Life in Dignity: A Comparison of National Approaches to Minimum Income Protection

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Becker LL.M.; Dr. Irene Domenici

doi:10.5771/9783748963981

Zusammenfassung

Ungeachtet vieler rechtlicher und sozialpolitischer Versprechen bleibt die Bekämpfung der Armut ein unerreichtes Ziel. Wieso ist das so? Die Frage berührt die Grundlagen der Sozialstaatlichkeit. Dieser Band geht der Frage durch die Analyse von Systemen zur Sicherung eines Mindesteinkommens in 16 Ländern nach, ausgerichtet an drei Dimensionen: erstens den normativen Hintergründen und rechtlichen Verpflichtungen von Staaten, ein Existenzminimum zu gewährleisten; zweitens dem Zusammenspiel verschiedener Leistungssystems bei der Erreichung dieses Ziels und den damit verbundenen Herausforderungen für einen wirksamen Schutz; drittens der Ausgestaltung, Angemessenheit und Implementierung spezieller Mindestsicherungssysteme.
Mit Beiträgen von Prof. Dr. Ulrich Becker, LL.M. | Julia Cunha Cruz, LL.M. | Prof. Dr. Elaine Dewhurst | Dr. Irene Domenici | Prof. Dr. Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy | Assoc.-Prof. Dr. Yaroslava Guenova, PhD | Prof. Dr. Linxin He | Dr. Eva Maria Hohnerlein | Prof. Eri Kasagi | Prof. Dr. Ute Kötter | Assoc.-Prof. Monika Lewandowicz-Machnikowska, PhD | Prof. Dr. Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez | Ass.-Prof. Dr. Luka Mišič | Dr. Teodora Petrova | Prof. Dr. Flavia Piovesan | Prof. Dr. Viviana Ponce de León Solís | Ri Dr. Anastasia Poulou | Ass.-Prof. Dr. Ariel Przybylowicz | Ass.-Prof. Dr. María Dolores Ramírez Bendala | Prof. Dr. Cristina Sánchez-Rodas Navarro | Assoc.-Prof. Anika Seemann | Prof. Dr. Kwang Seok Cheon | Prof. Dr. Henriette Sinding Aasen | Prof. Dr. Grega Strban | Daniel Wainstock, LLB | Nikola Wilman, LL.M., MJur

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Copyrightjahr: 2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-3633-2
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-6398-1
Verlag: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe: Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik
Band: 83
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 602
Produkttyp: Sammelband

