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Life in Dignity
A Comparison of National Approaches to Minimum Income Protection- Editors:
- |
- Series:
- Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik, Volume 83
- Publisher:
- 10.11.2025
Summary
Despite the abundance of legal and socio-political promises, combatting poverty remains an unrealised goal. This raises the question of how states actually guarantee minimum subsistence. Addressing it touches on the core responsibilities of the welfare state. This book explores the question by analysing social benefits designed to ensure a minimum income in 16 countries, distinguishing three dimensions: first, the normative framework and the legal obligations of states to ensure minimum subsistence; second, the interplay between different social benefit systems that pursue this goal and the challenges this poses for effective protection; third, the design, adequacy and implementation of specific livelihood benefits.
With contributions by Prof. Dr. Ulrich Becker, LL.M. | Julia Cunha Cruz, LL.M. | Prof. Dr. Elaine Dewhurst | Dr. Irene Domenici | Prof. Dr. Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy | Assoc.-Prof. Dr. Yaroslava Guenova, PhD | Prof. Dr. Linxin He | Dr. Eva Maria Hohnerlein | Prof. Eri Kasagi | Prof. Dr. Ute Kötter | Assoc.-Prof. Monika Lewandowicz-Machnikowska, PhD | Prof. Dr. Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez | Ass.-Prof. Dr. Luka Mišič | Dr. Teodora Petrova | Prof. Dr. Flavia Piovesan | Prof. Dr. Viviana Ponce de León Solís | Ri Dr. Anastasia Poulou | Ass.-Prof. Dr. Ariel Przybylowicz | Ass.-Prof. Dr. María Dolores Ramírez Bendala | Prof. Dr. Cristina Sánchez-Rodas Navarro | Assoc.-Prof. Anika Seemann | Prof. Dr. Kwang Seok Cheon | Prof. Dr. Henriette Sinding Aasen | Prof. Dr. Grega Strban | Daniel Wainstock, LLB | Nikola Wilman, LL.M., MJur
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Bibliographic data
- Publication year
- 2025
- Publication date
- 10.11.2025
- ISBN-Print
- 978-3-7560-3633-2
- ISBN-Online
- 978-3-7489-6398-1
- Publisher
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Series
- Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik
- Volume
- 83
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 602
- Product type
- Edited Book
Table of contents
ChapterPages
- Preface Download chapter (PDF)
- Ulrich Becker Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Starting Point: A Thorny Question Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. From Charity and the Legal Order to Subjective Rights and Activation Measures Download chapter (PDF)
- a) International Level Download chapter (PDF)
- b) National Level Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Recommendations Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Institutions Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Research Questions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Limitations Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Selection of Countries Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Structure of the Chapters Download chapter (PDF)
- Teodora Petrova, Yaroslava Guenova Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Constitutional Law Download chapter (PDF)
- b) International Law Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Social Assistance, Support and Social Inclusion Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The Social Security System Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Complementary Mechanisms – Healthcare and Tax Systems Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Beneficiaries Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Means Test Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Conditionalities Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Evaluation Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Social Income Related to Maternity Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Monthly Childcare Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Social Assistance for Families with Children Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Life in Dignity and the Elderly Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Financial Support for Persons with Disabilities Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Linxin He Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Developments in the Fight Against Poverty in France Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Quantified Assessment of Poverty Using Indicators Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Participatory Evaluation: The Multiple Dimensions of Poverty Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. The State of Poverty in France Download chapter (PDF)
- a) International Commitments Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Constitutional Social Rights Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Constitutional Protection of Dignity Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Legislative Standards Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Entitlement to the RSA Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Amount of RSA Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) The Activity Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) The Rights and Obligations of RSA Recipients Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Disabled Adults Allowance (AAH) Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Solidarity Allowance for the Elderly (ASPA) Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Specific Solidarity Allowance (ASS) Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Asylum Seeker’s Allowance (ADA) Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Different Levels of Benefit Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Factual Finding of Inadequacy Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Return of the Absolute Concept of Poverty: The Reference Budget Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The Judge’s Marginal Control over the Amounts Set Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Limited Impact Download chapter (PDF)
- b) A New Reform is Underway Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Non-Economic Conditions Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Ute Kötter Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) International Law Download chapter (PDF)
- b) European Union Law Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) The Welfare State Principle Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) A Fundamental Right to a Guaranteed Subsistence Minimum Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Self-Responsibility as a Limit to the Fundamental Right Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) The Principle of Subsidiarity (Section 2 SGB II, Section 2 SGB XII) Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Interplay with Social Security Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Interplay with Social Support (soziale Förderung) Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Eligibility Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Need for Assistance as a Reflection of the Principle of Subsidiarity Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) The Standard Needs Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Additional Needs and Alternative Provision of Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Needs for Accommodation and Heating Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Exclusions from Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Procedure to Determine Standard Needs Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Indexation Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Activation Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Lessons from the Coronavirus Crisis Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Anastasia Poulou Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Human Dignity Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Social Rights Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Minimum Income Protection in the 2019 Constitutional Revision Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Social Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Introduction of the Guaranteed Minimum Income Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Coverage and Eligibility Criteria Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Income and Property Criteria Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Benefit Amount Download chapter (PDF)
- 5. Package of Benefits (Composite Benefit) Download chapter (PDF)
- 6. A Benefit with Obligations Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Elaine Dewhurst Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Historical Context Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Constitutional Law and Constitutional Case Law Download chapter (PDF)
