Cover des Buchs: Contested Urban Citizenship in Kenya
Im Shop erwerben
, um zu prüfen, ob Sie einen Vollzugriff auf diese Publikation haben.
Monographie Kein Zugriff

Contested Urban Citizenship in Kenya

Citizenship Formation in Nairobi’s Informality
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 08.02.2023

Zusammenfassung

Ansprüche auf Bürgerschaft steigen unter Bewohner:innen informeller Siedlungen Nairobis. Basierend auf Umfragedaten sowie Fokusgruppendiskussionen wird in diesem Buch gezeigt, dass Erwartungen auf den Zugang zu urbaner Bürgerschaft trotz der wiederholt erfahrenen Frustration eben dieser Erwartungen steigen, obwohl soziales Vertrauen in informellen Siedlungen gering bleibt und obwohl unter Bewohner:innen informeller Siedlungen meist keine starke Bindung an die Stadt empfunden wird. Es kann damit erstmals gezeigt werden, dass unter Menschen in Kenias urbaner Informalität nicht nur Erwartungen, sondern Ansprüche auf Zugang zu Bürgerschaft zunehmen. Urbane Informalität in Kenia prägt damit Bürgerschaft auf spezifische Art und Weise.

Schlagworte

Publikation durchsuchen

Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2023
Erscheinungsdatum
08.02.2023
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0224-5
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3748-7
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Comparative Politics - Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft
Band
12
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
315
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff 1 - 14
    1. 1.1 Research Objective and Questions Kein Zugriff
    2. 1.2 Main Arguments of the Dissertation Kein Zugriff
    3. 1.3 Structure and Sequence of Chapters Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.1.1 Urbanization and Informality Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.2.1 Urbanization and Ethnic Politics Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.2.2 Urbanization, Political Goods, and Electoral Clientelism Kein Zugriff
    3. 2.3 Urbanization, Protests, Social Movements, and Civil Society Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.4.1 Political-Identity Formation, Attachment, and Belonging within the Nation-State Kein Zugriff
      1. 2.5.1 General Theories of Citizenship Kein Zugriff
      2. 2.5.2 Linking Citizenship and Political-Identity Formation in Urban Areas Kein Zugriff
    6. 2.6 Gaps in the Literature Kein Zugriff
      1. To what extent does living in urban informality shape citizenship formation in Kenya? Kein Zugriff
    2. 3.2 Conceptual Argument in a Nutshell Kein Zugriff
    3. 3.3 Urban Areas Shaped by Informality Kein Zugriff
      1. 1) The vertical distribution and recognition of civic, political, and social citizenship rights and means by the state Kein Zugriff
      2. 2) Access to these rights and to the social means to participate and act as citizens Kein Zugriff
        1. 3.4.1 Community versus Collective Arenas Kein Zugriff
        2. 3.4.2 Operationalization of Community and Collectivity Kein Zugriff
        3. 3.4.3 Political Expectations and Political Goods Kein Zugriff
        4. 3.4.4 Senses of Belonging and Attachments Kein Zugriff
        5. 3.4.5 Intervening Factors: Distribution Mechanisms for Political Goods Kein Zugriff
        6. 3.4.6 Boundaries of the Conceptual Argument Kein Zugriff
      1. 3.5.1 First Subquestion and Hypothesis Kein Zugriff
      2. 3.5.2 Second Subquestion and Hypothesis Kein Zugriff
    1. 4.1 Research Paradigm and Approach Kein Zugriff
    2. 4.2 Step-by-Step Research Strategy and Data Collection Kein Zugriff
      1. 4.3.1 Survey Sample Kein Zugriff
      2. 4.3.2 Sample Design and Sampling Strategy Kein Zugriff
        1. Training of fieldworkers Kein Zugriff
        2. Field practice / piloting Kein Zugriff
        3. Sampling points, households, and respondents Kein Zugriff
        4. Quality assurance measures Kein Zugriff
        5. The field survey Kein Zugriff
      1. 4.4.1 Sample and Conduct of Focus-Group Discussions Kein Zugriff
    5. 4.5 Data Analysis Kein Zugriff
    6. 4.6 Methodological Limitations, Caveats, and Scope of the Dissertation Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.1.1 Pre-Colonial Urban Kenya Kein Zugriff
      2. 5.1.2 Colonial Urban Kenya Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.1.3 Post-Colonial Urban Kenya Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.2.1 Citizenship after Independence Kein Zugriff
      2. 5.2.2 Citizenship after the End of the KANU Regime Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.2.3 Summary of the Urban Context and Its Relevance for Citizenship Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.3.1 Background of Respondents to the Survey Kein Zugriff
        1. Urban services still expected to be better despite devolution Kein Zugriff
        2. High expectations are not fulfilled in urban areas but are nevertheless growing Kein Zugriff
        3. Who is seen to be responsible for service delivery? Kein Zugriff
        4. Collective political action in urban areas Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.3.3 Summary of Survey Data with Relevance for Subquestion 1 Kein Zugriff
        1. National or ethnic identity in urban areas? Kein Zugriff
      5. 5.3.5 Summary of Survey Data with Relevance for Subquestion 2 Kein Zugriff
      6. 5.3.6 Summary and Discussion of the Survey Results Kein Zugriff
      1. 5.4.1 Background of Focus-Group Participants Kein Zugriff
        1. Constitutional awareness and expectations Kein Zugriff
        2. Collective versus private goods Kein Zugriff
        3. Marginalization in urban informality Kein Zugriff
        4. Collective strategies to improve access to the social means of citizenship Kein Zugriff
      3. 5.4.3 Summary of Focus-Group Data with Relevance for Subquestion 1 Kein Zugriff
        1. Nairobi not home for many Kein Zugriff
        2. Urban dwellers in informal settlements self-identify differently Kein Zugriff
        3. Social trust remains low Kein Zugriff
        4. Class becoming more important outside of elections Kein Zugriff
      5. 5.4.5 Summary of Focus Group Data with Relevance for Subquestion 2 Kein Zugriff
      6. 5.4.6 Summary, and Discussion of Focus-Group Results Kein Zugriff
      1. 6.1.1 Review of Steps Taken Kein Zugriff
      2. 6.1.2 To what extent does living in urban informality shape citizenship formation in Kenya? Kein Zugriff
      3. 6.1.3 To what extent are the expectations of urban residents in informal areas toward political goods different from those of residents in rural areas? Kein Zugriff
      4. 6.1.4 To what extent does being in an informal urban area shape the attachments of its residents? Kein Zugriff
      1. 6.2.1 Limits to Analyzing the State Kein Zugriff
      2. 6.2.2 Implications for Different Strands of the Literature Kein Zugriff
    3. 6.3 Future Trends Kein Zugriff
  8. References Kein Zugriff 293 - 315

Literaturverzeichnis (398)