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

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1. Preface
1. Ulrich Becker Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Starting Point: A Thorny Question
  2. 1. 1. From Charity and the Legal Order to Subjective Rights and Activation Measures
    2. 1. a) International Level
      2. b) National Level
    3. 3. Recommendations
    4. 4. Institutions
  3. 1. 1. a) Research Questions
      2. b) Limitations
    2. 2. Selection of Countries
    3. 3. Structure of the Chapters
1. Teodora Petrova, Yaroslava Guenova Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Constitutional Law
      2. b) International Law
    2. 1. a) Social Assistance, Support and Social Inclusion Benefits
      2. b) The Social Security System
      3. c) Complementary Mechanisms – Healthcare and Tax Systems
  3. 1. 1. a) Beneficiaries
      2. b) Means Test
      3. c) Benefits
      4. d) Conditionalities
      5. e) Evaluation
    2. 1. a) Social Income Related to Maternity
      2. b) Monthly Childcare Allowance
      3. c) Social Assistance for Families with Children
    3. 3. Life in Dignity and the Elderly
    4. 4. Financial Support for Persons with Disabilities
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
2. Linxin He Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. 1. 1. Developments in the Fight Against Poverty in France
    2. 1. a) Quantified Assessment of Poverty Using Indicators
      2. b) Participatory Evaluation: The Multiple Dimensions of Poverty
    3. 3. The State of Poverty in France
  2. 1. 1. a) International Commitments
      2. aa) Constitutional Social Rights
        bb) Constitutional Protection of Dignity
      3. c) Legislative Standards
    2. 1. aa) Entitlement to the RSA
        bb) Amount of RSA
        cc) The Activity Allowance
        dd) The Rights and Obligations of RSA Recipients
      2. aa) Disabled Adults Allowance (AAH)
        bb) Solidarity Allowance for the Elderly (ASPA)
        cc) Specific Solidarity Allowance (ASS)
        dd) Asylum Seeker’s Allowance (ADA)
  3. 1. 1. Different Levels of Benefit
    2. 1. a) Factual Finding of Inadequacy
      2. b) Return of the Absolute Concept of Poverty: The Reference Budget
      3. c) The Judge’s Marginal Control over the Amounts Set
    3. 1. a) Limited Impact
      2. b) A New Reform is Underway
    4. 4. Non-Economic Conditions
  4. IV. Conclusions
3. Ute Kötter Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) International Law
      2. b) European Union Law
      3. aa) The Welfare State Principle
        bb) A Fundamental Right to a Guaranteed Subsistence Minimum
        cc) Self-Responsibility as a Limit to the Fundamental Right
    2. 1. aa) The Principle of Subsidiarity (Section 2 SGB II, Section 2 SGB XII)
        bb) Interplay with Social Security Benefits
        cc) Interplay with Social Support (soziale Förderung)
      2. aa) Eligibility
        bb) Need for Assistance as a Reflection of the Principle of Subsidiarity
      3. aa) The Standard Needs
        bb) Additional Needs and Alternative Provision of Benefits
        cc) Needs for Accommodation and Heating
      4. d) Exclusions from Benefits
  3. 1. 1. a) Procedure to Determine Standard Needs
      2. b) Indexation
    2. 1. a) Activation
      2. b) Sanctions
    3. 3. Lessons from the Coronavirus Crisis
  4. IV. Conclusions
4. Anastasia Poulou Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Human Dignity
      2. b) Social Rights
      3. c) Minimum Income Protection in the 2019 Constitutional Revision
    2. 2. Social Benefits
  3. 1. 1. Introduction of the Guaranteed Minimum Income
    2. 2. Coverage and Eligibility Criteria
    3. 3. Income and Property Criteria
    4. 4. Benefit Amount
    5. 5. Package of Benefits (Composite Benefit)
    6. 6. A Benefit with Obligations
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
5. Elaine Dewhurst Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Historical Context
      2. b) Constitutional Law and Constitutional Case Law
      3. c) International Law and International Case Law
      4. d) Discretion in Minimum Income Protection
    2. 1. a) Overall Structure of the System
      2. b) Old-Age Protection
      3. c) Protection for Job Seekers
      4. d) Uptake
  3. 1. 1. Benefits and Adaptation
    2. 2. Economic Conditionality: Situation of Need (The Means Test)
    3. 3. Non-Economic Conditionality: Age and Habitual Residence
    4. 4. Activation
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
6. Eva Maria Hohnerlein Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Constitutional Law Framework
      2. b) International Law Standards
      3. c) Evolution of the Legislative Framework
    2. 1. aa) Inclusion Allowance
        bb) Minimum Income Benefits for the Elderly
        cc) Minimum Income Benefits for Persons with Disabilities
        dd) Ordinary “Social Card”
      2. aa) Universal Child Benefit
        bb) Support for Housing Costs and Essential Services
        cc) Income Support for Training and Employment
        dd) Ad-hoc Measures in Crisis Situations
      3. c) Interaction of Different Benefits
  3. 1. 1. Defining the Standard for a Dignified Life
    2. 1. a) Standard Benefit Level Compared to Absolute Poverty Thresholds