- c) International Law and International Case Law Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Discretion in Minimum Income Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Overall Structure of the System Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Old-Age Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Protection for Job Seekers Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Uptake Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Benefits and Adaptation Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Economic Conditionality: Situation of Need (The Means Test) Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Non-Economic Conditionality: Age and Habitual Residence Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Activation Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Eva Maria Hohnerlein Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Constitutional Law Framework Download chapter (PDF)
- b) International Law Standards Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Evolution of the Legislative Framework Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Inclusion Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Minimum Income Benefits for the Elderly Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Minimum Income Benefits for Persons with Disabilities Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Ordinary “Social Card” Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Universal Child Benefit Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Support for Housing Costs and Essential Services Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Income Support for Training and Employment Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Ad-hoc Measures in Crisis Situations Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Interaction of Different Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Defining the Standard for a Dignified Life Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Standard Benefit Level Compared to Absolute Poverty Thresholds Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Limitations to Benefits due to Calculation and Duration Rules Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Relevant Family Units and Economic Requirements Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Restrictions Related to Sanctions and the Use of Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Minimum Income Levels Guaranteed by “Traditional Schemes” Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Indexation Rules Download chapter (PDF)
- 5. Residence-Related Conditions Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Anika Seemann, Henriette Sinding Aasen Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Historical Development – The 1814 Constitution and the Norwegian Welfare State Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The 2014 Constitutional Reform and the (Constitutional) Right to Minimum Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Interpreting the New Constitutional Provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Sickness, Injury and Disability Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Long-Term Unemployment and Low Income Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Social Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Childhood and Parenthood Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Retirement Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusion Download chapter (PDF)
- Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy, Monika Lewandowicz-Machnikowska, Ariel Przybylowicz Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Dignity and Social Justice in the Constitution Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Programmatic Nature of Social Rights and Justiciability Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) The Right to Social Security Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Special Assistance for Families Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) The Minimum Wage Download chapter (PDF)
- c) What Shall Be the Minimum? The Issue of Quality-of-Life Measures and Income Thresholds Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Social Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Social Support Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Social Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Minimum Wage Download chapter (PDF)
- a) The Problem of the So-Called New Old-Age Pensions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Unemployment Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Social Pension Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Benefits Granted by the President of the Social Insurance Institution in Exceptional Cases Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Permanent Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Periodic Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) The Purpose-Specific Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Activation Mechanisms Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Family Allowance with Supplements Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Child Support Benefit Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Maintenance Fund Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Support Benefit for Persons with Disabilities in Need of Support and Nursing Benefit Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Luka Mišič, Grega Strban Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Constitutional Provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The Principle of Need Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Between Social Security and Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Statutory Legislation on Social Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Access to Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Monetary Social Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Social Assistance Supplement Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Extraordinary Social Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Social Insurance Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Family Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- f) Temporary Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Social Services and Long-Term Care Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Housing Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Cristina Sánchez-Rodas Navarro, María Dolores Ramírez Bendala Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Dignity in the Spanish Constitution Download chapter (PDF)
- b) The Constitutional Basis for the Right to Sufficient Benefits in Case of Need Download chapter (PDF)
- a) General Structure of the Social Benefits System and Competences Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Regional Minimum Income Schemes Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Compatibility between Regional Minimum Incomes and MVI Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Old-Age and Disability Pensions Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Family Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Unemployment Allowances Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) The Active Insertion Income Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) Extraordinary Unemployment Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Nationality and Legal Residence Requirements Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Age Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Means Test Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Amount and Child Supplement Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Revaluation Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Activation Mechanism Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Infringements and Penalties Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Non-Take-Up Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Overlapping of Different Schemes Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Gender Dimension Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Nikola Wilman Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Constitutional Norms Providing Protection of a Subsistence Minimum Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Parliamentary Scrutiny Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Judicial Control Download chapter (PDF)
- a) General Structure of the Social Benefit System Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) General Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Basic Structure Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Calculation and Deductions Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Localism Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Devolution Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Benefit Rates Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Adaptation of Benefit Rates Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The Benefit Cap Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Capital Rules Download chapter (PDF)
- e) The Two-Child Limit Download chapter (PDF)