  1. References Google Scholar öffnen
  2. Abrahamsen, Rita (2016). Discourses of democracy, practices of autocracy: shifting meanings of democracy in the aid–authoritarianism nexus. In: T. Hagmann, & F. Reyntjens (eds.), Aid and authoritarianism in Africa: Development without democracy. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Chapter 1, 21–43. Google Scholar öffnen
  3. Adama, Onyanta (2020). Slum upgrading in the era of World-Class city construction: the case of Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 219–235. Google Scholar öffnen
  4. African Cities Research Consortium (2021). https://www.african-cities.org/about/, 10.9.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  5. Afrobarometer 2019: Summary of results Afrobarometer Round 8, https://www.afrobarometer.org/publications/kenya-summary-results-2019, 18.10.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  6. Agha, Sohail & Do, Mai Hoa (2009). The quality of family planning services and client satisfaction in the public and private sectors in Kenya. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, Volume 21, Issue 2, April 2009, 87–96. Google Scholar öffnen
  7. Ahlman, Jeffrey (2021). Jeffrey W. Paller. Democracy in Ghana: Everyday Politics in Urban Africa. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2019. African Studies Review, 64(2), E60–E62. Google Scholar öffnen
  8. Aiyar, Sana (2015). Indians in Kenya - The Politics of Diaspora. Harvard: Harvard Historical Studies 185. Google Scholar öffnen
  9. Altshuler, Alan (1970). Community control. New York: Pagasus. Google Scholar öffnen
  10. Allport, Gordon Willard (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar öffnen
  11. Al Sayyad, Nezar (2004). Urban Informality as a “New” Way of Life. Urban informality: transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Ed: Roy, A. & Al Sayyad, N. Oxford: Lexington Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  12. Amis, Philip (2014). Regulating the informal sector: Voice and bad governance. London: Routledge. Google Scholar öffnen
  13. Anderson, Benedict (2016). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. Google Scholar öffnen
  14. Anderson, David M. (2002). Vigilantes, violence and the politics of public order in Kenya. African Affairs, Volume 101, Issue 405, 1 October 2002, 531–555. Google Scholar öffnen
  15. Anderson, David M. (2003). Briefing: Kenya's elections 2002 — the dawning of a new era? African Affairs, Volume 102, Issue 407, 1 April 2003, 331–342. Google Scholar öffnen
  16. Anderson, David M. (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Google Scholar öffnen
  17. Anderson, David M. (2005a). ‘Yours in Struggle for Majimbo’. Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955–64. Journal of Contemporary History, 40(3), 547–564. Google Scholar öffnen
  18. Anyamba, Tom (2011). Informal Urbanism in Nairobi. Built Environment, 37(1), February 2011. Google Scholar öffnen
  19. Appadurai, Arjun (2001). Deep democracy: urban governmentality and the horizon of politics. Environment & Urbanization, Vol 13, No 2, October 2001. Google Scholar öffnen
  20. Appadurai, Arjun & Holston, James (1996). Cities and Citizenship. Public Culture, 8(2), 187–204. Google Scholar öffnen
  21. Appiah, Kwame Anthony (2018). The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity. London: Profile Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  22. Archibald, Mandy & Ambagtsheer, Rachel & Casey, Mavourneen & Lawless, Michael (2019). Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Vol. 11, September 2019, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1609406919874596, 4.1.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  23. Arendt, Hannah (2003). Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft. Antisemitismus. Imperialismus. Totale Herrschaft. München: Piper. Google Scholar öffnen
  24. Armstrong, Chris (2006). Global Civil Society and the Question of Global Citizenship. Voluntas 17, 348–356. Google Scholar öffnen
  25. Balaton-Chrimes, Sam (2021). Who are Kenya’s 42(+) tribes? The census and the political utility of magical uncertainty, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 15:1, 43–62. Google Scholar öffnen
  26. Ballard, Richard & Habib, Adam & Valodia, Imraan & Zuern, Elke (2005). Globalization, marginalization and contemporary social movements in South Africa. African Affairs, Volume 104, Issue 417, October 2005, 615–634. Google Scholar öffnen
  27. Bangasser, Paul (2000). The ILO and the Informal Sector: An Institutional History. Employment Paper 2000/9, Geneva: International Labour Organisation, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_142295.pdf, 7.5.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  28. Banks, Nicola, Lombard, Melanie & Mitlin, Diana (2020). Urban Informality as a Site of Critical Analysis. The Journal of Development Studies, 56:2, 223–238. Google Scholar öffnen
  29. Barbalet, Jack (1988). Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality. London: Open University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  30. Barkan, Joel D. (1987). The Electoral Process and Peasant-State Relations in Kenya. In: Fred M. Hayward ed. Elections in Independent Africa. Boulder: Westview Press, 213–237. Google Scholar öffnen
  31. Barkan, Joel D. (1992). The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya. In: G. Hyden, & B. Michael (eds.), Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 167–192. Google Scholar öffnen
  32. Bates, Robert H. (1983). Modernization, ethnic competition and the rationality of politics in contemporary Africa. In: D. Rothchild, & V. Olorunsola (eds.), State versus ethnic claims: African policy dilemmas, 152–171). Boulder: Westview. Google Scholar öffnen
  33. Bates, Robert H. (1993). ‘Urban bias’: A fresh look. The Journal of Development Studies, 29:4, 219–228. Google Scholar öffnen
  34. Bauböck, Rainer (2003). Reinventing Urban Citizenship. Citizenship Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2. Google Scholar öffnen
  35. Bayart, Jean-Francois (2009). The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. Polity 2nd Edition. Google Scholar öffnen
  36. Beal, Jo & Goodfellow, Tom & Rogers, Dennis (2013). Cities and Conflict in Fragile States in the Developing World. Urban Studies, 50(15), 3065–3083, November 2013. Google Scholar öffnen
  37. Benhabib, Seyla (2002). The Claims of Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  38. Berenschot, Ward (2011). Riot Politics: Hindu-Muslim Violence and the Indian State. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  39. Berenschot, Ward (2018). Informal democratization: brokers, access to public services and democratic accountability in Indonesia and India. Democratization, 26, 1–17. Google Scholar öffnen
  40. Berenschot, Ward & van Klinken, Gerry (2018). Informality and citizenship: the everyday state in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22:2, 95–111. Google Scholar öffnen
  41. Berenschot, Ward (2019). Patterned pogroms: Patronage networks as infrastructure for electoral violence in India and Indonesia. Journal of Peace Research, 1–14. Google Scholar öffnen
  42. Berenschot, Ward & Aspinall, Edward (2020). How clientelism varies: comparing patronage democracies. Democratization, 27:1, 1–19. Google Scholar öffnen
  43. Boone, Catherine (2012). Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya. African Studies Review, 55(1), 75–103. Google Scholar öffnen
  44. Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge. Google Scholar öffnen
  45. Branch, Daniel (2011). Kenya between hope and despair: 1963–2011. London: Yale University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  46. Branch, Daniel (2014). Violence, decolonisation and the Cold War in Kenya's north-eastern province, 1963–1978, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8:4, 642–657. Google Scholar öffnen
  47. Branch, Daniel & Cheeseman, Nic (2006). The politics of control in Kenya: Understanding the bureaucratic-executive state, 1952–78. Review of African Political Economy, 33:107, 11–31. Google Scholar öffnen
  48. Bratton, Michael & Mattes, Robert (2016). Do Africans still want democracy? Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 36, November 2016, https://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20papers/ab_r6_policypaperno36_do_africans_want_democracy.pdf. 14.12.2018. Google Scholar öffnen
  49. Bratton, Michael & Walle, Nicholas (1997). Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  50. Bratton, Michael & Logan, Carolyn (2006). Voters but not yet citizens: The weak demand for political accountability in Africa’s unclaimed democracies: http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Working%20paper/AfropaperNo63.pdf. 10.1.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  51. Bratton, Michael & Kimenyi, Mwangi S. (2008). Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective. Economics Working Papers, https://opencommons.uconn.edu/econ_wpapers/200809. 5.1.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  52. Brechenmacher Saskia & Carothers, Thomas (2017). The Legitimacy Landscape. https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/05/02/examining-civil-society-legitimacy-pub-76211. 13.11.2018. Google Scholar öffnen
  53. Brendon, Piers (2008). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Google Scholar öffnen
  54. Bryman Alan (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done? Qualitative Research. 2006; 6:97–113. Google Scholar öffnen
  55. Carey, Sabine C. (2001). A Comparative Analysis of Political Parties in Kenya, Zambia and former Zaire. Department of Government, University of Essex, UK, https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/6b093bf4-eed9-42da-8505-60db10cffae0.pdf, 2.8.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  56. Carey, Sabine C. (2002). Undivided Loyalties: Is National Identity an Obstacle to European Integration?, European Union Politics 3, no. 4 (2002), 387–413. Google Scholar öffnen
  57. Carey, Sabine C. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Political Parties in Kenya, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Democratization. 9. 53–71. Google Scholar öffnen
  58. Carr, Wilfred, & Kemmis, Stephen (1986). Becoming critical: Education, knowledge and action research. London: Falmer. Google Scholar öffnen
  59. Castells, Manuel (1977). The Urban Question, Cambridge: MIT Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  60. Castells, Manuel (1983). The city and the grassroots. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  61. Castells, Manuel (1997). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Volume II, The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar öffnen
  62. Chabal, Patrick & Daloz, Jean-Pascal (1999). Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. African Issues. Oxford and Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  63. Charmaz, Kathy (2005). Grounded theory in the 21st century: Applications for advancing social justice studies. In N. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln (eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., 507–535). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar öffnen
  64. Chatterjee, Parthy (2006). The Politics of the Governed. Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. Columbia: University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  65. Cheeseman, Nic (2008). The Kenyan Elections of 2007: An Introduction. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2. 166–184. Google Scholar öffnen
  66. Cheeseman, Nic (2011). Kenya since 2002: The more things change the more they stay the same. Turning Points in African Democracy. 94–113. Google Scholar öffnen
  67. Cheeseman, Nic (2015). Does the African middle class defend democracy? Evidence from Kenya. Working Paper 150. Afrobarometer, http://afrobarometer.org/publications/wp150¬does¬african¬middle-class¬defend¬democracy, 25.10.2018. Google Scholar öffnen
  68. Cheeseman, Nic (2015). “No Bourgeoisie, No Democracy”? The Political Attitudes of the Kenyan Middle Class. Journal of International Development, 27, 647– 664. Google Scholar öffnen
  69. Cheeseman, Nic & Kanyinga, Karuti & Lynch, Gabrielle & Ruteere, Mutuma & Willis, Justin (2019). Kenya’s 2017 elections: winner-takes-all politics as usual?, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 13:2, 215–234. Google Scholar öffnen
