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Monographie Kein Zugriff

Keys to Behavior-Based Safety

Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 2001

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2001
ISBN-Print
978-0-86587-888-4
ISBN-Online
978-1-4616-2489-9
Verlag
Government Institutes, Lanham
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
437
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
    1. Table of Contents Kein Zugriff
    2. List of Figures and Tables Kein Zugriff
    3. Foreword Kein Zugriff
    4. About Dr. E. Scott Geller Kein Zugriff
    5. About Safety Performance Solutions Kein Zugriff
    6. Acknowledgments Kein Zugriff
      1. Principle 1: Safety should be Driven by the Local Culture and not by an outside Agency Kein Zugriff
      2. Principle 2: Culture Change Requires that People Understand the Principles and know what to do about them Kein Zugriff
      3. Principle 3: Champions of a Total Safety Culture will Emanate from those who Teach the Principles and Procedures Kein Zugriff
      4. Principle 4: Leadership can be Developed by Teaching and Demonstrating the Characteristics of Effective Leaders Kein Zugriff
      5. Principle 5: Focus Recognition, Education, and Training on People Reluctant but Willing Rather than on those Resisting Kein Zugriff
      6. Principle 6: Increase Commitment, Ownership, and Involvement by Giving People Opportunities for Choice Kein Zugriff
      7. Principle 7: A Total Safety Culture Requires Continuous Attention to Factors in three Domains: Environment, Behavior, and Person Kein Zugriff
      8. Principle 8: Do not Count on Common Sense for Safety Improvement Kein Zugriff
      9. Principle 9: Safety Incentive Programs should Focus on the Process Rather than Outcomes Kein Zugriff
      10. Principle 10: Safety should not be Considered a Priority but a Value with no Compromise Kein Zugriff
      11. Principle 11: Safety is a Continuous Fight with Human Nature Kein Zugriff
      12. Principle 12: Behavior is Learned from Three Basic Procedures: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning Kein Zugriff
      13. Principle 13: People View Behavior as Correct and Appropriate to the Degree they See others doing it Kein Zugriff
      14. Principle 14: People will Blindly Follow Authority, Even when the Mandate Runs Counter to Good Judgment and Social Responsibility Kein Zugriff
      15. Principle 15: Social Loafing can be Prevented by Increasing Personal Responsibility, Individual Accountability, Group Cohesion, and Interdependence Kein Zugriff
      16. Principle 16: On-the-job Observation and Interpersonal Feedback is key to Achieving a Total Safety Culture Kein Zugriff
      17. Principle 17: Behavior-Based Safety is a Continuous Do it Process with D =Define Target Behaviors, 0 =Observe Target Behaviors, I = Intervene to Improve Behaviors, and T = Test Impact of Intervention Kein Zugriff
      18. Principle 18: Behavior is Directed by Activators and Motivated by Consequences Kein Zugriff
      19. Principle 19: Intervention Impact is Influenced by Amount of Response Information, Participation, Social Support, and External Consequences Kein Zugriff
      20. Principle 20: Extra and External Consequences Should not Over-Justify the Target Behavior Kein Zugriff
      21. Principle 21: People are Motivated to Maximize Positive Consequences (rewards) and Minimize Negative Consequences (costs) Kein Zugriff
      22. Principle 22: Consequences have Three Dichotomous Characteristics: Positive vs. Negative, Natural vs. Extra, and Internal vs. External Kein Zugriff
      23. Principle 23: Negative Consequences have Four Undesirable Side Effects: Escape, Aggression, Apathy, and Counter-Control Kein Zugriff
      24. Principle 24: Natural Variation in Behavior can Lead to a Belief that Negative Consequences have More Impact than Positive Consequences Kein Zugriff
      25. Principle 25: Long-term Behavior Change Requires People to Change "Inside" as well as "Outside" Kein Zugriff
      26. Principle 26: All Perception is Biased and Dependent Upon Personal History, Prejudices, Motives, and Expectations Kein Zugriff
      27. Principle 27: Perceived Risk is Lowered when a Hazard is Perceived as Familiar, Understood, Controllable, and Preventable Kein Zugriff
      28. Principle 28: The slogan "All Injuries are Preventable" is False and Reduces Perceived Risk Kein Zugriff
      29. Principle 29: People Compensate for Increases in Perceived Safety by Taking More risks Kein Zugriff