- f) Bedroom Tax Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Conditionality and Sanctions Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Flavia Piovesan, Julia Cunha Cruz, Daniel Wainstock Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) National Provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- b) International Provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- c) The Brazilian Supreme Court and the Right to Minimum Income Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Bolsa Família Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Minha Casa, Minha Vida Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Programa Saúde da Família Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) Programa de Proteção e Atendimento Integral à Família (PAIF) Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Bolsa Família in Particular Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Eligibility and Conditionalities Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Benefit Amounts and Adaptation Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Ministerial Oversight Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Positive Impacts Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Bolsa Família as an International Benchmark Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Addressing Inefficiencies and Non-Take-Up Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Viviana Ponce de León Solís Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Historical Context Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Constitutional Law and Constitutional Case Law Download chapter (PDF)
- c) International Law and International Case Law Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Minimum Income Protection in Old Age Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Social Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Chile Solidario Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Chile Crece Contigo Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Dignity Transfers Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Duty Transfers Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Achievement Transfers Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Solidarity Pension System Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Situation of Need Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Non-Economic Conditions Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Requirements for Job Search, Job Preparation and Job Training Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Reinforced Case Monitoring Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Incentives Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Time Limits on Benefit Receipt Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Benefit Step-Downs Download chapter (PDF)
- f) Other Behavioral Conditions Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Dignity in the CPEUM Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Relevant Constitutional Provisions Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Concurrent Competences of the States Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Case Law and Consequences of the Limited Existence of Subjective Rights Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Importance of the Minimum Wage Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Minimum Wage and Social Security Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Old-Age Contributory Pension Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Benito Juárez Scholarship Programme for Basic Education Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Assistance Programme for the Well-Being of Children of Working Mothers Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Youth Building the Future Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Youth Writing the Future Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) Well-Being Pension Programme for Older Adults Download chapter (PDF)
- ff) Pension Programme for the Well-Being of Persons with Permanent Disabilities Download chapter (PDF)
- gg) IMSS-BIENESTAR Programme Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Tax Exemptions Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Enforceability and Accessibility of the Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Level of Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- 3. Group Vulnerability vs. Universalism Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Outcomes: Measuring Poverty in Mexico Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Eri Kasagi Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Normative Background: The Constitutional Right to Life and its Impact on the Evolution of Japan’s Social Security System Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Health Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) National Pensions Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Employees’ Pension Insurance (Kōsei-nenkin) Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Pensions as Poverty Prevention Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) Unemployment Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Child Allowance and Allowance for Single-Parent Families Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Minimum Income – Public Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Support System for Autonomy of Individuals in Need (Seikatsu-Konkyusha-Shien-Seido) Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Exceptional Allowance Related to the COVID Pandemic Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) (Quasi) Absence of Housing Allowance Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Various In-kind and Cash Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Standards for Public Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Maintaining a Certain Distinction Between these Standards and those of the Average Household Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Welfare Level and Minimum Wage Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Constitutional Review of the Standards for Public Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Adjusting Public Assistance Benefits to the Circumstances of Individuals and Households Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Standards for Public Assistance as an Income Threshold Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Households Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Exhausting One’s Earning Capacity Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Exploitation of All Other Social Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Support Obligation of Family Members Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- Kwang Seok Cheon Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Introduction Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Basic Social Rights Related to the Guarantee of a Minimum Standard of Living Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Economic Order Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Overview Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Critical Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) National Health Insurance Act Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Long-Term Care Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) National Pension Service Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- ee) Employment Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) National Minimum Standard of Living: Historical Overview Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Emergency Welfare Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Basic Pension Download chapter (PDF)
- dd) Occupational Promotion and Social Assistance Act Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Conditions Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- cc) Self-Sufficiency Support Programmes Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Emergency Welfare Assistance Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. The Working Poor and the Occupational Promotion and Social Assistance Act Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Conditions and Benefits Download chapter (PDF)
- b) Balancing Income Security and Poverty Relief Download chapter (PDF)
- 4. Minimum Wage Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Elements for Guaranteeing a Minimum Standard of Living in Social Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- b) National Health Insurance and Long-Term Care Insurance for the Elderly Download chapter (PDF)
- c) National Pension Service Download chapter (PDF)
- d) Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- e) Employment Insurance Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Conclusions Download chapter (PDF)
- Irene Domenici Download chapter (PDF)
- I. Relevance and Challenges of Minimum Income Protection Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. Minimum Income Protection as a State Obligation Download chapter (PDF)
- 2. Normative Conceptions of a Life in Dignity Download chapter (PDF)
- 1. A Collaborative Task: Between Social Insurance, Targeted Schemes and Safety Nets Download chapter (PDF)
- a) Benefit Amounts and their Adequacy Download chapter (PDF)
- aa) Means Testing Download chapter (PDF)
- bb) Residence and Age Download chapter (PDF)
- c) Activation Measures Download chapter (PDF)
- IV. Concluding Remarks Download chapter (PDF)
- List of AuthorsPages 601 - 602 Download chapter (PDF)