  70. Cheeseman, Nic (2018). Africa is urbanising fast – and its leaders are struggling to adapt, https://mg.co.za/article/2018-09-20-africa-is-urbanising-fast-and-its-leaders-are-struggling-to-adapt, 12.4.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  71. Cheeseman, Nic (2019). A Divided Continent — BTI 2018 Regional Report Africa. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung 2019, https://blog.bti-project.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/02/BSt_BTI_2018_AfricaReport_Lay.pdf, 20.7.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  72. Cheeseman, Nic & Bertrand, Eloise & Husaini, Saeed (2019). Harambee. In: A Dictionary of African Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  73. Cheeseman, Nic & Kanyinga, Karuti & Lynch, Gabrielle (2020). The political economy of Kenya: Community, clientelism, and class. In: The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  74. Coelho, Karen & Venkat, T. (2009). The Politics of Civil Society: Neighborhood Associationism in Chennai. Economic and Political Weekly, 44 (26–27), 358–67. Google Scholar öffnen
  75. Collier, Paul & Venables, Anthony (2016). Urban infrastructure for development. https://urbanisation.econ.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/110/oxf-rev-econ-policy-2016-collier-391-409.pdf., 31.08.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  76. Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (2011). Kenya County Fact Sheet, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/257994-1335471959878/Kenya_County_Fact_Sheets_Dec2011.pdf, 1.9.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  77. Constitution of Kenya (2010). http://kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=Const2010, 20.8.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  78. Corbin, Juliet & Strauss, Anselm (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Google Scholar öffnen
  79. Cornelius, Charles (2015). A History of the East African Coast. CreateSpace. Google Scholar öffnen
  80. Cornwall, Andrea & Robins, Steven & Von Lieres, Bettine (2011). States of Citizenship: Contexts and Cultures of Public Engagement and Citizen Action. Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex Brighton. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2011.00363_2.x, 15.1.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  81. Cote-Roy, Laurence & Moser, Sarah (2019). ‘Does Africa not deserve shiny new cities’. The power of seductive rhetoric around new cities in Africa. Urban Studies, 56(12), 2391–2407. Google Scholar öffnen
  82. Crespin-Boucaud, Juliette (2019). Interethnic and interfaith marriages in sub-Saharan Africa. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01834808/document, 21.11.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  83. Crow, Ben & Odaba, Edmond (2009). Scarce, costly and uncertain: water access in Kibera, Nairobi. UC Santa Cruz: Center for Global, International and Regional Studies, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8c10s316, 10.9.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  84. Crowley, John (1999). The politics of belonging: some conceptual considerations. In: A. Geddes, & A. Favell (eds), The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate 1999, 15–41. Google Scholar öffnen
  85. Dahlgreen, Peter (2007). Civic Identity and Net Activism: The Frame of Radical Democracy. In: L. Dahlberg, & E. Siapera (eds), Radical Democracy and the Internet. London: Palgrave MacMillan. politicalscience.ceu.edu, 15.12.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  86. Davis, Mike 2006. Planet of Slums. London and New York: Verso Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  87. D'Arcy, Michelle & Cornell, Agnes (2016). Devolution and corruption in Kenya: Everyone's turn to eat? African Affairs, Volume 115, Issue 459, 1 April 2016, 246–273. Google Scholar öffnen
  88. De Kadt, Daniel & Lieberman, Evan S. (2015). Do citizens reward good service? Voter responses to basic service provision in southern Africa. Afrobarometer. Working Paper 161. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Working%20papers/afropaperno161_do_voters_reward_good_services_in_southern_africa.pdf, 21. 10. 2018. Google Scholar öffnen
  89. De Kadt, Daniel (2020). Service Delivery and Political Participation. Annals of Comparative Democratization, Volume 17, No. 3, September 2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  90. Della Porta, Donatella & Keating, Michael (2008). How many approaches in the social sciences? An epistemological Introduction. In D. Della Porta, & M. Keating (eds), Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19–39. Google Scholar öffnen
  91. Denissen, Ingeborg (2020). How democratization benefits brokers: a comparison of Mexico City and Khartoum. Democratization, 27:1, 44–60. Google Scholar öffnen
  92. Denzin, Norman & Lincoln, Yvonna (2000). The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. In: N.K. Denzin, & Y.S. Lincoln (eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. 1–32. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Google Scholar öffnen
  93. ‎Denzin, Norman & Lincoln, Yvonna (2005). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications. Google Scholar öffnen
  94. Deuskar, Chandan (2019). Clientelism and Planning in the Informal Settlements of Developing Democracies. Journal of Planning Literature. Volume: 34 (4), 395–407. Google Scholar öffnen
  95. Deutsch, Franzsika & Wucherpfennig, Julian (2009). Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited. Living Reviews in Democracy, https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/cisdam/CIS_DAM_2015/WorkingPapers/Living_Reviews_Democracy/Wucherpfennig%20Deutsch.pdf, 12.5.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  96. De Wit, Joop & Berner, Erhard (2009). Progressive Patronage? Municipalities, NGOs, CBOs and the Limits to Slum Dwellers Empowerment. Development and Change, 40(5), 927–947.Diamond, L. (2002). Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy 13, No. 2, 21–35. Google Scholar öffnen
  97. Diani, Mario (1992). The Concept of Social Movement. The Sociological Review, 40(1), 1–25. Google Scholar öffnen
  98. Dulani, Boniface & Harris, Adam S. & Horowitz, Jeremy & Kayuni, Happy (2021). Electoral Preferences Among Multiethnic Voters in Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 54(2), 280–311 Google Scholar öffnen
  99. Eifert, Benn & Posner, Daniel (2010). Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa. American Journal of Political Science. 54. Google Scholar öffnen
  100. Eifert, Benn & Miguel, Edward & Posner, Daniel (2013). Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa. In Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa, edited by Michael Bratton, 61–78. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Google Scholar öffnen
  101. Ekeh, Peter P. (1975). Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Conceptual Statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 17, No. 1, 91–112. Google Scholar öffnen
  102. Ekeh, Peter P. (2012). Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A conceptual statement with an afterword. In: H. Lauer, & K. Anyidoho (eds.), Reclaiming the Human Sciences and Humanities Through African Perspectives. Volume 1, Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers. Google Scholar öffnen
  103. Elkins, Caroline (2014). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. London: The Bodley Head. Google Scholar öffnen
  104. Ellis, Stephen & Van Kessel, Ineke (2009). Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa. Boston: Brill. Google Scholar öffnen
  105. Engelbert, Pierre & Dunn, Kevin C. (2013). Inside African Politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Google Scholar öffnen
  106. Erdmann, Gero & Engel, Ulf (2006). Neopatrimonialism Revisited – Beyond a Catch-All Concept. GIGA. https://www.gigahamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp16_erdmann¬engel.pdf, 1.8.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  107. European Union (EU) (2007). Kenya - EU Election Observation Mission - Final Report, 2002. https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/KE/Kenya%20-%20EU%20rep02.pdf, 7.11.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  108. European Union (EU) (2020). Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council: Towards a comprehensive Strategy with Africa. https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/system/files/communication-eu-africa-strategy-join-2020-4-final_en.pdf, 06.1.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  109. Eyoh, Dickson (1999). Community, citizenship, and the politics of post-colonial Africa. In: E. Kalipeni, & P. Zeleza (eds), Sacred Spaces and Public Quarrels, Africa World Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  110. Fainstein, Susan (2010). The Just City. London: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  111. Fainstein, Susan (2014). The Just City. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 18:1, 1–18. Google Scholar öffnen
  112. Fernandes, Edesio (2007). Constructing the `Right To the City’ in Brazil. Social & Legal Studies, 16(2), 201–219. Google Scholar öffnen
  113. Ferree, Karen E. & Gibson, Clark C. & Long, James D. (2014). Voting behavior and electoral irregularities in Kenya's 2013 Election, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8:1, 153–172. Google Scholar öffnen
  114. Financial Sector Deepening Kenya (FSD Kenya) (2021). The Value of (in)formality: a case study of MSEs in the Nairobi CBD. https://www.fsdkenya.org/nairobi-mse-study/, 14.5.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  115. Florida, Richard (2018). The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class-and What We Can Do About It. London: Oneworld. Google Scholar öffnen
  116. Foucault, Michel (1993). Überwachen und Strafen: Die Geburt des Gefängnisses. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Google Scholar öffnen
  117. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2020). http://www.fao.org/kenya/fao-in-kenya/kenya-at-a-glance/en/, 26.12.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  118. Fossli Gjersø, Jonas (2015). The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 43:5, 831–860. Google Scholar öffnen
  119. Fox, Sean & Bell, Andrew (2016). Urban geography and protest mobilization in Africa. Political Geography, 53, 54–64. Google Scholar öffnen
  120. Fraser, Nancy (2001). Recognition without Ethics?. Theory, Culture & Society 2001, 18(2–3): 21–42. London: Sage and Thousand Oaks. Google Scholar öffnen
  121. Fraser, Nancy & Honneth, Axel (2003). Umverteilung oder Anerkennung? Eine politisch-philosophische Kontroverse. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp. Google Scholar öffnen
  122. Freedom House (2019). Kenya. https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya/freedom-world/2019, 21.11.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  123. Freedom House (2021). Kenya. https://freedomhouse.org/country/kenya, 27.12.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  124. Fukuyama, Francis (2019). Identity: Contemporary Identity Politics and the Struggle for Recognition, London: Profile Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  125. Gaertner, Samuel L. & Dovidio, John F. & Bachman, Betty A. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common ingroup identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(3–4), 271–290. Google Scholar öffnen
  126. Geddes, Barbara (2003). Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  127. Gertz, Geoffrey (2010). Kenya’s Trade Liberalization of the 1980s and 1990s: Policies, Impacts, and Implications. Carnegie Endowment, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/kenya_background.pdf, 27.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  128. Gentry, Bobbi (2017). Political Identity: Meaning, Measures, and Evidence. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. Google Scholar öffnen
  129. Ghertner, Asher (2011). Rule by aesthetics: World-Class City making in Delhi. In: Roy, A., Ong, A. (edt.) Worlding Cities Asian experiments and the art of being global. West Sussex: Blackwell. pp 279–306. Google Scholar öffnen
  130. Gichohi, Matthew K. (2016). Marking Boundaries: Managing Intra-Ethnic Competition in Africa. https://escholarship.org/content/qt5pg327rh/qt5pg327rh_noSplash_f52ccab701fd9216e44a173b17acf17b.pdf, 20.10.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  131. Gidley, Ben & Hanson, Steve & Ali, Sundas (2018). Identity, Belonging & Citizenship in Urban Britain. The Centre for Urban and Community Research. Goldsmiths College. https://www.gold.ac.uk/media/documents-by-section/departments/research-centres-and-units/research-centres/centre-for-urban-and-comm/CUCR_FINAL_REPORT.pdf, 1.12.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  132. Githiora, Chege (2016). Sheng: The Expanding Domains of an Urban Vernacular. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30 (2), 105–120. Google Scholar öffnen