      30. Principle 30: When People Evaluate Others, they Focus on Internal Factors; When Evaluating Personal Performance, they Focus on External Factors Kein Zugriff
      31. Principle 31: When Succeeding, People Over-Attribute Internal Factors, but When Failing, People over-Attribute External Factors Kein Zugriff
      32. Principle 32: People Feel More Personal Control When Working to Achieve than When Working to Avoid Failure Kein Zugriff
      33. Principle 33: Stressors Lead to Positive Stress or Negative Distress Depending on Appraisal of Personal Control Kein Zugriff
      34. Principle 34: In a Total Safety Culture Everyone Goes Beyond the Call of Duty for the Safety of themselves and Others they Actively Care Kein Zugriff
      35. Principle 35: Active Caring Should be Planned, Purposed, and Focused on Environment, Person, or Behavior Kein Zugriff
      36. Principle 36: Direct, Behavior-Focused Active Caring is Proactive and Most Challenging and Requires Effective Communication Skills Kein Zugriff
      37. Principle 37: Safety Coaching that Starts with Caring and Involves Observing, Analyzing, and Communicating Leads to Helping Kein Zugriff
      38. Principle 38: Actively Caring Behavior can be Increased Indirectly with Procedures that Enhance Self-esteem, Belonging, and Empowerment Kein Zugriff
      39. Principle 39: Empowerment is Facilitated with Increases in Self-Efficacy, Personal Control, and Optimism Kein Zugriff
      40. Principle 40: When People feel Empowered, their Safe Behavior Spreads to other Situations and Behaviors Kein Zugriff
      41. Principle 41: Actively Caring Behavior can be Increased Directly by Educating People about Factors Contributing to by Stander Apathy Kein Zugriff
      42. Principle 42: As the Number of Observers of a Crisis Increases, the Probability of Helping Decreases Kein Zugriff
      43. Principle 43: Actively Caring Behavior is Facilitated When Appreciated, but it is Inhibited when Unappreciated Kein Zugriff
      44. Principle 44: A positive Reaction to Actively Caring Behavior can Increase Self-esteem, Empowerment, and Belonging Kein Zugriff
      45. Principle 45: The Universal Norms of Consistency and Reciprocity Motivate Everyday Behaviors, Including Actively Caring Behavior Kein Zugriff
      46. Principle 46: Once People Make a Commitment, they Encounter Internal and External Pressures to Think and Act Consistently with their Position Kein Zugriff
      47. Principle 47: The Consistency Principle is Responsible for the Impact of "Foot-in-the-Door" and "Low-Balling" Kein Zugriff
      48. Principle 48: The Reciprocity Norm is Responsible for the Impact of the Door-in-the-face Technique Kein Zugriff
      49. Principle 49: Numbers from Program Evaluations should be Meaningful to All Program Participants and should Provide Direction and Motivation for Intervention Improvement Kein Zugriff
      50. Principle 50: Statistical Analysis Often adds Confusion and Misunderstanding to Evaluation Results, there by Reducing Social Validity Kein Zugriff
      51. References Kein Zugriff
      1. From Dependency to Interdependency Kein Zugriff
      2. We Try to be Consistent in thought and Deed Kein Zugriff
      3. We Reciprocate to Return the Favor Kein Zugriff
      4. We Follow the Crowd Kein Zugriff
      5. We Actively Care for People We Like Kein Zugriff
      6. Value Increases with Scarcity Kein Zugriff
      7. References Kein Zugriff
      1. The Need for Competence Kein Zugriff
      2. The Need for Self-Efficacy Kein Zugriff
      3. The Need for Response-Efficacy Kein Zugriff
      4. The Power of Feedback Kein Zugriff
      1. Total Safety Culture Kein Zugriff
      2. Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) Observation and Feedback Kein Zugriff
        1. Background Kein Zugriff
        2. Self-Observation Kein Zugriff
        3. BBS Process Kein Zugriff
        4. BBS Success Kein Zugriff
        1. Background Kein Zugriff
        2. BBS Process Kein Zugriff
        3. BBS Success Kein Zugriff
      1. Empirical Support for the Actively Caring Model Kein Zugriff
        1. Subjects Kein Zugriff
        2. Personality Measures Kein Zugriff
        3. Actively Caring Kein Zugriff
        4. Procedure Kein Zugriff
        5. Thank-you Cards Kein Zugriff
        6. Thank-you Card Findings Kein Zugriff
      2. Discussion Kein Zugriff
      3. References Kein Zugriff
        1. Subjects and Setting Kein Zugriff
        2. The Safety Culture Survey (SCS) Kein Zugriff
      1. Procedure Kein Zugriff
        1. Inter-item Reliability Kein Zugriff
