Commercial Law: Article-by-Article Commentary

Peter Mankowski

doi:10.5771/9783845276564

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2018
Copyright year: 2018
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-3315-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-7656-4
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language: German
Pages: 1531
Product type: Comment

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages I - XLVI
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1. I. General remarks No access
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2. Authors:
  1. 1. Transnational law and lex mercatoria are excluded No access
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  2. 2. Non-state rules of international prominence are included No access
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3. III. Sale of goods No access
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4. Authors:
  1. 1. Carriage of goods No access
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  2. 2. Carriage of persons No access
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  3. 3. Maritime law is left out No access
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  4. 4. Multimodal transport is left out No access
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5. V. Limited coverage of services No access
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1. Introduction No access Pages 9 - 10
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2. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. I. Generalities No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Sale No access
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        2. Goods No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Parties’ places of business in different States No access
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        2. Additional subjective test and burden of proof (2) No access
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      4. IV. Place of business No access
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      5. V. Applicability regardless of personal qualities of the contract parties or of the character of the contract (3) No access
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      6. VI. Parties’ places of business in different Contracting States, (1) (a) No access
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      7. VII. Conflict of law rules render the law of a Contracting State applicable (1) (b) No access
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      8. VIII. Arbitral instances No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Sales of goods for personal use (a) No access
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      2. 2. Sales by auction (b) No access
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      3. 3. Sales on execution or otherwise by authority of law (c) No access
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      4. 4. Stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money (d) No access
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      5. 5. Ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft (e) No access
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      6. 6. Electricity (f) No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. I. Generalities No access
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      2. II. Contracts for manufacturing or producing goods No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. General considerations No access
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        2. Unified contracts No access
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        3. Separate contracts No access
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        4. Turn-key contracts No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. I. Statement of principle No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Validity of the contract No access
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        2. Property issues No access
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      3. III. Gaps No access
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      4. IV. Issues relating to evidence No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. I. Scope of the exclusion No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Reach of Art. 5 No access
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        2. General impact of the CISG on claims in tort No access
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    6. Authors:
      1. I. Generalities No access
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      2. II. Derogation of the CISG in its entirety (opt-out) No access
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      3. III. Derogation from single provisions of the CISG No access
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      4. IV. Risk of liability for legal advisors No access
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      5. V. Opt-in No access
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  2. 1. Authors:
      1. I. Autonomous and uniform interpretation (1) No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Internal gaps and general principles No access
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        2. External gaps No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. I. Interpretation of statements No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Intent of the party making the statement No access
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        2. Supplementary rule, (3) No access
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      3. III. Default rule (2) No access
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      4. IV. Language risks No access
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      5. V. Statements or conduct by third parties No access
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      6. VI. Interpretation of the contract in its entirety No access
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      7. VII. Interpretation of silence No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. I. Generalities No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Requirements stemming from (1) No access
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        2. Presumption under (2) No access
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        3. Examples No access
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      3. III. Practices No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. I. Place of business No access
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      2. II. Several places of business, (a) No access
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      3. III. Lacking place of business, (b) No access
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    5. Article 11 CISG No access Pages 52 - 52
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    6. Article 12 CISG No access Pages 52 - 53
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    7. Article 13 CISG No access Pages 54 - 54
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3. 1. Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG No access Pages 55 - 57
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Sufficiently definite No access
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    3. III. Intention to be bound No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Reference to standard terms No access
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      2. Authors:
        a) Sending standard terms (transmission) No access
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        b) Standard terms otherwise available No access
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    5. V. Capacity, death or insolvency No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Reaching the offeree No access
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    3. III. Withdrawal No access
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    4. IV. Overview of termination of offers generally No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Offers indicating irrevocability No access
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      2. 2. Offers that become binding by reliance No access
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      3. 3. Offers that become binding by dispatch of acceptance No access
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    3. III. Ineffective revocations No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Manner of revocation No access
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      2. 2. Effect of revocation and consequences at domestic law No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Meaning of rejection No access
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    3. III. Timing of rejection and reaching the offeror No access
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    4. IV. Effect of rejection No access
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  6. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Meaning of acceptance No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. By declaration No access
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      2. 2. By conduct No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. When acceptance occurs: reaching the offeror No access
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      2. 2. When acceptance occurs: exceptional means of acceptance No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. 1. Fixed period of time No access
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      2. 2. No period of time fixed No access
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    6. VI. Effect of acceptance No access
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    7. VII. Standard terms No access
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    8. VIII. Modification No access
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Terms that are not different No access
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    3. III. Further proposals in purported acceptances No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Material difference No access
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      2. 2. Immaterial difference No access
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    5. V. Effect of material difference: rejection and counter-offers No access
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    6. VI. Effect of immaterial difference: objections to differences and conclusion of contract No access
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    7. VII. Modifications to differences No access
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    8. VIII. Battle of the forms No access
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  8. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Time begins to run for period of acceptance No access
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    3. III. Calculation of period for acceptance No access
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  9. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Characterization as late acceptance No access
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      2. 2. Acceptance must reach the offeror No access
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      3. 3. Offeror’s approval No access
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      4. 4. Approval without delay No access
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      5. 5. Notice of approval: inform or dispatch No access
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      6. 6. Withdrawal of approval No access
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      7. 7. Timing of conclusion of contract No access
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      8. 8. Risk No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Delays to normal transmission No access
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      2. 2. Delays outside the control of offeree No access
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      3. 3. Delay is discernible No access
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      4. 4. Objection by offeror No access
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      5. 5. Timing of objection ‘without delay’ No access
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      6. 6. Timing of conclusion of contract No access
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      7. 7. Risk No access
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  10. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Declaration of withdrawal No access
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    3. III. Withdrawal must reach the offeror No access
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    4. IV. Timing of withdrawal No access
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    5. V. Revocation of withdrawal No access
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    6. VI. Reservation of a right to withdraw No access
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    7. VII. Effect of withdrawal and risks No access
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  11. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Conditions precedent and subsequent No access
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    3. III. Contracts requiring third party consent or approval No access
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    4. IV. Third party determinations No access
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  12. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Division of declarations into ‘oral’ and ‘other’ No access
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      2. Authors:
        a) Must oral declarations be heard in order to reach? No access
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        b) Intermediaries No access
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      3. Authors:
        a) When does ‘delivery’ occur? No access
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        b) Delivered to addressee ‘personally’ No access
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        c) Delivered to addressee’s ‘place of business’ or ‘mailing address’ No access
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        aa) Email No access
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        bb) Voice mail No access
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        cc) SMS No access
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        dd) Websites No access
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        ee) Chat No access
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        ff) Fax, telex, telegram No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Delivery outside business hours No access
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      2. 2. Unintelligible declaration No access
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      3. 3. Foreign language No access
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      4. 4. Addressee lacks capacity No access
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      5. 5. Addressee prevents receipt No access
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4. 1. 1. 1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
      2. 1. Autonomous interpretation No access
        2. Breach of contract No access
        a) Detriment No access
        b) Substantial deprivation No access
        c) Foreseeability No access
      3. III. Burden of proof No access
      4. a) Seller No access
        b) Buyer No access
        2. Non-conforming goods No access
        a) Seller No access
        b) Buyer No access
        4. Other obligations No access
    2. Authors:
      1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Form No access
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        2. Content No access
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        3. Effectiveness and transmission No access
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        4. Time limits No access
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      3. III. Burden of proof No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Overview No access