  133. Glaeser, Edward (2011). Cities, Productivity, and Quality of Life. Science 29 Jul 2011, 592–594. Google Scholar öffnen
  134. Glaeser, Edward (2011). Triumph of the City. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited. Google Scholar öffnen
  135. Glaeser, Edward & Steinberg, Bryce M. (2016). Transforming Cities: Does Urbanization Promote Democratic Change? NBER Working Paper No. 22860, November 2016, http://www.nber.org/papers/w22860, 5.4.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  136. Glaser, Barney G. & Strauss, Anselm L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Google Scholar öffnen
  137. Gollin, Douglas & Jedwab, Remi & Vollrath, Dietrich (2015). Urbanization with and without industrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21(1), 35–70. Google Scholar öffnen
  138. Goodfellow, Tom (2013). The Institutionalisation of “Noise” and “Silence” in Urban Politics. Riots and Compliance in Uganda and Rwanda. Oxford Development Studies, 41(4), 436–454. Google Scholar öffnen
  139. Goodfellow, Tom (2017). Seeing Political Settlements through the City: A Framework for Comparative Analysis of Urban Transformation. Development and Change 49(1): 199–222. Google Scholar öffnen
  140. Goodfellow, Tom (2020). Political Informality: Deals, Trust Networks, and the Negotiation of Value in the Urban Realm. The Journal of Development Studies, 56:2, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220388.2019.1577385, 16.2.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  141. Goodfellow, Tom & Jackman, David (2020). Control the capital: Cities and political dominance. ESID Working Paper No. 135. In: Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre (ESID), Manchester: The University of Manchester. www.effective-states.org, 5.4.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  142. Green, Elliot (2019). Public goods and national identification, Willy Online Library, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nana.12488, 10.01.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  143. Guest, Greg (2013). Describing mixed methods research: An alternative to typologies. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. 7:141–151. Google Scholar öffnen
  144. Guma, Prince K. (2021). Recasting Provisional Urban Worlds in the Global South: Shacks, Shanties and Micro-Stalls. Planning Theory & Practice, 22(2), 211–226. Google Scholar öffnen
  145. Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel (1996). Civil Society in Africa. Journal of Democracy 7(2), 118–132. Google Scholar öffnen
  146. Habermas, Jürgen (2001). The Postnational Constellation. In: Political Essays. M. Pensky (ed., trans., intr.). Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  147. Harding, Robin (2019). Who is Democracy Good For? Elections, Rural Bias, and Health and Education Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Politics, The Southern Political Science Association 2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  148. Hart Keith (1973). Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies 11(1): 61–89. Google Scholar öffnen
  149. Hart, Keith (2006). Bureaucratic form and the informal economy. In: B. Guha-Khasobis, R. Kanbur, & E. Ostrom (eds.), Linking the Formal and Informal Economies: Examples from Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21–35. Google Scholar öffnen
  150. Hartmann, Christof (1999). Externe Faktoren im Demokratisierungsprozeß - Eine vergleichende Untersuchung afrikanischer Länder. In: von Beyme, K. & Nohlen, D. (eds.), Junge Demokratien, Volume 2 (Junge Demokratie Systemwechsel und politische Entwicklung in Afrika, Asien, Lateinamerika und Osteuropa). Opladen: D. Leske Budrich. Google Scholar öffnen
  151. Harvey, David (2009). The Right to the Just City. In: Searching for the Just City, 40–51. London: Routledge. Google Scholar öffnen
  152. Harvey, David (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso. Google Scholar öffnen
  153. Helmke, Gretchen, & Levitsky, Steven (2004). Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 725–740. Google Scholar öffnen
  154. Heller, Patrick, & Evans, Peter (2010). Taking Tilly south: Durable inequalities, democratic contestation, and citizenship in the Southern Metropolis. Theory and Society, 39(3/4), 433–450. Google Scholar öffnen
  155. Herbst, Jeffrey I. (2002). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Second Edition. Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  156. Herbst, Jeffrey I. (2018). The structural adjustment of politics in Africa. 431–449. London: Routledge. Google Scholar öffnen
  157. Hicken, Allen (2011). Clientelism. Annual Review of Political Science 14 (2011), 289–310. Google Scholar öffnen
  158. Hittleman, Daniel R. & Simon, Alan J. (1997). Interpreting Educational Research: An Introduction for Consumers of Research. Second Edition. ERIC. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  159. House-Midamba, Bessie (1996). Gender Democratization and Associational Life in Kenya. In: Readings in African Politics. Tom Young (ed.). Africa Today, Vol. 43. 289–305. Google Scholar öffnen
  160. Holston, J. Appadurai, Arjun (1999). Cities and citizenship: Public Culture. The University of Chicago, 8(2), 187–204. Google Scholar öffnen
  161. Holston, James (2007). Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  162. Holston, James (2009). Insurgent citizenship: Disjunctions of democracy and modernity in Brazil. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  163. Holston, James (2009). Insurgent Citizenship in an Era of Global Urban Peripheries. City & Society: American Anthropological Association, Vol. 21, Issue 2, 245–267. Google Scholar öffnen
  164. Holston, James (2011). Contesting Privilege with Right: The Transformation of Differentiated Citizenship in Brazil. http://southasia.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/events/21st_Century_Indian_City/Holston_Contesting_Privilege_with_Right_2011_Feb.pdf, 10.09.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  165. Honneth, Axel (2003). Redistribution as Recognition: A Response to Nancy Fraser. In: Redistribution or Recognition? London: Verso Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  166. Horn, Philipp (2021). Enabling participatory planning to be scaled in exclusionary urban political environments: lessons from the Mukuru Special Planning Area in Nairobi. Environment and Urbanization. Google Scholar öffnen
  167. Hornsby, Charles (2012). Kenya: A History Since Independence. London: I. B. Tauris. Google Scholar öffnen
  168. Horowitz, Donald L. (1993). The Challenge of Ethnic Conflict: Democracy in Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4 no. 4, 1993, 18–38. Google Scholar öffnen
  169. Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Shuster. Google Scholar öffnen
  170. Hyden, Goran (2013). African Politics in Comparative Perspective. 2nd Edition. London: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  171. Institute for Development Studies (IDS) (2019). Field and Methodology Report for Urbanization Survey. Hard Copy provided to Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Kenya Office in December 2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  172. Inglehart, Ronald & Welzel, Christian (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  173. International Labor Organization (ILO) 2011: Sharing Innovative Experiences: Successful Social Protection Floor Experience. https://www.ilo.org/secsoc/information-resources/publications-and-tools/books-and-reports/WCMS_SECSOC_20840/lang--en/index.htm, 23.12.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  174. International Labor Organization (ILO) (2021). The Informal Economy in Kenya. Commissioned in Partnership between ILO and the Federation of Kenyan Employers (FKE), https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/-- emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_820312.pdf, 12.12.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  175. Isin, Engin (2002). Being Political: Genealogies of Citizenship, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  176. Isin, Engin (2009). Citizenship in flux: The figure of the activist citizen. Subjectivity, 29(1), 367–388. Google Scholar öffnen
  177. Isin, Engin, & Turner, Bryan S. (2007). Investigating citizenship: An agenda for citizenship studies. Citizenship Studies, 11(1), 5–17. Google Scholar öffnen
  178. Iveson, Kurt (2009). The city versus the media? Mapping the mobile geographies of public address. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 33, 241–5. Google Scholar öffnen
  179. Isaksson, Ann-Sofie & Bigsten Arne (2013). Clientelism and ethnic divisions, work in progress. https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=CSAE2014&paper_id=716, 12.4.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  180. Jackson, Ken (2010). Public Good Provision, Diversity and Distribution, http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46838673.pdf, 2.12.2018. Google Scholar öffnen
  181. Jacobs, Jane (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  182. Jacobs, Andreas (2011). Nairobi Burning: Kenya´s post-election violence from the perspective of the urban poor (31–37). Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. Google Scholar öffnen
  183. Johnsen, Kari H. (2010). A Conceptualization of the New Urban Masses in Africa – A Critical Discussion of the “Lumpenproletariat”. https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/4153/70194940.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, 6.8.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  184. Jörke, Dirk (2019). Die Größe der Demokratie - Über die räumliche Dimension von Herrschaft und Partizipation. Berlin: Suhrkamp. Google Scholar öffnen
  185. Kagwanja, Peter M. (2005). ‘Power to Uhuru’: Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya’s 2002 Elections. African Affairs, Volume 105, Issue 418, January 2006, 51–75. Google Scholar öffnen
  186. Keller, Edmond J. (2014). Identity, Citizenship, and Political Conflict in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  187. Kelsall, Tim (2005). History, Identity, and Collective Action: Difficulties of Accountability. In: U. Engel, & G.R. Olsen (eds.), The African Exception. London: Ashgate. Google Scholar öffnen
  188. Kenya Law (1963). The Kenya Independence Order in Council 1963. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/1963_Constitution.pdf, 3.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  189. Kenya Law (2009). Constitution of Kenya Review Act, Chapter 3A. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/ConstitutionofKenyaReviewCap3A.pdf, 25.10.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  190. Kenya Law (2012). National Accord and Reconciliation Act No 4 of 2008. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/NationalAccordandReconciliationAct_No4of2008.pdf, 25.10.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  191. Kenya Law (2017). Legal Notice No 112. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/LegalNotices/2017/LN112_2017.pdf, 8.10.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  192. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). Kenya Population and Housing Census Results (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Results, https://www.knbs.or.ke/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-results/, 26.12.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  193. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2019). Overview of Census. https://www.knbs.or.ke/?p=158, 20.3.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  194. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2020). Informal Sector Skills and Occupations Survey (ISSOS). https://www.labourmarket.go.ke/media/resources/ISSOS_BASIC_REPORT_2020_-_Combined.pdf, 20.2.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  195. Keesara, Sirina R. & Juma, Pamela A. & Harper, Cynthia C. (2015). Why do women choose private over public facilities for family planning services? A qualitative study of post-partum women in an informal urban settlement in Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res 15, 335. Google Scholar öffnen
  196. Kim, Hye-Sung & Horowitz, Jeremy (2021). Rejecting Ethnic Pandering in Urban Africa - A Survey Experiment on Voter Preferences in Nairobi, Kenya. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.dartmouth.edu/dist/9/452/files/2021/08/Main-Document_PRQ-2020-0194.R2_Final.pdf, 18.9.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  197. Kimani, Natasha (2020). Meeting the Promise of the 2010 Constitution, Devolution, Gender and Equality in Kenya. Chatham House, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/05/meeting-promise-2010-constitution/summary, 18.5.2021 Google Scholar öffnen