      2. b) Limitations to Benefits due to Calculation and Duration Rules
      3. c) Relevant Family Units and Economic Requirements
      4. d) Restrictions Related to Sanctions and the Use of Benefits
    3. 3. Minimum Income Levels Guaranteed by “Traditional Schemes”
    4. 4. Indexation Rules
    5. 5. Residence-Related Conditions
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
7. Anika Seemann, Henriette Sinding Aasen Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Historical Development – The 1814 Constitution and the Norwegian Welfare State
      2. b) The 2014 Constitutional Reform and the (Constitutional) Right to Minimum Protection
      3. c) Interpreting the New Constitutional Provisions
    2. 1. a) Sickness, Injury and Disability
      2. b) Long-Term Unemployment and Low Income
  3. 1. 1. Social Assistance
    2. 2. Childhood and Parenthood
    3. 3. Retirement
  4. IV. Conclusion
8. Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy, Monika Lewandowicz-Machnikowska, Ariel Przybylowicz Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Dignity and Social Justice in the Constitution
      2. aa) Programmatic Nature of Social Rights and Justiciability
        bb) The Right to Social Security
        cc) Special Assistance for Families
        dd) The Minimum Wage
      3. c) What Shall Be the Minimum? The Issue of Quality-of-Life Measures and Income Thresholds
    2. 1. a) Social Insurance
      2. b) Social Support
      3. c) Social Assistance
      4. d) Minimum Wage
  3. 1. 1. a) The Problem of the So-Called New Old-Age Pensions
      2. b) Unemployment Benefits
      3. c) Social Pension
      4. d) Benefits Granted by the President of the Social Insurance Institution in Exceptional Cases
    2. 1. aa) Permanent Allowance
        bb) Periodic Allowance
        cc) The Purpose-Specific Allowance
      2. b) Activation Mechanisms
    3. 1. a) Family Allowance with Supplements
      2. b) Child Support Benefit
      3. c) Maintenance Fund Benefits
    4. 4. Support Benefit for Persons with Disabilities in Need of Support and Nursing Benefit
  4. IV. Conclusions
9. Luka Mišič, Grega Strban Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Constitutional Provisions
      2. b) The Principle of Need
    2. 1. a) Between Social Security and Assistance
      2. b) Statutory Legislation on Social Assistance
  3. 1. 1. Access to Benefits
    2. 1. a) Monetary Social Assistance
      2. b) Social Assistance Supplement
      3. c) Extraordinary Social Assistance
      4. d) Social Insurance Benefits
      5. e) Family Benefits
      6. f) Temporary Benefits
    3. 1. a) Social Services and Long-Term Care
      2. b) Housing
  4. IV. Conclusions
10. Cristina Sánchez-Rodas Navarro, María Dolores Ramírez Bendala Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Dignity in the Spanish Constitution
      2. b) The Constitutional Basis for the Right to Sufficient Benefits in Case of Need
    2. 1. a) General Structure of the Social Benefits System and Competences
      2. aa) Regional Minimum Income Schemes
        bb) Compatibility between Regional Minimum Incomes and MVI
      3. aa) Old-Age and Disability Pensions
        bb) Family Benefits
        cc) Unemployment Allowances
        dd) The Active Insertion Income
        ee) Extraordinary Unemployment Allowance
  3. 1. 1. a) Nationality and Legal Residence Requirements
      2. b) Age
      3. c) Means Test
    2. 1. a) Amount and Child Supplement
      2. b) Revaluation
    3. 3. Activation Mechanism
    4. 4. Infringements and Penalties
    5. 1. a) Non-Take-Up
      2. b) Overlapping of Different Schemes
      3. c) Gender Dimension
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
11. Nikola Wilman Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Constitutional Norms Providing Protection of a Subsistence Minimum
      2. aa) Parliamentary Scrutiny
        bb) Judicial Control
    2. 1. a) General Structure of the Social Benefit System
      2. aa) General Introduction
        bb) Basic Structure
        cc) Calculation and Deductions
      3. c) Localism
      4. b) Devolution
  3. 1. 1. a) Benefit Rates
      2. b) Adaptation of Benefit Rates
      3. c) The Benefit Cap
      4. d) Capital Rules
      5. e) The Two-Child Limit
      6. f) Bedroom Tax
    2. 2. Conditionality and Sanctions
  4. IV. Conclusions
1. Flavia Piovesan, Julia Cunha Cruz, Daniel Wainstock Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) National Provisions
      2. b) International Provisions
      3. c) The Brazilian Supreme Court and the Right to Minimum Income
    2. 1. aa) Bolsa Família
        bb) Minha Casa, Minha Vida
        cc) Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA)
        dd) Programa Saúde da Família
        ee) Programa de Proteção e Atendimento Integral à Família (PAIF)
      2. b) Bolsa Família in Particular
  3. 1. 1. Eligibility and Conditionalities
    2. 2. Benefit Amounts and Adaptation
    3. 3. Ministerial Oversight
    4. 1. a) Positive Impacts
      2. b) Bolsa Família as an International Benchmark
      3. c) Addressing Inefficiencies and Non-Take-Up
  4. IV. Conclusions
2. Viviana Ponce de León Solís Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Historical Context