        2. Relationships between Subscales Kein Zugriff
        3. Regression Analyses Kein Zugriff
        4. Convergent and Divergent Validity Kein Zugriff
      2. Discussion Kein Zugriff
      3. References Kein Zugriff
      1. 1. Increased Risk-taking Kein Zugriff
      2. 2. Poor Incident Analysis Kein Zugriff
      3. 3. Lack of Involvement Kein Zugriff
      4. 4. Lack of Public Support Kein Zugriff
      5. What to do Kein Zugriff
      6. Flawed Thinking Kein Zugriff
      1. What is Safety Self-Management? Kein Zugriff
      2. From Outside to Inside Direction Kein Zugriff
      3. Getting Started in Safety Self-Management Kein Zugriff
      4. The Techniques of Safety Self-Management Kein Zugriff
      5. Self-Observing and Recording Kein Zugriff
      6. Developing a Self-Observation Checklist Kein Zugriff
        1. Activator Management Kein Zugriff
        2. Self-statements Kein Zugriff
        3. Self-instruction Kein Zugriff
        4. Beliefs Kein Zugriff
        5. Interpretations Kein Zugriff
        6. Mental Imagery Kein Zugriff
        7. Self-rewards Kein Zugriff
        8. Goal-setting Kein Zugriff
        9. Social Support Kein Zugriff
        10. Commitment Kein Zugriff
      7. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Safety Coaching Versus Athletic Coaching Kein Zugriff
        1. "C" for Care Kein Zugriff
        2. "O" for Observe Kein Zugriff
        3. "A" for Analyze Kein Zugriff
        4. "C" for Communicate Kein Zugriff
        5. "H" for Help Kein Zugriff
      2. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Behavioral Observation and Feedback Reviewed Kein Zugriff
      2. A Total Safety Culture Defined Kein Zugriff
      3. Principles of Psychology that Underlie an Observation and Feedback Process Kein Zugriff
      4. Application of Principles of Psychology to Other Safety Management Systems Kein Zugriff
      5. An Illustrative Case Study Kein Zugriff
      6. An Assessment Tool to Evaluate Safety Management Systems Kein Zugriff
      7. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Method Kein Zugriff
      2. Procedure Kein Zugriff
      3. Results Kein Zugriff
      4. Discussion Kein Zugriff
      5. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Involve Employees in an Observation and Feedback Process Kein Zugriff
      2. Reinforce Targeted PPE Behaviors Kein Zugriff
      3. Consider the Various Factors Influencing PPE Use Kein Zugriff
      4. Involve Workers in Determining Appropriate Interventions Kein Zugriff
      5. Focus on the Potential for Injury, not Safety Rules Kein Zugriff
      6. Use Examples, Images and Case Studies Kein Zugriff
      7. Consider issues Beyond PPE Kein Zugriff
      1. Traditional Approach to Managing Ergonomic Risks Kein Zugriff
      2. An Overview of A Behavioral Observation and Feedback Process Kein Zugriff
      3. Integrating Behavioral Observation into an Ergonomics Program Kein Zugriff
      4. Training Observers to Identify Ergonomic Risks Kein Zugriff
      5. References Kein Zugriff
        1. Lack of Conversation Builds Barriers Kein Zugriff
        2. Conversation Resolves Conflict Kein Zugriff
        3. Conversation Makes Intangibles Real Kein Zugriff
        4. Conversation Defines Culture Kein Zugriff
        5. Conversation Defines Public Self-Image Kein Zugriff
        6. Conversation Makes a Breakthrough Possible Kein Zugriff
        1. Get beyond the Past Kein Zugriff
        2. Seek Commitment Kein Zugriff
        3. Listen Before Giving Directives Kein Zugriff
        4. Ask Questions First Kein Zugriff
        5. Transition from Nondirective to Directive Kein Zugriff
        6. Overcome Prejudice Filters Kein Zugriff
        7. Plant Words to Improve Self-Image Kein Zugriff
        1. Coaching Conversation Kein Zugriff
        2. Delegating Conversation Kein Zugriff
        3. Instructive Conversation Kein Zugriff
        4. Supportive Conversation Kein Zugriff
        5. The Critical Role of Proactive Listening Kein Zugriff
        6. The Role of Competence and Commitment Kein Zugriff
      1. References Kein Zugriff