  198. Kimenyi, Mwangi S. (2006). Ethnicity, Governance, and the Provision of Public Goods. Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Vol. 15(1), 62–99, April. Google Scholar öffnen
  199. Kimenyi, Mwangi S. (2013). Devolution and Resource Sharing in Kenya. Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/devolution-and-resource-sharing-in-kenya/, 27.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  200. Kitschelt, Herbert & Wilkinson, Steven I. (2007). Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  201. Klaus, Kathleen & Paller, Jeffrey W. (2017). Defending the City, Defending Votes: Campaign Strategies in Urban Ghana.” Journal of Modern African Studies 55(4): 681–708. Google Scholar öffnen
  202. Klopp, Jacqueline M. (2002). Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya. African Studies, 61:2, 269–294. Google Scholar öffnen
  203. Klopp, Jacqueline M. (2011). Towards a Political Economy of Transportation Policy and Practice in Nairobi. Urban Forum, 23(1), 1–21. Google Scholar öffnen
  204. Klopp, Jacqueline M. & Paller, Jeffrey W. (2019). Slum politics in Africa, in: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.985, 10.9.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  205. Klopp, Jacqueline M. & Lumumba, Odenda (2017). Reform and counter-reform in Kenya’s land governance. Review of African Political Economy Vol 44, No 154, 577–594. Google Scholar öffnen
  206. Kobo, Ousman (2010). ‘We are citizens too’: The politics of citizenship in independent Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(1), 67–94. Google Scholar öffnen
  207. Koter, Dominika (2016). Beyond Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  208. Kramon, Eric (2016). Is Vote-Buying Effective? Evidence from an Experiment in Kenya. Electoral Studies, 44. Google Scholar öffnen
  209. Kramon, Eric (2019). Clientelism and the politics of social protection in Kenya. Policy brief 47413 October 2019, International Growth Centre, https://www.theigc.org/project/clientelism-and-the-politics-of-social-protection-in-kenya/, 15.8.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  210. Kramon, Eric & Posner, Daniel N. (2012). Ethnic favoritism in primary education in Kenya. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Vol. 11: No. 1, 1–58. Google Scholar öffnen
  211. Kramon, Eric & Hamory, Joan H. & Baird, Sarah & Miguel, Edward (2021). Deepening or Diminishing Ethnic Divides? The Impact of Urban Migration in Kenya. American Journal of Political Science. Google Scholar öffnen
  212. Kroeker, Lena & O’Kane, David & Scharrer, Tabea (2018). Middle Classes in Africa: Changing Lives and Conceptual Challenges. Palgrave Macmillian. Google Scholar öffnen
  213. Kuckartz, Udo & Grunenberg, Heiko & Dresing, Thorsten (Edt.) (2007). Qualitative Datenanalyze: computergestützt. Methodische Hintergründe und Beispiele aus der Forschungspraxis. Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Google Scholar öffnen
  214. Kuo, Alexander & Margalit, Yotan (2012). Measuring Individual Identity: Experimental Evidence. Estudios / Working Papers (Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales), Number 252, 2010. 44. Google Scholar öffnen
  215. Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  216. Lama-Rewal, Stephanie T. & Zerah, Marie-Helene (2011). Introduction. Urban Democracy: A South Asian Perspective. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3188, 2.12.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  217. Lazar, Sian (2016). Citizenship. In: F. Stein, S. Lazar, M. Candea, H. Diemberger, J. Robbins, A. Sanchez, & R. Stasch (eds.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropolgy. http://doi.org/10.29164/16citizenship, 3.9.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  218. Lazar, Sian, & Nuijten, Monique (2013). Citizenship, the self, and political agency. Critique of Anthropology, 33(1), 3–7. Google Scholar öffnen
  219. Larmer, Miles (2010). Social movement struggles in Africa. Review of African Political Economy, 37:125, 251–262. Google Scholar öffnen
  220. Lee-Smith, Diana (1989). Urban Management in Nairobi: A Case Study of the Matatu Mode of Public Transport. In: R.E. Stren, & R. White (eds.), African Cities in Crisis: managing rapid urban growth. Boulder: Westview Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  221. Lefebvre, Henri (1968). Le Droit à la ville. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, Collection "Points". Google Scholar öffnen
  222. Lefebvre, Henri (1970). La révolution urbaine. Paris: Gallimard, Collection "Idées". Google Scholar öffnen
  223. Lefebvre, Henri (1974). La production de l'espace. Paris: Anthropos. Translation and Précis. Google Scholar öffnen
  224. Lerner, Daniel (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society. New York: Free Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  225. Lindberg, Staffan I. (2010). What accountability pressures do MPs in Africa face and how do they respond? Evidence from Ghana? Journal of Modern African Studies, 48, 1 (2010), 117–142. Google Scholar öffnen
  226. Linz, Juan J. & Stepan, Alfred (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  227. Lipset, Seymour M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy. American Political Science Review 53. no. 1 (1959), 69–105. Google Scholar öffnen
  228. Lobe Bojana & Morgan David & Hoffman Kim A. (2020). Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. July 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875, 3.1.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  229. Locke, John (2016). Two Treatises of Government, Digireads.com Publishing. Google Scholar öffnen
  230. Lonsdale, John (1992). The Political Culture of Kenya. Centre of African Studies, Occasional Paper no. 37. Edinburgh University. Google Scholar öffnen
  231. Lonsdale, John (1994). Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism. In: P. Kaarsholm, & J. Huttin (eds.), Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, 131–50. Roskilde: Institute for Development Studies, Roskilde University. Google Scholar öffnen
  232. Lonsdale, John (2000). KAU's cultures: Imaginations of community and constructions of leadership in Kenya after the Second World War. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 13:1, 107–124. Google Scholar öffnen
  233. Lonsdale, John (2008). Kenya: ethnicity, tribe, and state. Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/kenya_ethnicity_tribe_and_state/, 27.10.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  234. Lynch, Gabrielle (2006). Negotiating Ethnicity: Identity Politics in Contemporary Kenya. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 33, no. 107, 49–65. Google Scholar öffnen
  235. Lynch, Gabrielle (2011). I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  236. Macoloo G.C. (1998). The relevance of Kenya's urban settlement policies for independent South Africa. The South African Geographical Journal 80(2). Google Scholar öffnen
  237. Maihack, Henrik (2019). Africa’s future will be decided in its cities. International Politics and Society, https://www.ips-journal.eu/regions/africa/africas-future-will-be-decided-in-its-cities-3807/, 3.1.2022. Google Scholar öffnen
  238. Mamdani, Mahmood (1991). Linking the Urban and the Rural. In: Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Readings in African Politics. Young, Tom (ed.). Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2003. Google Scholar öffnen
  239. Mamdani, Mahmood (1996). Citizen and Subject Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. New Jersey: Princeton University. Google Scholar öffnen
  240. Marshall, Thomas H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  241. Marshall, Thomas H. (1963) Sociology at the Crossroads. London: Heinemann. Google Scholar öffnen
  242. Mati, Jacob M. (2013). Antinomies in the struggle for the transformation of the Kenyan constitution (1990–2010). Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 31:2, 235–254. Google Scholar öffnen
  243. Mayring, Philipp (2000). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken (7. Auflage, erste Auflage 1983). Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag. Google Scholar öffnen
  244. Merton, Robert K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: The Free Press1. Google Scholar öffnen
  245. Meyer, Thomas (2011). Theorie der Sozialen Demokratie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Google Scholar öffnen
  246. Migdal, Joel S. (1994). The State in Society: An approach to struggles for domination. In: ibid.; A. Kohli, & V. Shue (eds.), State Power and Social Forces: Domination and transformation in the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  247. Miguel, Edward (2004). Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania. World Politics, 56(3), 327–362. Google Scholar öffnen
  248. Miguel, Edward & Bannon, Alicia & Posner, Daniel N. (2004). Sources of Ethnic Identification in Africa. Afrobarometer. 44. Google Scholar öffnen
  249. Miller, Byron (2006). Castells’ The City and the Grassroots: 1983 and Today. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 30. 207 - 211. Google Scholar öffnen
  250. Millstein, Marianne (2017). Rights, identities and belonging: Reflections on the everyday politics of urban citizenship in Delft, Cape Town, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 71:4, 253–267. Google Scholar öffnen
  251. Mische, Ann (1995). Projecting Democracy: The Formation of Citizenship Across Youth Networks in Brazil. International Review of Social History, 40, 131–158. Google Scholar öffnen
  252. Mitlin, Diana (2014). Politics, informality and clientelism – exploring a pro-poor urban politics. ESID at the University of Manchester. Working Paper No. 34. Google Scholar öffnen
  253. Mitlin, Diana (2018). Beyond contention: urban social movements and their multiple approaches to secure transformation. Environment and Urbanization, 30(2), 557–574. Google Scholar öffnen
  254. Mitullah, Winnie (2002). The case of Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Nairobi.pdf, 28.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  255. Montgomery, Mark R. & Stren, Richard & Cohen, Barney & Reed, Holly E. (2003). Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and its Implication for the Developing World. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  256. Moore, Barrington (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  257. Moreno, Luis (2006). Scotland, Catalonia and the 'Moreno question'. Scottish Affairs, 54: 1–21, 2006, https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/1618/1/dt-0502.pdf, 10.01.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  258. Mouffe, Chantal (1992). Citizenship and Political Identity. The Identity in Question Vol. 61, Cambridge: MIT-Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  259. Morgan, David L. (1996). Focus Groups. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 129–152. Google Scholar öffnen
  260. Mueller, Lisa (2018). Political Protest in Contemporary Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  261. Mueller, Susanne D. (2011). Dying to win: Elections, political violence, and institutional decay in Kenya. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 29:1, 99–117. Google Scholar öffnen
  262. Muiruri, Philomena (2013). Linking Informal Social Arrangements, Social Protection and Poverty Reduction in Urban Slums of Nairobi Kenya. In: S. Devereux, & M. Getu (eds.), Informal and Formal Social Protection Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. Google Scholar öffnen
  263. Munya, Andrew & Hussain, Nur H.M. & Njuguna, Mugwima B. (2014). Can devolution and rural capacity trigger de-urbanization? Case studies in Kenya and Malaysia respectively. GeoJournal, 80, 427–443. Google Scholar öffnen
  264. Murunga, Godwin R. (1999). Urban Violence in Kenya's Transition to Pluralist Politics, 1982–1992. Africa Development / Afrique Et Développement, 24(1/2), 165–198. Google Scholar öffnen