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        2. Restrictive interpretation? No access
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        3. Oral communication No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Criteria of appropriateness No access
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        2. Language No access
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        3. Dispatch No access
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      4. IV. Effects of appropriate communication No access
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      5. V. Burden of proof No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
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      2. II. Scope of application No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Applicable law No access
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        2. Discretion of the court No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Scope of application No access
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        2. Agreement No access
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        3. Freedom of form No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. “No oral modification” (NOM) clauses No access
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        2. Abuse No access
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      4. IV. Burden of proof No access
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  2. 1. Authors:
      1. I. Overview of the obligations of the seller No access
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      2. II. Delivery obligation No access
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      3. III. Contractual arrangements on delivery and the ICC Incoterms® No access
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      4. IV. Obligation to hand over documents relating to the goods No access
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      5. V. The obligation to transfer property in the goods No access
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      6. VI. Transfer of property and retention of title No access
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    2. 1. Authors:
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        1. Notion of carriage No access
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        2. Notion of delivery No access
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        3. Place of performance No access
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        4. Remedies for breach of the delivery obligation No access
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        5. Delivery and the transfer of risk No access
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        II. Delivery in sales involving carriage (Article 31(a)) No access
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        1. Sales not involving carriage of specific goods (Article 31(b), first hypothetical) No access
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        2. Sales not involving carriage of unidentified goods from a specific stock (Article 31(b), second hypothetical) No access
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        3. Sales not involving carriage of goods to be manufactured or produced (Article 31(b), third hypothetical) No access
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        4. Other cases of sales not involving carriage (Article 31(c)) No access
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        IV. Agreement to deliver “at any other particular place” and the impact of the ICC Incoterms® No access
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        V. The impact of the place of delivery on the assessment of jurisdiction No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. Seller’s duty to give notice of consignment (Article 32(1) CISG) No access
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        III. Seller’s duty to arrange for appropriate means of transportation (Article 32(2) CISG) No access
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        IV. Seller’s duties regarding insurance (Article 32(2) and (3) CISG) No access
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      3. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. Fixed date of delivery (Article 33(a) CISG) No access
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        III. Fixed period for delivery (Article 33(b) CISG) No access
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        IV. Absence of agreement in the contract on the time of delivery (Article 33(c) CISG) No access
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        V. Breach of the seller’s obligation to deliver on time and buyer’s remedies No access
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      4. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. The handing over of documents No access
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        III. The breach of the duty to hand over documents and the right to cure No access
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    3. 1. Authors:
        I. General overview No access
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        II. Contractual conformity of the goods (para 1) No access
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        1. Fit for ordinary use (lit. a) No access
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        2. Fit for a particular purpose (lit. b) No access
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        3. Sale by sample or model (lit. c) No access
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        4. Usual or adequate packaging (lit. d) No access
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        IV. Exclusion of liability (para 3) No access
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        V. Remedies No access
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        VI. Burden of proof No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        1. Lack of conformity No access
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        2. Passing of risk No access
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        1. Violation of seller’s obligations No access
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        2. Guarantee No access
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      3. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        II. Requirements No access
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        III. Legal consequences No access
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        IV. Burden of proof No access
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      4. Authors:
        I. General Features No access
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        1. Length of period No access
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        a) In general No access
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        b) Contract involving carriage of the goods (para 2) No access
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        c) Redirection in transit or redispatch (para 3) No access
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        III. Method of examination No access
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        IV. Diverging party agreements No access
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      5. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        1. Content No access
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        2. Form No access
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        3. Addressee No access
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        1. Reasonable period No access
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        2. Beginning of period No access
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        1. Two year period No access
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        2. Guarantee periods No access
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        1. Loss of remedies No access
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        2. Exceptions No access
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        VI. Burden of proof No access
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      6. Authors:
        I. General Features No access
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        II. Seller’s bad faith No access
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        III. Disclosure of the defect to the buyer No access
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        IV. Burden of proof No access
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      7. Authors:
        I. General Features No access
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        a) Property No access
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        b) Other rights No access
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        2. Third party claims No access
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        3. Rights of the seller No access
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        4. Public law encumbrances No access
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        5. Relevant point in time No access
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        1. Contractual disclaimer No access
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        2. Buyer’s consent No access
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        3. Failure to give notice No access
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        1. Performance (Art. 46(1)) No access
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        2. Avoidance (Art. 49) No access
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        3. Damages (Art. 74 et seqq.) No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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      8. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        a) Based on intellectual or industrial property No access
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        b) Right of publicity (personality) and similar rights No access
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        2. Seller’s actual or constructive knowledge No access
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        3. Territorial limitations No access
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        4. Relevant point in time No access
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        1. Contractual exclusion No access
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        2. Buyer’s knowledge or culpable lack of knowledge No access
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        3. Buyer’s failure to give notice No access
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        4. Compliance with technical specifications by the buyer No access
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        IV. Remedies No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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      9. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        II. Notice No access
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        III. Notice period No access
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        IV. Exceptions No access
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        V. Legal consequences of a failure to give notice No access
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        VI. Burden of proof No access
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      10. Authors:
        I. General features No access
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        1. Special circumstances No access
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        2. Balancing of interests No access
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        III. Diverging contractual agreements No access
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        1. Price reduction No access
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        2. Damages No access
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        3. Right and claims of the seller No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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    4. 1. Authors:
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        Authors:
        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        I. General No access
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        II. Agreed sums No access
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        C. Limitation period No access
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        D. Burden of proof No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Article 45(1) No access
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        II. Article 45(2) No access
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        III. Article 45(3) No access
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      3. Authors:
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        II. Right to require performance (Article 46(1)) No access
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        III. Right to require delivery of substitute goods (Article 46(2)) No access
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        IV. Right to require repair (Article 46(3)) No access
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      4. Authors:
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        a) Buyer’s avoidance of the contract No access
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        b) Seller’s avoidance of the contract No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        4. Relation to other Provisions No access
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        1. Non-performance No access
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        a) No formal requirements No access
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        b) Clear demand No access
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        c) Reasonable time No access
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        III. Effect of fixing an additional time-period No access
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      5. Authors:
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        4. Relation to other Provisions No access
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        1. Seller’s failure to perform No access
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        2. Cure after delivery No access
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        3. Costs No access
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        1. Possibility to cure No access
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        a) Unreasonable delay No access
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        b) Unreasonable inconvenience No access
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        c) Uncertainty of reimbursement No access
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        3. Duty to give notice of cure No access
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        4. Reservation of avoidance of the contract No access
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        a) Avoidance of contract No access
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        b) Price reduction No access
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        c) Delivery of substitute goods/repair No access
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        d) Damages No access
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        6. Legal consequences No access
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        1. Indication of performance No access
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        2. Notice of willingness without a seller´s request (Article 48(3)) No access
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        3. Notice has to reach the buyer (Article 48(4)) No access
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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      6. Authors:
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        aa) Seller’s non-performance No access
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        bb) Buyer’s non-performance No access
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        b) Delay in performance No access
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        c) Ancillary duties No access
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        d) Seller’s right to cure No access
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        2. Foreseeabilty No access
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        3. Declaration of avoidance No access
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        4. Possibility to make restitution No access
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        5. Absence of a defence under Article 80 No access
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        II. Nachfrist No access
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        III. Loss of the right to avoid the contract No access
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      7. Authors:
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        3. Relation to other provisions No access
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        1. Breach of contract No access
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        2. Reduction of value No access
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        3. Notice of lack of conformity No access
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        4. Declaration of price reduction No access
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        a) Time of calculation No access
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        b) Place of calculation No access
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        III. Legal consequences No access
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      8. Authors:
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        4. Relation to other provisions No access
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        1. Divisibility No access
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        2. Defects in title No access
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        3. Violation of duties other than the delivery of goods No access
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        4. Obligation to give notice of lack of conformity No access
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        a) Quantity of goods No access
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        b) Restitution No access
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        c) Repair and substitute delivery No access
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        d) Specific performance No access
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        e) Avoidance No access
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        f) Price reduction No access
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        g) Damages No access
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        III. Avoidance of the entire contract in case of part-performance (Article 51 (2)) No access
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      9. Authors:
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        1. Overview No access
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        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        4. Relation to other provision No access
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        1. Early delivery No access
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        a) Right to refuse to take delivery No access
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        b) Consequences of taking delivery No access
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        1. Delivery of an excess quantity No access
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        2. Notice No access
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        a) General No access
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        b) Consequences No access
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        c) Taking delivery No access
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        d) Delivery of more valuable goods No access
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  3. 1. Foreword: the buyer’ duties No access Pages 279 - 279
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    2. Article 53 CISG No access Pages 279 - 279
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    3. 1. Article 54 CISG No access Pages 279 - 279
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      2. Authors:
        I. Purchase price No access
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        II. Payment arrangements No access
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        III. Choice of payment debt No access
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        IV. Effecting payment No access
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        V. Currency No access
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      3. Article 56 CISG No access Pages 283 - 283
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      4. Article 57 CISG No access Pages 284 - 284
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      5. Article 58 CISG No access Pages 285 - 287
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      6. Article 59 CISG No access Pages 288 - 288
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    4. 1. Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Duty to take delivery No access
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        2. Refusal to take delivery No access
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    5. 1. Authors:
        I. Article 61(1) No access
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        II. Article 61(2) No access
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        III. Article 61(3) No access
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      2. Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Overview No access
        Authors:
        2. Background No access
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        3. Scope No access
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        II. The right to demand payment No access
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        III. The right to demand the taking of delivery No access
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      3. Article 63 CISG No access Pages 295 - 295
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      4. Article 64 CISG No access Pages 296 - 296
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      5. Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Overview No access
        Authors:
        2. Background No access
        Authors:
        3. Scope No access
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        4. Relation to other provision No access
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        Authors:
        1. Demand by notice No access
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        2. Buyer’s right to make a different specification No access
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  4. 1. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Principal structure No access
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        2. Economic foundations No access
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        3. Handing-over approach; comparative law No access
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        4. Party agreement; ICC Incoterms No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Purpose and function, historical background No access
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        2. Understanding of ‘risk’ No access
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        3. Exception of ‘act or omission of the seller’ No access
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        4. Consequences No access
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        5. Burden of proof No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Purpose and structure No access
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        2. Party agreement; ICC Incoterms No access
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        3. Historical background No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Article 67(1), first sentence No access
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        2. Article 67(1), second sentence No access
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        3. Article 67(1), third sentence No access
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        4. Article 67(2) No access
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      3. III. Consequences; burden of proof No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Purpose and function No access
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        2. Historical background No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Article 68, first sentence (general rule) No access
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        2. Article 68, second sentence (exception) No access
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        3. Article 68, third sentence (bad faith) No access
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      3. III. Specific issue: Bulk cargo No access
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      4. IV. Burden of proof No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. I. Overview No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Article 69(1), first alternative No access
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        2. Article 69(1), second alternative No access
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      3. III. Details on Article 69(2) No access
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      4. IV. Article 69(3) No access
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      5. V. Burden of proof No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. I. Overview No access
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      2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Fundamental breach No access
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        2. Remedies available to the buyer No access
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      4. IV. Consequences; burden of proof No access
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  5. 1. 1. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
        Authors:
        II. Purpose and function No access
        Authors:
        III. Contractual agreements No access
        Authors:
        IV. Historical background No access
        Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Scope of application No access
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        2. Non-performance of a substantial part of the other party’s obligations No access
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        3. Grounds for non-performance No access
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        4. Probability of non-performance No access
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        5. Apparentness ‘after the conclusion of the contract’ No access
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        Authors:
        Authors:
        a) System and structure No access
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        b) Extent of creditor’s rights No access
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        c) Temporal aspects No access
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        d) Clarification: No duty to give notice No access
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        2. Right of suspension No access
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        3. Right of stoppage in transitu No access
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        Authors:
        1. Dissolution of grounds No access
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        2. Debtor’s assurance and non-assurance No access
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        3. Debtor’s performance and non-performance No access
        Authors:
        VIII. Claims for damages No access
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        IX. Burden of proof No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
        Authors:
        II. Purpose and function; historical background No access
        Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Fundamental breach of contract No access
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        2. Prognosis (‘clear that …’) No access
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        3. Additional requirement: Time frame No access
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        4. Duty to notify (Article 72(2)) No access
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        IV. Debtor’s assurance, non-assurance, and performance No access
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        V. Anticipatory breach (Article 72(3)) No access
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        VI. Declaration of avoidance; damages; burden of proof No access
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      3. Authors:
        I. Overview; historical background No access
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        Authors:
        Authors:
        a) Instalment contract No access
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        b) Fundamental breach of contract No access
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        2. Consequences: Avoidance of contract No access
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        Authors:
        Authors:
        a) Failure to perform No access
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        b) Prognosis of fundamental breach (‘good grounds to conclude’) No access
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        2. Consequences: Avoidance of contract No access
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        Authors:
        a) Avoidance under Article 73(1) No access
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        b) Interdependence No access
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        2. Consequences: ‘Maximum right’ No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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    2. 1. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. Purpose and function; historical background No access
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        III. Party agreement No access
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        Authors:
        1. Eligible claimants No access
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        Authors:
        a) Exclusion: Death and personal injury No access
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        b) Breach of contract No access
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        3. Causation No access
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        Authors:
        a) Direct damages (loss in value) No access
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        b) Incidental and consequential damages (other loss) No access
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        c) Special issues No access
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        Authors:
        a) Points in time No access
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        b) Money compensation; currency No access
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        c) Abstract and concrete computation No access
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        V. Details: Foreseeability rule No access
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        VI. Prescription and limitation periods; burden of proof No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Overview; historical background No access
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        Authors:
        1. Transaction after contract avoidance No access
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        2. Reasonable substitute transaction No access
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        Authors:
        1. Damages under Article 75 No access
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        2. Relation to other provisions No access
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        IV. Burden of proof No access
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      3. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
        Authors:
        II. Details No access
        Authors:
        III. Consequences; burden of proof No access
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      4. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
        Authors:
        II. Purpose and function; historical background No access
        Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Scope of application No access
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        2. Content of the obligation No access
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        3. Mitigation expenses as damage No access
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        IV. Consequences; burden of proof No access
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    3. 1. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. Historical background No access
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        Authors:
        1. Scope of application No access
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        Authors:
        a) Validity and enforceability No access
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        b) Due for payment No access
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        c) No further requirements No access
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        d) Party agreement No access
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        Authors:
        1. Payment modalities; limitation periods No access
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        2. Rate of interest No access
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        3. Compound interest No access
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        4. Other grounds for interest claims No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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    4. 1. Authors:
        I. Overview No access
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        II. Purpose and function; historical background No access
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        Authors:
        Authors:
        a) Scope of application No access
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        b) Non-controllable impediment; causation No access
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        c) Unforeseeability No access
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        d) Unavoidability No access
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        e) Examples (case law and commentary) No access
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        Authors:
        a) Liability for third persons No access
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        b) Analogy: Imputation of knowledge No access
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        3. Party agreement No access
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        Authors:
        1. Duration of exemption (Article 79(3)) No access
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        2. Obligation to give notice (Article 79(4)) No access
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        3. No liability for damages (Article 79(5)) No access
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        V. Burden of proof No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Overview; function; historical background No access
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        Authors:
        1. Act or omission No access
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        2. Causation No access
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        III. Consequences; burden of proof No access
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    5. 1. Authors:
        I. Release from contractual duties, (1) 1st sentence No access
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        II. Restitution, (2) No access
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        III. Provisions not affected, (1) 2nd sentence No access
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        IV. Damages, (1) 1st sentence in fine No access
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      2. Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Impossibility to return the goods No access
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        2. Impossibility intervening after declaration of avoidance No access
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        3. Condition in which the buyer received the goods No access
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        Authors:
        1. Lacking act or omission on the buyer’s side, (2) (a) No access
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        2. Deterioration or loss als consequence of examination, (2) (b) No access
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        3. Reselling in the normal course of business or normal use, (2) (c) No access
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      3. Article 83 CISG No access Pages 387 - 387
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      4. Authors:
        I. Interest on the price, (1) No access
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        II. Benefits which the buyer has derived from the goods, (2) (a) No access
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        Authors:
        1. Commodum ex re No access
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        2. Commodum ex negotiatione cum re No access
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    6. 1. Authors:
        I. Prerequisites No access
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        II. Duty to preserve (1st sentence) No access
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        Authors:
        1. Right to reimbursement No access
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        2. Right to retain No access
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      2. Authors:
        I. Duty to preserve, (1) 1st sentence No access
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        II. Entitlement to reimbursement and right to retain, (1) 2nd sentence No access
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        Authors:
        1. The seller is not present at the destination No access
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        2. Goods are at the buyer’s disposal No access
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        3. Exercising a right to reject No access
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        4. Taking possession must be reasonable for the buyer No access
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        5. Further consequences No access
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      3. Authors:
        I. Prerequisites No access
        Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Selecting the storekeeper No access
        Authors:
        2. Expenses of depositing in a warehourse No access
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      4. Authors:
        Authors:
        1. Unreasonable delay on the other party’s side No access
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        2. Notice of the intention to sell is to be given to the other party No access
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        3. Counterrights by the other party? No access
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        4. Executing the sale No access
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        5. Selling in spite of prerequisites missing No access
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        II. Emergency sale, (2) No access
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        III. Duty to give notice No access
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        IV. Distribution of emergency sale proceeds, (3) No access
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5. 1. Article 89 CISG No access Pages 404 - 404
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Disconnection clause No access
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    2. II. EU law and their transformations No access
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    3. III. Disconnection clauses in competing international agreements No access
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  3. Article 91 CISG No access Pages 407 - 407
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  4. Article 92 CISG No access Pages 407 - 408
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  5. Article 93 CISG No access Pages 409 - 409
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  6. Article 94 CISG No access Pages 410 - 410
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. General remarks No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Art. 1 (1) (a) CISG takes precedence No access
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      2. 2. Restricted effectiveness of Art. 1 (1) (b) CISG in Contracting States who have declared the reservation No access
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      3. 3. Relevance of the reservation in Contracting States who have not declared it No access
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      4. 4. Relevance of the reservation in non Contracting States No access
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  8. Article 96 CISG No access Pages 413 - 413
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  9. Article 97 CISG No access Pages 414 - 414
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  10. Article 98 CISG No access Pages 414 - 414
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  11. Article 99 CISG No access Pages 415 - 415
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  12. Article 100 CISG No access Pages 416 - 416
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  13. Article 101 CISG No access Pages 416 - 417
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1. 1. Introduction Introduction LPC No access Pages 418 - 421
  2. PREAMBLE No access Pages 422 - 422
2. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. I. Basic notions, (1) No access
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      2. II. Time limits covered, (2) No access
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      3. III. Definitions, (3) No access
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    2. Article 2 No access Pages 425 - 426
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    3. Authors:
      1. I. Scope of application No access
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      2. II. Exclusion by party agreement No access
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    4. Article 4 No access Pages 429 - 430
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    5. Article 5 No access Pages 431 - 432
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    6. Article 6 No access Pages 433 - 433
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    7. Article 7 No access Pages 433 - 433
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  2. 1. Article 8 No access Pages 434 - 434
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    2. Article 9 No access Pages 435 - 435
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    3. Article 10 No access Pages 435 - 436
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    4. Article 11 No access Pages 437 - 437
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    5. Article 12 No access Pages 437 - 438
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  3. 1. Article 13 No access Pages 439 - 439
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    2. Article 14 No access Pages 440 - 440
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    3. Article 15 No access Pages 441 - 441
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    4. Article 16 No access Pages 442 - 442
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    5. Article 17 No access Pages 442 - 442
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    6. Article 18 No access Pages 443 - 443
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    7. Article 19 No access Pages 444 - 444
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    8. Article 20 No access Pages 445 - 445
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    9. Article 21 No access Pages 446 - 446
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  4. 1. Article 22 No access
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  5. 1. Article 23 No access
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  6. 1. Article 24 No access Pages 448 - 448
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    2. Article 25 No access Pages 449 - 449
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    3. Article 26 No access Pages 450 - 450
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    4. Article 27 No access Pages 451 - 451
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  7. 1. Article 28 No access Pages 451 - 451
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    2. Article 29 No access Pages 452 - 452
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  8. 1. Article 30 No access
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3. 1. Article 31 No access Pages 454 - 454
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  2. Article 32 No access Pages 455 - 455
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  3. Article 33 No access Pages 455 - 455
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4. 1. Article 34 No access Pages 455 - 455
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  2. Article 35 No access Pages 456 - 456
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  3. Article 36 No access Pages 456 - 456
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  4. Article 36bis (Article XII of the Protocol) No access Pages 456 - 456
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  5. Article 37 No access Pages 457 - 457
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  6. Article 38 No access Pages 457 - 457
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  7. Article 39 No access Pages 458 - 458
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  8. Article 40 No access Pages 458 - 458
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5. 1. Article 41 No access Pages 459 - 459
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  2. Article 42 No access Pages 459 - 459
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  3. Article 43 No access Pages 459 - 459
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  4. Article 43bis (Article X of the Protocol) No access Pages 459 - 459
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  5. Article 43ter (Article VIII (2) of the Protocol) No access Pages 460 - 460
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  6. Article 44 No access Pages 460 - 460
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  7. Article 44bis (Article XI of the Protocol) No access Pages 460 - 460
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  8. Article 45 No access Pages 461 - 461
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  9. Article 45bis (Article XIII (3) of the Protocol) No access Pages 461 - 461
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  10. Article 46 No access Pages 461 - 461
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1. Authors:
  1. A. A Wake-Up Call No access
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  2. B. Conception No access
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  3. C. A Practitioner’s Perspective No access
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  4. D. Cross-Cultural Background No access
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  5. E. 15 Languages No access
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  6. F. Structure No access