      1. We Need to Give More Quality Recognition Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Deliver Recognition During or Immediately after Safe Behavior Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Make It Personal for Both Parties Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Connect Specific Behavior with General Higher-Level Praise Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Deliver the Recognition Privately and One-on-one Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Let it Stand Alone and Soak in Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Use Tangibles for Symbolic Value Only Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Secondhand Recognition Has Special Advantages Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Avoid Denial and Disclaimer Statements Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Listen Attentively with Genuine Appreciation Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Take it in and Relive it Later for Self Motivation Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Show Sincere Appreciation Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Recognize the Person for Recognizing you Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Embrace the Reciprocity Principle Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Ask for Recognition when it is Deserved but not Forthcoming Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Celebrations of Injury Reduction should be Unannounced Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Celebrate Accomplishment but Focus on the Journey Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Show Top-Down Support but Facilitate Bottom-Up Involvement Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Facilitate Discussion to Relive the Journey Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Enable Discussions of Successes and Failures Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Use Tangible Rewards to Establish a Memory Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Solicit Employee Input Kein Zugriff
      2. References Kein Zugriff
        1. Pun Kein Zugriff
        2. Exaggeration Kein Zugriff
        3. Surprise Kein Zugriff
        4. Silliness Kein Zugriff
        5. The Put-down Kein Zugriff
      1. Perception Problems Kein Zugriff
      1. What Gets Measured Gets Done Kein Zugriff
      2. The Need for New Measures Kein Zugriff
      3. What Else should be Measured? Kein Zugriff
      4. Process-Based Accountabilities Measure Individual Performance Kein Zugriff
      5. The Reluctance to Change Measures Kein Zugriff
      1. What is a Behavioral Discrepancy? Kein Zugriff
      2. Should the Work Context be Changed? Kein Zugriff
      3. Is Safe Behavior Punished? Kein Zugriff
      4. Is At-Risk Behavior Rewarded? Kein Zugriff
      5. Are Extra Consequences used Effectively? Kein Zugriff
      6. Can the Task be Simplified? Kein Zugriff
      7. Is there a Skill Discrepancy? Kein Zugriff
      8. What Kind of Training is Needed? Kein Zugriff
      9. Is the Person Right for the Job? Kein Zugriff
      10. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Process vs. Outcome Performance Measures Kein Zugriff
      2. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Performance Measures Kein Zugriff
      3. Goal Setting Based on Performance Measures Kein Zugriff
      4. Developing a Health and Safety Measurement System Kein Zugriff
      5. Using a Health and Safety Measurement System Kein Zugriff
        1. A Multiple Intervention level (MIL) Hierarchy Kein Zugriff
      1. Study 1: Nationwide Survey on Behavior-Based Safety Kein Zugriff
      2. Study 2: Applications of Strategies to Increase Safe Driving: A Systematic Evaluation of Intervention Effectiveness after a Decade of Culture Change Kein Zugriff
      3. Study 3: The Effects of Employee Involvement on Behavior-Based Safety Kein Zugriff
      4. Study 4: Effects of Self-Observation on Safe Driving Practices Kein Zugriff
      5. References Kein Zugriff
      1. 1. Leaders Focus on Process Kein Zugriff
      2. 2. Leaders Educate Kein Zugriff
      3. 3. Leaders Use Conditional Statements Kein Zugriff
      4. 4. Leaders Listen First Kein Zugriff
      5. 5. Leaders Promote Ownership Kein Zugriff
      6. 6. Leaders Encourage Choice Kein Zugriff
      7. 7. Leaders Set Expectations Kein Zugriff
      8. 8. Leaders are Confident but Uncertain Kein Zugriff
      9. 9. Leaders Look beyond the Numbers Kein Zugriff
      10. 10. Leaders Make More Distinctions between People Kein Zugriff
      11. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Watch your Language Kein Zugriff
      2. From One Root Cause to Many Contributing Factors Kein Zugriff
      3. From Avoiding Failure to Achieving Success Kein Zugriff
      4. From Top-Down Correction to Bottom-Up Involvement Kein Zugriff
      5. From Narrow to Broad Application of Solutions Kein Zugriff
      6. From Outcome to Process Accountability Kein Zugriff
      7. Other Language Barriers Kein Zugriff