  265. Mutunga, Willy (2020). Kenya’s electoral authoritarianism. https://africasacountry.com/2020/07/kenyas-electoral-authoritarianism, 10.10.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  266. Myers, Garth A. (2011). African Cities – Alternative Visions of Urban Theory and Practice. New York: Zed Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  267. Nathan, Noah L. (2016). Electoral Politics Amid Africa's Urban Transition: A Study of Urban Ghana. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493394, 15.10.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  268. Nathan, Noah L. (2019). Electoral Politics and Africa's Urban Transition: Class and Ethnicity in Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  269. Nassar, Dina M. & Elsayed, Hanan G. (2018). From Informal Settlements to sustainable communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, Volume 57, Issue 4, 2018, 2367–2376. Google Scholar öffnen
  270. Ndegwa, Stephen N. (1997). Citizenship and Ethnicity: An Examination of Two Transition Moments in Kenyan Politics. American Political Science Review, Vol. 91, No. 3. Google Scholar öffnen
  271. Ndegwa, Stephen N. (1998). The Incomplete Transition: The Constitutional and Electoral Context in Kenya. Africa Today, 45(2), 193–211. Google Scholar öffnen
  272. Nevanlinna, Anja K. (1996). Interpreting Nairobi: The cultural study of built forms. Helsinki: Bibliotheca Historica. Google Scholar öffnen
  273. Netswera, Fulufhelo G. (2014). The underlying factors behind violent municipal service delivery protests in South Africa. Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 49, No. 1. Google Scholar öffnen
  274. Nicholls, Walter J. (2008). The Urban Question Revisited: The Importance of Cities for Social Movements. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 42, No. 4. Google Scholar öffnen
  275. Nissimi, Hilda (2006). Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. 8 (3). Google Scholar öffnen
  276. Nyabola, Nanjala (2018). Digital Democracy, Analogue Politics – How the Internet Era is Transforming Politics in Kenya. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  277. Nyinguro, Philip O. & Otenyo, Eric E. (2007). Social Movements and Democratic Transitions in Kenya. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 42(1), 5–24. Google Scholar öffnen
  278. Obudho, Robert A. (1992). The post-colonial urbanisation process in Kenya: 1962 to Present. In Ochieng & Maxon: An Economic History of Kenya. East African Educational Publishers Limited. Google Scholar öffnen
  279. Odhiambo, Atieno E.S. (1987). Democracy and the Ideology of Order in Kenya. In Schatzberg, M. G. (ed.). The Political Economy of Kenya. New York: Praeger. Google Scholar öffnen
  280. Okoth-Ogendo, Hastings W. (1972). The Politics of Constitutional Change in Kenya since Independence, 1963–69. African Affairs, 71(282), 9–34. Google Scholar öffnen
  281. Okungu, Vincent R. & McIntyre, Diane (2019.) Does the Informal Sector in Kenya Have Financial Potential to Sustainably Prepay for Health Care? Implications for Financing Universal Health Coverage in Low-Income Settings. Health Systems & Reform, 5:2, 145–157. Google Scholar öffnen
  282. Olima, Washington H.A. (2001). The Dynamics and Implications of Sustaining Urban Spatial Segregation in Kenya – Experiences from Nairobi Metropolis - A Paper Presented at the International Seminar on Segregation in the City Held at Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in Cambridge, MA, USA, July 25–28, 2001, http//wwwlincolninstedu/courses/segreg/olimado 29.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  283. Ong, Aihwa (1996). Cultural citizenship as subject-making: immigrants negotiate racial and cultural boundaries in the United States. Current Anthropology, 37, 737–62. Google Scholar öffnen
  284. Ono, Haruka & Kidokoro, Tetsuo (2020). Understanding the development patterns of informal settlements in Nairobi. Japan Architecture Review, 2020; 3, 384–393. Google Scholar öffnen
  285. Opalo, Ken O. (2021). Formalizing clientelism in Kenya: From Harambee to the Constituency Development Fund. World Development, Volume 152, April 2022, available online 23.12.2021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X21004095. Google Scholar öffnen
  286. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001): Glossary of Statistical Terms – Informal Settlement. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1351, 11.9.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  287. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2020): Africa's Urbanisation Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/africa-s-urbanisation-dynamics-2020_b6bccb81-en#page27, 6.3.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  288. Otiso, Kefa M. & Owusu, George (2008). Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space GeoJournal, 71, 143–157. Google Scholar öffnen
  289. Otiso, Kefa M. (2003). State, voluntary and private sector partnerships for slum upgrading and basic service delivery in Nairobi city, Kenya. Cities, 20(4), 221–229. Google Scholar öffnen
  290. Otiso, Kefa M. (2005a). Colonial urbanization and urban management in Kenya. In S. J. Salm, & T. Falola (eds.), African urban spaces in historical perspective. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  291. Otiso, Kefa M. (2005b). Kenya’s secondary cities growth strategy at a crossroads. GeoJournal 62, 117–128 (2005). Google Scholar öffnen
  292. Orvis, Stephen (2001). Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism in Kenya's "Virtual Democracy". African Issues, 29(1/2), 8–13. Google Scholar öffnen
  293. Owuor, Samuel O. (2007). Migrants, urban poverty and the changing nature of urban–rural linkages in Kenya, Development Southern Africa, 24:1, 109–122. Google Scholar öffnen
  294. Owuor, Samuel O. & Mbatia, Teresa (2008). Post independence development of Nairobi city, Kenya. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/38925/2008_dakar_workshop.pdf?sequence=1, 20.7.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  295. Owuor, Samuel & Mbatia, Teresa. (2012). Nairobi. In: Bekker, S. and Therborn, G. (2012). Power and Powerlessness: Capital Cities in Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  296. Oyvat, Cem & wa Gĩthĩnji, Mwangi (2017). Migration in Kenya: beyond Harris-Todaro. Working Paper, University of Greenwich, https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/16226/, 6.4.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  297. Paller, Jeffrey W. (2017). The Contentious Politics of African Urbanization. Current History, May 2017, http://www.currenthistory.com/Paller-CH_May_2017.pdf, 16.2.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  298. Paller, Jeffrey W. (2019). Democracy in Ghana: Everyday Politics in Urban Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  299. Percox, David A. (2005). Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt. In Kevin Shillington, ed., Encyclopedia of African History, Volume 2, H–O. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. Google Scholar öffnen
  300. Pieterse, Edgar (2005). At the limits of possibility: working notes on a relational model of urban politics. Urban Africa, 138–176. Google Scholar öffnen
  301. Pieterse, Edgar (2008). City Futures: Confronting the Crisis of Urban Development, New York: Zed Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  302. Post, Alison E. (2017). Cities and Politics in the Developing World, prepared for the Annual Review of Political Science, U.C. Berkeley, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pz1657x, 7.5.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  303. Poston, Dudley L. & Bouvier, Leon F. (2010). Population and society: an introduction to demography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  304. Potts, Deborah (2012). Whatever happened to Africa’s rapid urbanization. https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/publications/whatever-happened-to-africas-rapid-urbanization-new/, 22.1.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  305. Przeworski, Adam & Limongi, Fernando 1997. Modenization Theory and Facts. World Politics 49, January 1997, 155–83. Google Scholar öffnen
  306. Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Google Scholar öffnen
  307. Purcell, Mark (2002). Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant. Geo Journal 58, 99–108. Google Scholar öffnen
  308. Purcell, Mark (2013). To inhabit well: Counter hegemonic movements and the right to the city. Urban Geography, 34(4), 560–574. Google Scholar öffnen
  309. Rasmussen, Jacob (2010). “The City is our Forest!” The Affective Urban Politics of the Mungiki Movement in Nairobi, Kenya. In: Africa Programme Report Strategy Section, The Swedish National Defence College November 2010, No. 6. Google Scholar öffnen
  310. Rasmussen, Jacob & Omanga, Duncan (2012). People’s parliaments in Kenya: Public debate and political participation from the streets of Eldoret and Nairobi. https://www.academia.edu/29464344/Street_parliaments_in_Kenya_Public_oral_debate_and_political_participation_from_the_streets_of_Eldoret_and_Nairobi, 25.11.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  311. Rawls, John, 1972, A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  312. Reeves, Thomas C. & Hedberg, John G. (2003). Interactive Learning Systems Evaluation. New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs. Google Scholar öffnen
  313. Resnick, Danielle (2010). Populist Strategies in African Democracies. Working Paper No. 2010/114., https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/wp2010-114.pdf, 10.8.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  314. Resnick, Danielle (2012). Opposition Parties and the Urban Poor in African Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 45, Nr. 11, S. 1351–1378. Google Scholar öffnen
  315. Resnick, Danielle (2014). Urban governance and service delivery in African cities: The role of politics and policies. Development Policy Review, 32(s1): 3‑17. Google Scholar öffnen
  316. Resnick, Danielle (2015). The Political Economy of Africa's Emergent Middle Class: Retrospect and Prospects. Journal of International Development, 27, 573– 587. Google Scholar öffnen
  317. Riddell, Barry (1997). Structural Adjustment Programmes and the City in Tropical Africa. Urban Studies, 34(8), 1297–1307. Google Scholar öffnen
  318. Ritchie, Jane & Lewis, Jane (2003). Qualitative Research Practice—A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. London, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Google Scholar öffnen
  319. Robinson, Steven & Cornwall, Andrea & von Lieres, Bettina (2008). Rethinking 'Citizenship' in the Postcolony'. Third World Quarterly, 29:6, 1069 – 1086. Google Scholar öffnen
  320. Robinson, Amanda L. (2014). National versus Ethnic Identification in Africa: Modernization, Colonial Legacy, and the Origins of Territorial Nationalism. World Politics 66(4): 709–46. Google Scholar öffnen
  321. Rono, Joseph K. (2002). The impact of the structural adjustment. African Journal of Social Work Vol.17(1) 2002: 81–98. Google Scholar öffnen
  322. Roy, Ananya (2012). Urban Informality. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  323. Ruffa, Chiara & Evangelista, Matthew (2021). Searching for a middle ground? A spectrum of views of causality in qualitative research. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 51(2), 164–181. Google Scholar öffnen
  324. Sanders, Jimy M. (2002). Ethnic Boundaries and Identity in Plural Societies. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 327–357. Google Scholar öffnen
  325. Sarkar, Anindita (2020). Informal water vendors and the urban poor: evidence from a Nairobi slum. Water International, 45:5, 443–457. Google Scholar öffnen
  326. Sassen, Saskia (1991). The Global City. New York: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  327. Sassen, Saskia (2005). The Global City: Introducing a Concept. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume XI, Issue 2, http://www.saskiasassen.com/pdfs/publications/the-global-city-brown.pdf, 8.12.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  328. Scharrer, Tabea (2018). “Ambiguous citizens”: Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 12:3, 494–513. Google Scholar öffnen
  329. Schlichte, Klaus (2005). Einführung in die Arbeitstechniken der Politikwissenschaften. 2. Auflage, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Google Scholar öffnen
  330. Schmid, Christian (2005). Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft: Henri Lefebvre und die Theorie der Produktion des Raumes. München: Franz Steine Verlag. Google Scholar öffnen
