1. 1. 3.1.1. CAFTA-DR Environmental Review No access
    2. 3.1.2. CAFTA-DR Environmental Cooperation Agreement (ECA) No access
    3. 3.1.3. Provisions on MEAs No access
    4. 3.1.4. Implementation of CITES under the CAFTA-DR ECA Work Plan No access
  2. 1. 3.2.1. PTPA Environmental Review No access
    2. 3.2.2 Provisions on MEAs No access
    3. 3.2.2. Implementation of CITES under the PTPA No access
  3. 3.3. General Conclusions about Environmental Provisions in US RTAs No access
4. 1. 4.1. The Single European Act No access
  2. 4.2. The Treaty of Maastricht No access
  3. 4.3. Environmental Policy after the Treaty of Lisbon No access
  4. 4.4. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and its “Environmental” Exceptions No access
  5. 4.5. MEAs in the EU Treaties No access
  6. 4.6. MEAs and the 7th Environment Action Programme No access
  7. 4.7. EU Environmental Success Factors No access
  8. 4.8. Balance of Trade and Environment in the EU No access
  9. 4.9. Digression: World Environment Organization as a Balancing Mechanism to the WTO No access
  10. 4.10. The EU as a Model for the Integration of Environmental Policy into the WTO No access
  11. 1. 4.11.1. Sustainability Impact Assessment No access
    2. 4.11.2. Trade and Sustainable Development Chapter No access
5. 1. 5.1. Is the RTA Way Acceptable for the WTO? No access
  2. 5.2. Relationship between RTAs and the WTO No access
  3. 5.3. “Regionalization” of Trade/Environment Rules No access
  4. 5.4. Joint Environment and Trade Agreements No access
  5. 5.5. Can RTAs Replace MEAs? No access
  6. 5.6. Significance of the WTO in the MEA Debate No access
CONCLUSIONS No access Pages 315 - 320
BIBLIOGRAPHY No access Pages 321 - 328
1. International Agreements No access
2. Final Documents and Declarations of International Conferences No access
3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT) documents No access
4. GATT Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade No access
5. World Trade Organization (WTO) No access
6. Committee on Trade and Environment No access
7. Committee on Trade and the Environment (Special Sessions) No access
8. GATT/WTO Case Law No access
9. Regional Trade Agreements No access
10. Bilateral Trade Agreements No access
11. European Union No access
12. European Court of Justice (ECJ) No access
13. International Court of Justice (ICJ) No access
14. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) No access
15. International Law Commission (ILC) No access
16. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) No access
17. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) No access
18. Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) No access
19. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Research Foundation No access
20. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) No access
21. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) No access
22. Other No access

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