      8. Improve Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Conversation Kein Zugriff
      9. Make Feedback Behavior-Focused Kein Zugriff
      10. Make the Context Positive Kein Zugriff
      11. Give Feedback Privately Kein Zugriff
      12. Ask Others for Feedback Kein Zugriff
      13. Give More Positive than Negative Consequences Kein Zugriff
      14. Teach Theory and Principles before Procedures Kein Zugriff
      15. Provide Guidance for Customizing a Process Kein Zugriff
      16. Build Ownership and Interpersonal Trust Kein Zugriff
      17. Teach and Promote Interdependency Kein Zugriff
      18. Do More Leading than Managing Kein Zugriff
      19. Enhance the Actively Caring Person States Kein Zugriff
      20. Teach and Promote Systems Thinking Kein Zugriff
      21. References Kein Zugriff
        1. Interpersonal Trust Among Co-workers Kein Zugriff
        2. Interpersonal Trust Scale Kein Zugriff
        3. Building a Trusting Culture Kein Zugriff
        1. 1. Communication Kein Zugriff
        2. 2. Caring Kein Zugriff
        3. 3. Candor Kein Zugriff
        4. 4. Consistency Kein Zugriff
        5. 5. Commitment Kein Zugriff
        6. 6. Consensus Kein Zugriff
        7. 7. Character Kein Zugriff
        8. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Fallacy 1: Reprimand Privately but Recognize Publicly Kein Zugriff
      2. Fallacy 2: We Learn More from Our Mistakes than from Our Successes Kein Zugriff
      3. Fallacy 3: Seventy-seven Percent of Our Mental thoughts are Negative Kein Zugriff
      4. Fallacy 4: Do Something 21 Times and it Becomes a Habit Kein Zugriff
      5. Fallacy 5: We can Only Motivate Ourselves, not Others Kein Zugriff
      6. Fallacy 6: Incentives and Rewards are Detrimental to Self-motivation Kein Zugriff
      7. Fallacy 7: For Every 300 Unsafe Acts there are 29 Minor Injuries and One Major Injury Kein Zugriff
      1. It's Only Common Sense Kein Zugriff
      2. It's Just a Fad Kein Zugriff
      3. It's a Magic Bullet Kein Zugriff
      4. Employees Get the Blame Kein Zugriff
      5. It's Only Observation and Feedback Kein Zugriff
      6. Management is off the Hook Kein Zugriff
      7. Environmental Fixes are not Needed Kein Zugriff
      8. It's "Touchy-feely" Psychology Kein Zugriff
      9. Attitude Change must Come First Kein Zugriff
      10. There's no Bottom-line Payoff Kein Zugriff
      11. Organizational Change Kein Zugriff
      1. Failing to Teach Principles Kein Zugriff
      2. Lack of Perceived Ownership Kein Zugriff
      3. Insufficient Worker Involvement Kein Zugriff
      4. Invisible Top-down Support Kein Zugriff
      5. Too Few Champions Kein Zugriff
      6. Confusing Goals with Purpose Kein Zugriff
      7. Poor Measures of Success Kein Zugriff
      1. Guideline 1: Specify Behavior Kein Zugriff
      2. Guideline 2: Maintain Salience with Novelty Kein Zugriff
      3. Guideline 3: Vary the Message Kein Zugriff
      4. Guideline 4: Involve the Target Audience Kein Zugriff
      5. Guideline 5: Activate Close to Response Opportunity Kein Zugriff
      6. Guideline 6: Implicate Consequences Kein Zugriff
      7. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Self-Perception is Defined by Behavior Kein Zugriff
      2. Direct Persuasion Has Limited Impact Kein Zugriff
      3. An Indirect Approach is More Likely to Influence Self-Persuasion Kein Zugriff
      4. Self-Persuasion is Key to Long-Term Behavior Change Kein Zugriff
      5. Large Incentives can Hinder Self-Persuasion and Lasting Change Kein Zugriff
      6. Mild Threats Influence More Self-Persuasion than Severe Threats Kein Zugriff
      7. The More Obvious the External Control the Less the Self-Persuasion Kein Zugriff
      8. Self-Efficacy is Key to Empowerment and Long-Term Participation Kein Zugriff
      9. Response-Efficacy Is Key to Empowerment and Long-Term Participation Kein Zugriff
      10. Motivation to Act Comes from Outcome Expectancy Kein Zugriff
      11. References Kein Zugriff
        1. Hypotheses Kein Zugriff
        2. Method Kein Zugriff
        3. Perception Survey Results Kein Zugriff
        4. Discussion Kein Zugriff
      1. References Kein Zugriff
      1. Why have Our Dreams Fallen Short? Kein Zugriff
      2. Behavior-Based Safety: A Cause for Optimism Kein Zugriff
        1. What's the Problem? Kein Zugriff
        2. Backstabbing by Safety Consultants Kein Zugriff
        3. What should we do? Kein Zugriff
      3. References Kein Zugriff
  1. Index Kein Zugriff Seiten 429 - 437

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