      2. b) Constitutional Law and Constitutional Case Law
      3. c) International Law and International Case Law
    2. 1. a) Minimum Income Protection in Old Age
      2. b) Social Protection
  3. 1. 1. a) Chile Solidario
      2. b) Chile Crece Contigo
      3. aa) Dignity Transfers
        bb) Duty Transfers
        cc) Achievement Transfers
      4. d) Solidarity Pension System
    2. 2. Situation of Need
    3. 3. Non-Economic Conditions
    4. 1. a) Requirements for Job Search, Job Preparation and Job Training
      2. b) Reinforced Case Monitoring
      3. c) Incentives
      4. d) Time Limits on Benefit Receipt
      5. e) Benefit Step-Downs
      6. f) Other Behavioral Conditions
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
3. Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Dignity in the CPEUM
      2. b) Relevant Constitutional Provisions
      3. c) Concurrent Competences of the States
      4. d) Case Law and Consequences of the Limited Existence of Subjective Rights
      5. e) Importance of the Minimum Wage
    2. 1. aa) Minimum Wage and Social Security
        bb) Old-Age Contributory Pension
      2. aa) Benito Juárez Scholarship Programme for Basic Education
        bb) Assistance Programme for the Well-Being of Children of Working Mothers
        cc) Youth Building the Future
        dd) Youth Writing the Future
        ee) Well-Being Pension Programme for Older Adults
        ff) Pension Programme for the Well-Being of Persons with Permanent Disabilities
        gg) IMSS-BIENESTAR Programme
      3. c) Tax Exemptions
  3. 1. 1. Enforceability and Accessibility of the Benefits
    2. 2. Level of Protection
    3. 3. Group Vulnerability vs. Universalism
    4. 4. Outcomes: Measuring Poverty in Mexico
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
1. Eri Kasagi Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. Normative Background: The Constitutional Right to Life and its Impact on the Evolution of Japan’s Social Security System
    2. 1. aa) Health Insurance
        bb) National Pensions
        cc) Employees’ Pension Insurance (Kōsei-nenkin)
        dd) Pensions as Poverty Prevention
        ee) Unemployment Insurance
      2. aa) Child Allowance and Allowance for Single-Parent Families
        bb) Minimum Income – Public Assistance
        cc) Support System for Autonomy of Individuals in Need (Seikatsu-Konkyusha-Shien-Seido)
        dd) Exceptional Allowance Related to the COVID Pandemic
        ee) (Quasi) Absence of Housing Allowance
  3. 1. 1. a) Various In-kind and Cash Benefits
      2. b) Standards for Public Assistance
      3. aa) Maintaining a Certain Distinction Between these Standards and those of the Average Household
        bb) Welfare Level and Minimum Wage
        cc) Constitutional Review of the Standards for Public Assistance
        dd) Adjusting Public Assistance Benefits to the Circumstances of Individuals and Households
    2. 1. aa) Standards for Public Assistance as an Income Threshold
        bb) Households
      2. b) Exhausting One’s Earning Capacity
      3. c) Exploitation of All Other Social Benefits
      4. d) Support Obligation of Family Members
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
2. Kwang Seok Cheon Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Introduction
  2. 1. 1. a) Basic Social Rights Related to the Guarantee of a Minimum Standard of Living
      2. b) Economic Order
      3. aa) Overview
        bb) Critical Remarks
    2. 1. aa) National Health Insurance Act
        bb) Long-Term Care
        cc) National Pension Service
        dd) Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance
        ee) Employment Insurance
      2. aa) National Minimum Standard of Living: Historical Overview
        bb) Emergency Welfare Assistance
        cc) Basic Pension
        dd) Occupational Promotion and Social Assistance Act
  3. 1. 1. aa) Conditions
        bb) Benefits
        cc) Self-Sufficiency Support Programmes
      2. b) Emergency Welfare Assistance
    2. 2. The Working Poor and the Occupational Promotion and Social Assistance Act
    3. 1. a) Conditions and Benefits
      2. b) Balancing Income Security and Poverty Relief
    4. 4. Minimum Wage
    5. 1. a) Elements for Guaranteeing a Minimum Standard of Living in Social Insurance
      2. b) National Health Insurance and Long-Term Care Insurance for the Elderly
      3. c) National Pension Service
      4. d) Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance
      5. e) Employment Insurance
  4. IV. Conclusions
1. Irene Domenici Download Kapitel (PDF)
  1. I. Relevance and Challenges of Minimum Income Protection
  2. 1. 1. Minimum Income Protection as a State Obligation
    2. 2. Normative Conceptions of a Life in Dignity
  3. 1. 1. A Collaborative Task: Between Social Insurance, Targeted Schemes and Safety Nets
    2. 1. a) Benefit Amounts and their Adequacy
      2. aa) Means Testing
        bb) Residence and Age
      3. c) Activation Measures
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks
List of AuthorsSeiten 601 - 602 Download Kapitel (PDF)

Life in Dignity

Zusammenfassung

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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