  331. Schwettmann, Jürgen (2020). Covid 19 and the Informal Economy - Impact and Response Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, August 2020, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/16414.pdf, 18.9.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  332. Scott, James C. (1998). Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven: Yale University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  333. Sennett, Richard (2018). Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City. London: Penguin Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  334. Shupler, Matthew & Mwitari, James & Gohole, Arthur & Anderson de Cuevas, Rachel & Puzzolo, Elisa & Čukić, Iva & Nix, Emily & Pope, Daniel (2020). COVID-19 impacts on household energy & food security in a Kenyan informal settlement: The need for integrated approaches to the SDGs, In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 144. Google Scholar öffnen
  335. Simon, David (1989). Colonial cities, post-colonial Africa and the world economy: a reinterpretation. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 13(1), 68–91. Google Scholar öffnen
  336. Simone, Abdoumaliq (1999). Thinking About African Urban Management in an Era of Globalisation. African Sociological Review, 3(2), 69–98. Google Scholar öffnen
  337. Simone, Abdoumaliq (2004). For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham: Duke University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  338. Simone, Abdoumaliq & Abouhani, Abdelghani (2005). Urban Africa: Changing Contours of Survival in the City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  339. Soja, Edward W. (2010). Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  340. Stanley, Liam (2016). Using focus groups in political science and international relations. Politics, 36(3), 236–249. Google Scholar öffnen
  341. Steinhardt, Isabel (2019). Induktives und deduktives Codieren. Sozialwissenschaftliche Methodenberatung, https://sozmethode.hypotheses.org/842, 21.2.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  342. Stewart, Angus (2001). Theories of Power and Domination. London: Sage. Google Scholar öffnen
  343. Stoecker, Randy (1997). The CDC model of urban redevelopment. Journal of Urban Affairs, 19(1), 1–22. Google Scholar öffnen
  344. Stokes, Susan & Dunning, Thad & Nazareno, Marcelo & Brusco, Valeria (2013). Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  345. Stren, Richard (2012). Cities and Politics in the Developing World: Why Decentralization Matters. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  346. Sverdlik, Alice (2021). Nairobi: City Scoping Study. African Cities Research Consortium, https://www.african-cities.org/publications/, 20.8.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  347. Taylor, Charles (1992). The politics of recognition. In: Multiculturalism and The Politics of Recognition, 25–73. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  348. Taylor, Charles (2002). Wieviel Gemeinschaft braucht die Demokratie? Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Google Scholar öffnen
  349. Tetzlaff, Rainer & Jakobeit, Cord (2005). Das nachkoloniale Afrika: Politik – Wirtschaft - Gesellschaft. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Google Scholar öffnen
  350. Thaler, Kai M. (2016). Mixed Methods Research in the Study of Political and Social Violence and Conflict. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1–18. Google Scholar öffnen
  351. Thomas, George (2005). The Qualitative Foundations of Political Science Methodology. December 2005, Vol. 3/No. 4, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.547.1560&rep=rep1&type=pdf, 1.7.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  352. Thomas, P.Y. (2010). Research Methodology and Design. UNISA. http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4245/05Chap%204_Research%20methodology%20and%20design.pdf, 1.12.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  353. Thomson, Michael & Kentikelenis, Alexander & Stubbs Thomas (2017). Structural adjustment programmes adversely affect vulnerable populations: a systematic-narrative review of their effect on child and maternal health. Public Health Rev 38, 13 (2017). Google Scholar öffnen
  354. Tocqueville, Alexis (2006). Democracy in America. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. Google Scholar öffnen
  355. Tourangeau Roger & Rips Lance J. & Rasinski, Kenneth (2000). The Psychology of Survey Response. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  356. Tyce, Matthew (2019). The politics of industrial policy in a context of competitive clientelism: The case of Kenya’s garment export sector. African Affairs, Volume 118, Issue 472, July 2019, 553–579. Google Scholar öffnen
  357. Uitermark, Justus & Nicholls, Walter & Loopmans, Maarten (2012). Cities and social movements. Theorizing beyond the right to the city. Environment and Planning A 2012, Vol. 44, 2546 – 2554. https://www.academia.edu/2301550/Uitermark_J._W._Nicholls_and_M._Loopmans_2012_Cities_and_social_movements._Theorizing_beyond_the_right_to_the_city_Environment_and_Planning_A_44_11_2546_2554, 7.4.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  358. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 2019: Handbook of Statistics 2020 – Population, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat45_FS11_en.pdf, 12.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  359. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division (UNSTATS) 2019. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11, 9.10.202 Google Scholar öffnen
  360. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) (2007). Briefing Note on GOK/UN-HABITAT Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP). https://www.preventionweb.net/files/1706_462812787GC202120Kenya.pdf, 2.1.2022. Google Scholar öffnen
  361. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) (2020). Informal settlements vulnerability mapping. https://data.unhabitat.org/pages/slum-data-surveys, 25.12.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  362. United Nations - DESA (2018). World Urbanization Prospects 2018. https://population.un.org/wup/DataQuery/, 29.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  363. United Nations University (1997). The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities. http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0ccgi--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL2.2&d=HASHc9c19c642f904c23f02583.7.6, 28.7.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  364. Van de Walle, Nicolas (2003). Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa’s emerging party systems. Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2), 297–321. Google Scholar öffnen
  365. Van de Walle, Nicolas (2012). Barrington Moore in the tropics: democracy and the African middle class. Paper prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA (30 August–2 September). Google Scholar öffnen
  366. Vanner, Catherine (2015). Positionality at the Center: Constructing an Epistemological and Methodological Approach for a Western Feminist Doctoral Candidate Conducting Research in the Post-colonial. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. November 2015. Google Scholar öffnen
  367. Walzer, Michael (1983). Spheres of Justice. A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar öffnen
  368. Walzer, Michael (1989). Citizenship, in Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, T. Ball, J. Farr, R. L. Hanson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 211–220. Google Scholar öffnen
  369. Wambiya, Elvis O.A. & Otieno, Peter O. & Mutua, Martin K. & Pythagore, Hermann & Donfouet, Pierre & Shukri, Mohamed (2021). Patterns and predictors of private and public health care utilization among residents of an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 21, 850 (2021). Google Scholar öffnen
  370. Wanjiru-Mwita, Melissa (2021). The fascinating history of how residents named their informal settlements in Nairobi. The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/the-fascinating-history-of-how-residents-named-their-informal-settlements-in-nairobi-159080, 9.5.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  371. Watson, Sophie (1997). Information, urbanism and identity: perspectives on the current work of Manuel Castells. City, 2:7, 133–139. Google Scholar öffnen
  372. Weghorst, Keith R. & Lindberg, Staffan I. (2011). Effective Opposition Strategies: Collective Goods or Clientelism?, Democratization, 18:5, 1193–1214. Google Scholar öffnen
  373. Weghorst, Keith R. & Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019). The role of private and collective goods in elections: evidence from Ghana. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b5840f0b64974000ade/appp-working-paper-5.pdf, 15.6.201. Google Scholar öffnen
  374. Weinstein, Liza (2009). Democracy in the Globalizing Indian City: Engagements of Political Society and the State in Globalizing Mumbai. Politics & Society, 37(3), 397–427. Google Scholar öffnen
  375. Weiß, Anja (2017). Soziologie Globaler Ungleichheiten. Berlin: Suhrkamp. Google Scholar öffnen
  376. Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca (2014). Curbing Clientelism in Argentina: Politics, Poverty, and Social Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  377. Wendt, Alexander (1992). Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391–425. Google Scholar öffnen
  378. Werlin, Herbert H. (1966). The Nairobi City Council: A Study in Comparative Local Government. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 8(2), 181–198. Google Scholar öffnen
  379. White, Morgan (2013). Higher Education and Problems of Citizenship Formation. Journal of Philosophy of Education. 47. Google Scholar öffnen
  380. Wibbels, Erik, & Guadalupe, Rojo & Subhash, Jha (2014). Political Networks, Clientelism and Public Goods: Evidence from Slums in Udaipur, India. Duke University, https://sites.duke.edu/wibbels/files/2014/10/Rojo_Jha_Wibbels.pdf, 18.6.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  381. Willis, Justin & Cheeseman, Nic & Lynch, Gabrielle (2021). The history of elections in Ghana, Kenya and Uganda: what we can learn from these “national exercises”. Journal of African Elections (accepted/in press). Google Scholar öffnen
  382. Wimmer, Andreas (2008). The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory. AJS Volume 113, Number 4 (January 2008), 970–1022. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  383. Wimmer, Andreas (2018). Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart. Princeton: Princeton Studies in Global and Comparative Sociology. Google Scholar öffnen
  384. World Bank (2014). Kenya State of the Cities Baseline Survey. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2796, 7.11.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  385. World Bank (2016). Report No: AUS8099 Republic of Kenya Urbanization Review. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/639231468043512906/pdf/AUS8099-WP-P148360-PUBLIC-KE-Urbanization-ACS.pdf, 26.1.2019. Google Scholar öffnen
  386. World Bank (2019). Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Project 2. Combined Project Information Documents / Integrated Safeguards Datasheet (PID/ISDS). http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/364621576423240976/pdf/Project-Information-Document-Integrated-Safeguards-Data-Sheet-Kenya-Informal-Settlements-Improvement-Project-2-P167814.pdf, 8.11.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  387. World Bank (2020). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, 12.6.2020. Google Scholar öffnen
  388. World Bank (2020). GDP per capita (current US$) – Kenya. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=KE, 14.11.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  389. World Bank (2020). Education Statistics (EdStats). https://datatopics.worldbank.org/education/country/kenya, 14.11.2020 Google Scholar öffnen
  390. World Bank (2022). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/topics/19280-country-classification 22.1.2021. Google Scholar öffnen
  391. Yildirim, Kerem & Kitschelt, Herbert (2020). Analytical perspectives on varieties of clientelism. Democratization, 27:1, 20–43. Google Scholar öffnen
  392. Youkhana, Eva (2015). A Conceptual Shift in Studies of Belonging and the Politics of Belonging. Social Inclusion, 3 (4):10–24. Google Scholar öffnen
  393. Young, Crawford (1976). The Politics of Cultural Pluralism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  394. Young, Iris M. (1989). Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship. Ethics, 99: 250–274. Google Scholar öffnen
  395. Young, Iris M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar öffnen
  396. Yuval-Davis, Nira (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3), 197–214. Google Scholar öffnen
  397. Yuval-Davis, Nira (2011). The politics of belonging – Intersectional contestations. London: SAGE. Google Scholar öffnen
  398. Zaller, John & Feldman, Stanley (1992). A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36(3), 579–616. Google Scholar öffnen

Ähnliche Veröffentlichungen

aus dem Schwerpunkt "Vergleichende Politikforschung & Länderstudien", "Kulturgeschichte & Kulturwissenschaft", "Bildung allgemein"
Cover des Buchs: Gute Poesie
Monographie Kein Zugriff
Christian Eger
Gute Poesie
Cover des Buchs: Die politische Rechte in Lateinamerika
Sammelband Vollzugriff
Nadja Ahmad, Hans-Jürgen Burchardt, Kristina Dietz, Hannes Warnecke-Berger, Jonas Wolff
Die politische Rechte in Lateinamerika
Cover des Buchs: Musical Traces of a Lost Past
Sammelband Kein Zugriff
Dilek Kızıldağ, Martin Greve
Musical Traces of a Lost Past
Cover des Buchs: Lehren und Lernen von Bewegungen
Monographie Vollzugriff
Jörg Bietz, Hans-Georg Scherer
Lehren und Lernen von Bewegungen
Cover des Buchs: Gender Studies
Lehrbuch Kein Zugriff
Helma Lutz, Julia Schuster
Gender Studies

Hinweis

Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt und darf nur nach den Vorgaben der Nutzungs- und Lizenzvereinbarung genutzt werden. Jede darüber hinaus gehende Nutzung des Werkes ist ausdrücklich untersagt und wird verfolgt.

Feedback geben

Wir freuen uns über Ihr Feedback zu Inhalten und Funktionen. Ihre Nachricht hilft uns, unseren Service stetig zu verbessern.

Bewertung
Bild anhängen
oder hier ablegen
PNG oder JPG (max. 3 MB)

Anmelden

Passwort vergessen?
Login via Open Athens
Noch kein Benutzerkonto?
Jetzt registrieren

Publikation zitieren

Download: RIS BibTex