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  7. G. Interpretation and Case Law No access
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  8. H. Limits of the UNIDROIT Principles No access
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  9. I. A General Note of Caution on Contract Perception No access
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  10. Authors:
    1. 1. Background No access
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    2. 2. Goals No access
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    3. 3. Language No access
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    4. 4. Method No access
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  11. K. Burden of Proof No access
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  12. L. A Recommendation No access
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2. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. Para. 1: General rules for international commercial contracts No access
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    2. 2. Para. 2: Choice of UNIDROIT Principles as governing contractual regime No access
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    3. 3. Para. 3: Application of UNIDROIT Principles to supplement a more general choice of the parties No access
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    4. 4. Para. 4: Application of UNIDROIT Principles in the absence of any choice of law No access
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    5. 5. Para. 5: Use of UNIDROIT Principles to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments No access
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    6. 6. Para. 6: Use of UNIDROIT Principles to interpret or supplement of domestic law No access
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    7. 7. Para. 7: The UNIDROIT Principles as a model for legislators No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. 1. Incorporation No access
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    2. 2. A Tool for Contract Drafting No access
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3. 1. Authors:
    1. A. The First of a Series of Fundamental Principles No access
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    2. B. Freedom of Contract No access
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    3. C. Limits No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. A. Principle of Informality No access
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    2. B. Limits No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. A. Pacta sunt servanda No access
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    2. B. Limits No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. A. Priority of Private International Law with Respect to Mandatory Law No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Restriction of the Scope of Mandatory Laws in Case of Combination of the UNIDROIT Principles with an Arbitration Clause No access
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      2. 2. More Mandatory Law in Case of Combination of the UNIDROIT Principles with a Choice of Court Clause No access
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    3. C. Effects No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. A. Party Autonomy Emphasized No access
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    2. B. Limits of Mandatory Principles No access
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  6. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. A Global Approach to Interpretation No access
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      2. 2. On Interpretation No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. On Supplementation No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. The Underlying General Principles No access
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  7. 1. A. Good Faith and Fair Dealing as a Mandatory Core of the UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Arts. 1.5 and 1.6(2) No access
    2. B. Standard No access
    3. C. Practical Relevance No access
  8. Authors:
    1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Priority of More Detailed Principles No access
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    3. C. Examples No access
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    4. D. Remedies No access
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    5. E. Options No access
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  9. Authors:
    1. A. Two Kinds of Usages and a Limit No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Hierarchy No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Proof No access
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  10. Authors:
    1. A. Risk Allocation to the Sender No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Abusive Prevention of Giving Notice No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Withdrawal of a Notice No access
      Authors:
  11. Authors:
    1. A. A Few Key Definitions No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Further Definitions in the UNIDROIT Principles No access
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  12. Authors:
    1. A. Impact of Holidays etc No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Relevant Time Zone No access
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    3. C. Deviations and Interpretation No access
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4. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. The Classical Offer-and-Acceptance Test No access
        Authors:
        2. Conduct Sufficient to Show Agreement No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A ‘Relaxed’ Approach towards Contract Negotiation No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Sufficient ‘Definiteness’ plus ‘Intention’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Interrelationship of the Two Criteria No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. A. Para. 1 is Declaratory No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Any Withdrawal Must be ClearVogenauer/Nottage Art. 2.1.3 no. 7. No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. A Self-Explanatory Principle No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. A. Interpretation of Possibly Implicit Rejections No access
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      2. B. Termination by Other Means No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Function and Systematic Place of the Principle No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. The Basic Principle in Para. 1 Sentence 1 No access
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        2. Conduct without Notice (Para. 3) No access
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        3. Possible Impact of Silence No access
        Authors:
      3. C. When Does the Offeree’s Expression of Assent Become Effective to Establish a Binding Contract? No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Impact of Time No access
        Authors:
      2. B. ‘Oral’ Offer No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Risk Allocation No access
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    8. Authors:
      1. A. Calculation of Relative Time Periods No access
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      2. B. Uncertainty of Time of Dispatch No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. Principle (Para. 1) No access
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      2. B. Exception (Para. 2) No access
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    10. Authors:
      1. A. A Self-Explanatory Addendum to 2.1.6(2) No access
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    11. Authors:
      1. A. Modifications in the Acceptance Notice Generate a Counter-Offer No access
        Authors:
      2. B. But Non Material Alterations Generate a Duty on the Offeror to Speak up No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Special Rule for Standard Terms No access
        Authors:
    12. Authors:
      1. A. Exception: Changes Contained in Written ‘Confirmations of the Contract’ Might Alter a Contract No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Burden of Proof and Test No access
        Authors:
      3. C. An International Compromise No access
        Authors:
    13. Authors:
      1. A. Freedom to Insist on Substantive or Formal Specifics No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Waiver No access
        Authors:
    14. Authors:
      1. A. Possible Contract Conclusion Despite a Term Deliberately Left Open No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Three Requirements for Contract Conclusion No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Three Contractual Options (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      4. Authors:
        1. Alternative Means contained in the UNIDROIT Principles No access
        Authors:
        2. Special Circumstances (Long-term Contracts) No access
        Authors:
        3. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
        4. Arbitration No access
        Authors:
    15. Authors:
      1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash, Functions of Art. 2.1.15 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Bad Faith Examples No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Damage Calculation. Burden of Proof No access
        Authors:
    16. Authors:
      1. A. Implied or Express Duty of Confidentiality (Sentence 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Remedies (Sentence 2) No access
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    17. Authors:
      1. A. Another Contribution to Cross Cultural Understanding No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
    18. Authors:
      1. A. ‘No Oral Modifications’ Clauses No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
    19. Authors:
      1. A. A Straightforward Regime on Standard Terms in Four Articles No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Definition (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Incorporation (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
    20. Authors:
      1. A. Safeguard of Basic Fairness No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Test No access
        Authors:
    21. Authors:
      1. Priority of the Individual Term No access
        Authors:
    22. Authors:
      1. A. A Favor Contractus Approach to Competing Standard Terms No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Filling the Gaps No access
        Authors:
  2. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Only Agency in the Contract Formation Process No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Large Concept of Agency No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Authority Granted by the Principal (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Incidental Authority (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. ‘Actual Disclosed Agency’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. ‘Classical’ ConsequencesEnumeration based on Vogenauer/Krebs Art. 2.2.3 no. 15. No access
        Authors:
      3. C. ‘Indirect’ or ‘Commission Agency’Official Comments, Art. 2.2.3 no. 4, p. 81. No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. Another Compromise No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Only a Relation with the ‘Agent’ No access
        Authors:
      3. C. One Narrow Exception No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. Principle: No Direct Legal Consequence for the Principal No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Exception by the Principal’s Own Action No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Distinction of ‘Appearance’ as a Matter of Non-Contractual Law No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Strict Liability No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Defences No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Coping with a Range of Conflicts No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Distinction to Excess of Authority Cases No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Avoidance Excluded No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. A. Sub-Agency When ‘Reasonable’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Details and Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. Ratification With Retroactive Effect No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Escape Clause for the Third Party No access
        Authors:
    10. Authors:
      1. A. A Clarification No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Subsisting Actual Authority No access
        Authors:
5. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. A. A Self-Explanatory Distinction No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Merely Consensual Contracts No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. A Compromise following the CISG No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. By Contract No access
        Authors:
        2. By Law No access
        Authors:
  2. 1. Authors:
      1. A. A Broad Concept of Mistake … No access
        Authors:
      2. B. … With Numerous BoundariesEnumeration based on Vogenauer/Huber Art. 3.2.2 no. 2, except for boundary (vi). (Test Scheme) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Two-Prong ‘Reasonableness-Test’ (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Exception for Gross Negligence and Assumed or Allocated Risks (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. Errors in Expression or Transmission as Mistakes No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Remedies for Non-Performance Trumps Avoidance No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. Intended Leading into Error and Thereby Gaining and AdvantageOfficial Comments, Art. 3.2.5 no. 2, p. 107. No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Two Kinds of Unjustified Threats No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Avoidance in case of Excessive Advantage No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. The ‘Triple’ of Consequences (Avoidance, Restitution and Reliance Damages) No access
        Authors:
        2. Alternative Option of Adaptation No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. A. Third Party from the Sphere of a Contracting Party No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Avoidance even without ‘Responsibility’ If the Other Party Needs No protection No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. A Logical Consequence of Freedom of Contract (and of the Good Faith Principle) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Confirmation requires No access
        Authors:
    10. Authors:
      1. A. Function: Part of the Regime for Mistakes No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Right of the Other Party to Uphold the Contract in an Amended Version No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Requirements No access
        Authors:
    11. Authors:
      1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Requirement No access
        Authors:
    12. Authors:
      1. A. A ‘Reasonable’ Time Limit No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Special Rule for Avoidance of Individual Terms No access
        Authors:
    13. Article 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance) No access Pages 553 - 553
      Authors:
    14. Authors:
      1. A. Retroactivity No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
    15. Authors:
      1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. First Step: Determination of ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind No access
        Authors:
        2. Second Step: Determination of an Allowance in Money ‘Whenever Reasonable’ No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Application of General Rules No access
        Authors:
      5. E. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
      6. F. Limits of the Restitution Regime No access
        Authors:
    16. Authors:
      1. A. Compensation of the ‘Reliance Interest’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Supplemental Application of General Rules on Damages No access
        Authors:
    17. Authors:
      1. Validity Rules Apply Mutatis Mutandis to All Communications of Intention No access
        Authors:
  3. 1. Authors:
      1. A. The Second Leg to Art. 1.4 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Priority of Effects Provided For in the Mandatory Rule (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. The Supplementary Regime of Paras. 2–3 No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Art. 3.3.1(1) trumps Art. 3.3.2 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Reasonableness Test for Restitution No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Application of Art. 3.2.15 No access
        Authors:
6. 1. Authors:
    1. A. Chapter 4: One of the Most Important Chapters of the UNIDROIT Principles No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Overcoming National Distinctions No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Step 1: Determination of a Joint Intention, if Possible No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Step 2 in case of Default: Interpretation under an Individualised and Contextualised ‘Reasonable Person’ Test No access
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. A. A Rule Which is Often Incorporated Implicitly No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Again a Two Step Approach to Interpretation No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. A. Two Groups of Criteria No access
      Authors:
    2. B. … Which are Non-ExhaustiveOfficial Comments, Art. 4.3 no. 1, p. 140; Morán Bovio/Ternero Art. 4.3, no. 1, p. 239 (para. 3). No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Long-term Contracts No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. A. A Supplement to Art. 4.3: Reference to the (Contractual) Context of the Term to be Interpreted No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. A. Avoiding to Deprive Any Clause of An Effect No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Standard Terms (Art. 2.1.19(2)) No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. Interpretation Against the Supplier, as a Rule of Last Resort No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. A. A Default Rule to a Missing or to an extreme Equal Language Clause No access
      Authors:
  8. Authors:
    1. A. At the Edge of ‘Interpretation’ No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Relationship to ‘Interpretation’ No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Relationship to Arts. 5.1.1-5.1.2 No access
      Authors:
7. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. A. A Cultural Bridge to Common Law No access
        Authors:
      2. B. The Arbitrator’s Perspective No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. List of Criteria No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. A. Consequence of a ’Common Project’ No access
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      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequence of a Violation No access
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      4. D. Contractual Option No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. A Cultural Bridge to the French Law Family No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Limitation of Liability (contractual option) No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. Assistance in the Classification of an Obligation No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. A System of Default Rules No access
        Authors:
      2. B. An Autonomous Standard Characterised by ‘Reasonableness’ No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Limits No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Options No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Part of a System of Default Rules No access
        Authors:
      2. B. General Default Rule (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      3. Authors:
        1. Paragraph 3 (Non Performance) No access
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        2. Paragraph 4 (Non Existing Factors) No access
        Authors:
      4. Authors:
        1. The Rule No access
        Authors:
        2. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
        3. Unreasonable Price Determination by a Third Party No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. A. Contracts for an Indefinite Period of Time No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Function of Art. 5.1.8 No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Reasonable Time in Advance No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
      5. E. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. A Clarification to Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Action Required; Silence can Constitute Consent No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Distinction No access
        Authors:
  2. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Concentration on Contracts in Favour of Third Parties No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Shaping the Content No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Invalidity in case of Impossibility of Identification No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Future Beneficiaries No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. Function of Arts. 5.2.3-5.2.5 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A ‘Shield’ to the Beneficiary No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A ‘Shield’ to the Promisor No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. A. Modification or Revocation No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Options No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Right of Refusal No access
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  3. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Avoiding Misunderstandings No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Types No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Distinctions No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. A System of Default Rules No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Suspensive Condition (lit. a): Special Characterstics No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Resolutive Condition (lit. b): Special Characteristics No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Joint Features No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. The Watch-Dog for the Condition No access
        Authors:
      2. B. The Devil lies in the Detail No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. The Watch-Dog for the Conditioned Right No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. Details on the Effects of Resolutive Conditions No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Optional: A Rule of Relevance if Parties Chose Retroactivity No access
        Authors:
8. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Notion of and Restrictions on Performance No access
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      2. B. A ‘Fixed’ Time or Period of Time No access
        Authors:
      3. C. A Reasonableness-Test as Default Rule No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. Partial Performance is Principally Non-performance No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Imposed Partial Performance of the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Further Options for the Obligee If Partial Performance Amounts to Non-Performance No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. Principle of Simultaneous Performance No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
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    5. Authors:
      1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Earlier Performance No access
        Authors:
      2. B. The Good Faith Exception; Additional Costs No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Other Remedies No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Expectation Management No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Default Rule Favouring the Obligor … No access
        Authors:
      3. C. … Except for Monetary Obligations No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Change of Place of Business. No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Core Principles on Payment No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Choice of the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Protection of the Obligee in Case of ‘Pull-Orders’ No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. A. A Regime for Push-Orders No access
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      2. B. Options of the Obligor as Controlled by the Obligee No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Moment of Discharge of the Obligor No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. Two Articles on Currency Issues No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Importance of the Place of Payment No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Some Protection of the Obligee Against Currency Fluctuation No access
        Authors:
    10. Authors:
      1. A. Currancy of Place of Payment as a Default Rule No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limits No access
        Authors:
    11. Authors:
      1. Each Party Bears its Own Costs as a Default Rule No access
        Authors:
    12. Authors:
      1. A. A Balanced International Compromise No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Layer 1: Decision of the Obligor (Para. 1) No access
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        2. Layer 2: Decision of the Obligee (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
        3. Layer 3: Default system of Para. 3 No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Limits No access
        Authors:
    13. Authors:
      1. Extension to Non-Monetary Obligations No access
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    14. Authors:
      1. A. A Default System to Cope with Public Permission No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Determination of the ‘Who’ No access
        Authors:
    15. Authors:
      1. A. Regulating the ‘How’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Information of the Other Party No access
        Authors:
    16. Authors:
      1. A. Right of Termination in Case of a ‘Stuck Process’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Exception: Only Part of the Contract is Affected No access
        Authors:
    17. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. A Refusal Affecting the Validity of the Contract No access
        Authors:
        2. A Refusal Which Merely Renders the Performance Impossible No access
        Authors:
        3. Usually No Damages No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Permission with Extremely Burdensome Conditions No access
        Authors:
  2. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Inspired by International Contract Practice No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Reminder to Pacta Sunt Servanda as a ‘Mission Statement’ No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. A Fundamental Alteration for the Equilibrium of the Contract No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Knowledge After Contract Conclusion (lit. a)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 a, p. 220; Morán Bovio/Parra Art. 6.2.2 at p. 316 (para. 3, indirectly). No access
        Authors:
        2. Anticipation Reasonably Impossible (lit. b)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 b, p. 220. No access
        Authors:
        3. Beyond Control (lit. c)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 c, p. 221. No access
        Authors:
        4. No Risk Allocation to the Disadvantaged Party (lit. d) No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. RenegotiationOfficial Comments, Art. 6.2.3 no. 1 and Illustration 1, p. 223; Morán Bovio/Parra Art. 6.2.3 at p. 318 (para. 2 on Art. 6.2.3) and p. 319 (para. 5). No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Continued Performance of the Contract No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Application to the Court No access
        Authors:
9. 1. Authors:
    1. A. Overview No access
      Authors:
    2. B. A Concept Based on ‘Spheres’, not on Fault No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Six kinds of rights and remedies in four sections No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Often a Choice Between Several Options No access
      Authors:
    5. E. Individual Adaptations Possible No access
      Authors:
  2. 1. Authors:
      1. A. A Unitary Concept …Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.1 no. 1. No access
        Authors:
      2. B. … Based on ‘Spheres’ as Defined in the Contract, Not on Fault No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Impact on Contract Drafting No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. A ShieldCf. Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.2 no. 7 at p. 835 (‘shielding it from any remedies’). for the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Partial Relevance of the Interference No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Most Relevant for Duties to Achieve a Specific Result No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. A Shield for Both Parties Based on Timing No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Non-performance of the Other Party of an Obligation with Sufficient Connection to the Duty Underlying the Withheld Performance No access
        Authors:
        2. Anticipatory Suspension No access
        Authors:
        3. ‘Clean Hands’ No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Parallel Options to Withholding Performance (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. A Right to Cure for the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Parallel Options for the Obligee (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. A Proactive WayVogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 1. for the Obligee to Cope with Non-Performance No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Privileged Way to Termination in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Parallel Options for the Obligee (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. The Importance in Practice No access
        Authors:
      2. B. A Basic Assumption that Exemption Clauses are Valid No access
        Authors:
      3. C. A Prohibition to Rely on Grossly Unfair Exemption Clauses is Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles No access
        Authors:
      4. D. A Test of Severity No access
        Authors:
      5. E. Limits and Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. A Shield for the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Conditions No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Management of Force Majeure by the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Options for the Obligee. No access
        Authors:
      5. Authors:
        1. General Function No access
        Authors:
        2. Long-term Contracts No access
        Authors:
        3. Impact of Practice and Usages No access
        Authors:
  3. 1. Authors:
      1. A. Action for an Agreed Sum as ‘Specific Performance’ No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Parallel Options (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. A Pragmatic Compromise Between Civil and Common Law(1992) P.C. – Misc. 16, pp. 117-118; Vogenauer/Schelhaas, Art. 7.2.2 no. 2. No access
        Authors:
      2. B. The Exceptions (for the Benefit of the Obligor) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Further Options for the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Parallel Options for the Obligee No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. A Reminder No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Restitution No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Parallel Options No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. A Contribution to the French Legal Family (para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Tactical Considerations (Para. 2 Sentence 1) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Refusal to Obey No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Parallel Options (Para. 2 Sentence 2) No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. Limited Freedom to Change the Mind No access
        Authors:
  4. 1. Authors:
      1. . Termination as a Last ResortKleinheisterkamp, Les sanctions pour inexécution du contrat dans les Principes Unidroit, in: G Keutgen (ed.), Les Principes Unidroit relatifs aux contrats de commerce int... No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Factors Focussing on the Contract from the Perspective of the Obligee No access
        Authors:
        2. Factors Focussing on the Action of the Obligor No access
        Authors:
        3. One Factor Focussing on the Economic Impact to the Obligor No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Nachfrist-Procedure as an AlternativeOfficial Comments, Art. 7.2.5 no. 4, p. 256; Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.1 no. 3. in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Parallel Options (depending on the circumstances and subject to meeting the individual requirements on the other provisions) No access
        Authors:
      5. E. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. A Concept of Clarity by Notice (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Balanced by a ‘Reasonable Time’ – Constraint (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. ‘Clear’ Cases of Anticipatory Non-Performance No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Notice No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Effects No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Alternative Options No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A. Avoiding a ‘Dilemma’ for the Obligee No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Tool 1: Request for Adequate Assurance of Due Performance No access
        Authors:
        2. Tool 2: A Withholding Right No access
        Authors:
        3. Tool 3 (which may follow the use of tool 1 or 2): An Extra ordinary Right to Termination No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Possible Alternative Options No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. A Compromise Between Different Approaches No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Limitation of the Effect of Termination to the Future No access
        Authors:
      3. Authors:
        1. In Case of a Lawful Contract Termination No access
        Authors:
        2. In Case of an Unfounded Contract Termination No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Risk Allocation No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) and Other Options No access
        Authors:
      5. E. General Rules Governing the Obligations under Art. 7.3.6 No access
        Authors:
      6. F. Long-term Contracts No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Limitation of Restitution Rights No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. Principle Rule No access
        Authors:
        2. Exception No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Reference to Art. 7.3.6 No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Other Options No access
        Authors:
  5. 1. Introductory Remarks No access Pages 674 - 674
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. A. Damages for Non-Performance unless Excused No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Application in Addition to Parallel Options No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Analogical Application No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A. Principle of Full Compensation No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Adaptation in Cases of Analogical Application No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. Harms Established by a Reasonable Degree of Certainty (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
        2. Loss of a Chance Depending on Probability of its Occurrence (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
        3. Assessment at the Discretion of the Court (Para. 3) No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. A. An International Standard Meeting Comparative Legal Benchmarks No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Specifics of the UNIDROIT Principles’ Foreseeability Test No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Impact on Risk Management at the Contract Drafting Stage No access
        Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.5 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Four RequirementsVogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.5 no. 3, p. 998. No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    7. Authors:
      1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.6 No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Three Requirements No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    8. Authors:
      1. A. Function of the Concept of Contributory Causation No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Requirements No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    9. Authors:
      1. A. Function of Mitigation No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        1. A Partial Shield for the Obligor No access
        Authors:
        2. A Basis for A Claim by the Aggrieved Party No access
        Authors:
    10. Authors:
      1. A. Function and Practical Importance No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Two Requirements and One Clarification No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Interest Rate No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Additional Damages No access
        Authors:
      5. E. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
    11. Authors:
      1. A. Scope of Application and Function No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Application No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Avoidance of Double Compensation No access
        Authors:
    12. Authors:
      1. A. Flexibility to the Court No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Indexation No access
        Authors:
    13. Authors:
      1. A. An Option for the Aggrieved Party No access
        Authors:
    14. Authors:
      1. A. Function No access
        Authors:
      2. B. Freedom to Negotiate an Agreed Payment for Non-Performance No access
        Authors:
      3. C. Judicial Control of Grossly Excessive Clauses as Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles No access
        Authors:
      4. D. Contractual Option No access
        Authors:
10. 1. Authors:
    1. A. A Neutral Compromise on Set-Off No access
      Authors:
    2. B. A Liberal Approach No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Relation to Arts. 8.2-8.5 No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Special Rules with PriorityFollowing Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Introduction to Chapter 8 of the UNIDROIT Principles no. 3. No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Mutuality No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. ‘Money or Other Performance of the Same Kind’ No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Entitlement to Performance ((1) lit. a) No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. An ‘Ascertained’ Obligation of the Other Party ((1) lit. b) No access
        Authors:
      5. 5. Exception to the ‘Ascertainability’ Requirement No access
        Authors:
    5. E. Legal Consequences and Terminology No access
      Authors:
    6. Authors:
      1. 1. Contractual Options and/or Restrictions No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Other Restrictions No access
        Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. A. Function and Principle No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Currency No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Exchange rate No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. No ‘freely convertible currencies’ No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Currency Imposed by AgreementConvincing expression of Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Art. 8.2, before no. 14. No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. A. A Straightforward Instruction to the First Party No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Form No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Limits No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. The Basic Rule of Para. 1 No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Further Contents of the Notice No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The Default Rule for Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the Other Party No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the First Party No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Multiple Obligations on Both Sides No access
        Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Substantive Effect of Set-Off (Para 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Different Amounts (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Prospective Effect (Para. 3) No access
        Authors:
    2. B. Practical Consequences No access
      Authors:
11. 1. Authors:
    1. Section 1 Assignment of Rights No access
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. A. Perspective and Scope No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Beyond ‘Definitions’ No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Limits No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. A. A Reminder of Priority of Certain Laws No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Lit. a No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Lit. b No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. A. Purpose No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Requirements for an Effective Assignment of Non-Monetary Obligations No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Effects No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Options No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. A. Principle No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Rights to the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 1) No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Rights to Other Performance than the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 2) No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. A. Principle No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Identification as Requirement No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Effect No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Options No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. A. Assignment of a Bundle of Rights No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Identifiability at the Relevant Time No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Partial Validity No access
        Authors:
  8. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Assignment of Rights to Receive Payment of a Sum of Money No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Assignment of Rights to Non-Monetary Performance No access
        Authors:
    2. B. Options No access
      Authors:
  9. Authors:
    1. A. An Innovative Concept No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Requirements No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  10. Authors:
    1. A. A Balance Between Conflicting Interests No access
      Authors:
    2. B. The System No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Limited Options No access
      Authors:
  11. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Until Receipt of Notice No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. After Receipt of Notice No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Silent Assignments No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Requirements If Notice is Given No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Revocation of Notice No access
        Authors:
    3. C. No Option No access
      Authors:
  12. Authors:
    1. A. Rare Relevance No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Purpose and Functioning of the Rule No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Open Issues No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Options No access
      Authors:
  13. Authors:
    1. A. Protection of the Obligor No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Request for Proof No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Risk Allocation No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Consequences of Insufficient Proof and Withholding Right No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  14. Authors:
    1. A. Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Examples for Available Defences (including References to the UNIDROIT Principles Which Assume the Applicability of the UNIDROIT Principles to the Initial Transaction) No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Rights of the Assignee Confronted with such an Objection No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle (Until Receipt of a Notice of Assignment) No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Restrictions No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Options No access
      Authors:
  15. Authors:
    1. A. Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Another Useful Compromise Between Civil and Common Law No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Limits No access
      Authors:
  16. Authors:
    1. A. Self-explanatory Undertakings No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Effect No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. Section 2 Transfer of Obligations No access
        Authors:
  17. Authors:
    1. A. One Option for Each Contract Partner No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Agreement No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Legal Consequence No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Agreement between the Obligee and the New ObligorOfficial Comments, Art. 9.2.1 no. 2 and Illustration 2, pp. 327-328. (lit. b) No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Limits No access
      Authors:
  18. Authors:
    1. A. Principle No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Exception No access
      Authors:
  19. Authors:
    1. A. A Supplement to Art. 9.2.1(a) No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Contents No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Communication No access
        Authors:
  20. Authors:
    1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Application of the Rule No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Option No access
      Authors:
  21. Authors:
    1. A. Options for the Affected Third Party No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Options for the Obligee under Paras. 1 and 2 No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Default Rule in Para. 3 No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Additional Option by the Obligee No access
      Authors:
    5. E. Option for the Original Obligor No access
      Authors:
  22. Authors:
    1. A. Freedom for the Obligor as a Rule No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Extensive Interpretation No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Limits No access
      Authors:
  23. Authors:
    1. A. Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    2. B. No Cut Off of Obligor’s Defences Through the Transfer (Para. 1) No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. No Transfer of Set-Off Rights No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Limits No access
        Authors:
  24. Authors:
    1. A. Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Rights to Performance No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Securities given by the original obligor No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Securities given by a third party No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Securities given by the new obligor No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Section 3 Assignment of Contracts No access
        Authors:
  25. Authors:
    1. A. A Useful Tool No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Definitions No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Overview No access
      Authors:
  26. Authors:
    1. Limitation of the Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
  27. Authors:
    1. A. Coping with a Need for Consent No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Modalities of Consent No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  28. Authors:
    1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Advance Consent No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Effect Upon the Transfer of Contract No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Option No access
      Authors:
  29. Authors:
    1. A. Three Options for the Other Party No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Modalities of Execution No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Advance Discharge No access
      Authors:
  30. Authors:
    1. A. Overview No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Defences No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Set-Off No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Defences No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Set-Off No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Referral No access
      Authors:
  31. Authors:
    1. A. Overview and Distinction to Rights of Performance No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Rights Related to the Rights Assigned in the Context of Assignment of Contract No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Security Rights Regarding a Transferred Obligation Given by the Original Obligory No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Securities given by a Third Party No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Securities Given by the New Obligor No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Referral No access
      Authors:
12. 1. Authors:
    1. A. A Useful Compromise between Different Systems No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Examples of ApplicabilityVogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.1 no. 1-5. No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Counter-Examples to Which Limitation Periods under Chapter 10 do Not ApplyVogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.1 no. 2, 5, 7-8. No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Options No access
        Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. A Two-Tier System No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Starting Point on ‘The Day After’ No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Gregorian Calendar. No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. Official holidays or non-business days No access
        Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. General Limitation Period (3 years) No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Maximum Limitation Period (10 years) No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. A. Principle of Party Autonomy as a Starting Point No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Modalities No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Limits for the General Limitation Period No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Limits for the Maximum Limitation Period No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Violations No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle: No Deviation No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Exception by Dépeçage No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Arbitration Clauses No access
        Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. A. Principle, Timing and Effect No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Form of Acknowledgement No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. A. A Concept of Suspension No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Reference to the Law of the Court for the Beginning of Suspension No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. End of Suspension No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Effect of the Judicial Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. A. Adaptation of the Concept of Suspension to Arbitration No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Beginning of Suspension No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. End of Suspension No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Effect of the Arbitral Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. A. Formal Mediation and Conciliation as Suspending Event No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Commencement of Suspension No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. End of Suspension No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Effect of the Alternative Dispute Resolution on Joint and Several Obligors No access
      Authors:
  8. Authors:
    1. A. Force Majeure as an Excuse for the Obligee No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Definition of Force Majeure No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Effects of force majeure No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Death and Incapacity No access
        Authors:
  9. Authors:
    1. A. The First of Three Articles on the Effects of the Expiration of the Limitation Period No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Introduction No access
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      2. 2. A Requirement to Actually Assert the Right No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. A Remaining Right to Defend No access
        Authors:
    3. C. No Effect on Collaterals No access
      Authors:
  10. Authors:
    1. A. Supplement to Art. 10.9 No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Supplement to Art. 8.1 et seq. No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  11. Authors:
    1. A. Time-Barred Claims as a Valid Basis for PerformanceFormulation of Official Comments, Art. 10.10 no. 1, p. 370. No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Restitution Based on Other Grounds No access
      Authors:
13. 1. Authors:
    1. A. Overview No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Language No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. Section 1 Plurality of Obligors No access
        Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. A. Two Kinds of Obligations No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Joint and Several Obligations (lit. a) No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Separate Obligations (lit. b) No access
      Authors:
    4. D. Options No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. A. A Default Rule No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Contractual Interpretation No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. A. A Choice of the Obligee No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Non-Performance No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Option No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. A. A Clear Distinction Between Common and Personal Defences No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The Principle and Examples No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Assertion No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. The Principle No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Legal Impact on Contributory Action No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Set-Off No access
      Authors:
    5. E. Communication No access
      Authors:
    6. F. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. A. A Generally Accepted Rule on Discharge by Performance No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Merger No access
      Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Option No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. A. Principle of Partial Discharge of Remaining Obligors No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. General Impact No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Increase of Contributory Shares Subsequent to the Release No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  8. Authors:
    1. A. Partial Reduction of the Effect of an Expiration of a Limitation Period No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The Effect of Para. 2 No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Limits No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Regarding the Contract between Obligee and Obligors No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Regarding the Relationship between Co-Obligors No access
        Authors:
  9. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. No Binding Effect on Co-Obligors No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Freedom of the Obligee No access
        Authors:
    2. B. Exception in case of Personal Defences No access
      Authors:
  10. Authors:
    1. A. The Foundation for Contributory Claims and Subrogation No access
      Authors:
    2. B. A Default Rule No access
      Authors:
  11. Authors:
    1. A. Contributory Claim of an Obligor No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Qualification of Contributory Claims as Separate No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Extent of the Contributory Claim – Calculation ExampleVogenauer/Meier Art. 11.1.10 no. 8; see also example of Official Comments to Art. 11.1.10, Illustrations 1-4, p. 388. No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Cost and Interest No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. Contribution in Money No access
        Authors:
      5. 5. Prescription No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  12. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Conditions No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Legal Consequences No access
        Authors:
    2. B. Priority for the Obligee No access
      Authors:
  13. Authors:
    1. A. A Straightforward Rule No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Common Defences No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Personal Defences in General No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Special Personal Defences No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. Set-Off No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Options No access
      Authors:
  14. Authors:
    1. A. A Possible Change of the Apportionment No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Conditions No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. Section 2 Plurality of Obligees No access
        Authors:
  15. Authors:
    1. A. Three Kinds of Obligation Offered by the UNIDROIT Principles No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Principle No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access
        Authors:
    5. E. Absence of an Explicit Choice No access
      Authors:
    6. F. Options to Agree on Other Concepts No access
      Authors:
  16. Authors:
    1. A. A Supplement to Art. 11.2.1 lit. b No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Formal Procedures with One Obligee No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Performance in Circumstances Governed by Chapter 7 No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Merger No access
        Authors:
    3. C. Contractual Options No access
      Authors:
  17. Authors:
    1. A. Function and Principle No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Defences Which are Common to the Obligor’s Relationship with All Obligees No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Defences Which are Personal to the Obligor’s Relationship with One Obligee No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. Set-Off No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Performance and Rights of Set-Off No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Effect of Release and Settlement No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Effect of Expiration and Suspension of Limitation Period No access
        Authors:
      4. 4. Special Rules on Effect of Judgement No access
        Authors:
  18. Authors:
    1. A. Purpose No access
      Authors:
    2. B. Apportionment No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Obligation to Transfer the Excess No access
        Authors:
      2. 2. Set-Off with Expenses No access
        Authors:
      3. 3. Contractual Options No access
        Authors:
    4. D. Merger of the Obligor with One Obligee No access
      Authors:
Authors:
1. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. The need for trade terms No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. a) The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) No access
        Authors:
      2. b) The Incoterms® rules No access
        Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. 1. General appearance of the Incoterms No access
      Authors:
    2. 2. Multimodal and maritime clauses No access
      Authors:
    3. 3. Four groups of clauses No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. 1. Geographical Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    2. 2. Personal Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
    3. 3. Material Scope of Application No access
      Authors:
  4. IV. The Legal Nature of the Incoterms No access
    Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. 1. Incorporation of Incoterms® into a Contract No access
      Authors:
    2. 2. Interpretation of the Incoterms® No access
      Authors:
2. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. EXW No access
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. FCA No access
      Authors:
    2. FAS No access
      Authors:
    3. FOB No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. CPT No access
      Authors:
    2. CFR No access
      Authors:
    3. CIP No access
      Authors:
    4. CIF No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. DAT No access
      Authors:
    2. DAP No access
      Authors:
    3. DDP No access
      Authors:
1. Authors:
  1. I. Background No access
    Authors:
  2. II. Interpretation of CMR No access
    Authors:
  3. III. CMR and national law No access
    Authors:
2. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        a) Contract of carriage No access
        Authors:
        b) Contracts for reward No access
        Authors:
        c) Transport by road in vehicles No access
        Authors:
        Authors:
        aa) Excluded goods – transports performed under an International Postal Convention No access
        Authors:
        bb) Human remains No access
        Authors:
        cc) Furniture removal No access
        Authors:
      2. Authors:
        a) International contracts No access
        Authors:
        b) Place of taking over of the goods or place designated for delivery in a contracting country No access
        Authors:
        c) Special agreements of contracting parties No access
        Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
      Authors:
    2. II. Scope of Art. 2 CMR No access
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    3. III. The legal consequences of Art. 2 CMR No access
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3. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Servants, agents and other persons No access
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    3. III. Scope of employment No access
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4. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Purpose of the Consignment Note No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Formal requirements No access
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    3. III. Electronic consignment note No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Content of the consignment note No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Liability of the sender No access
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    3. III. Liability of the carrier No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Checking duties of the carrier No access
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    3. III. Reservations No access
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    4. IV. Optional checks under Art. 8 para. (3) CMR No access
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  6. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Prima-facie evidence No access
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Defective packing No access
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    3. III. Damage to persons, equipment or other goods and for any expenses No access
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    4. IV. Defences of the sender No access
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  8. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Liability of the carrier No access
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  9. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Right of the sender to dispose of the goods No access
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      2. 2. Right of the consignee to dispose of the goods No access
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      3. 3. Limits of the right of disposal No access
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    3. III. Liability of the carrier No access
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  10. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Rights of the consignee No access
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    3. III. Rights of the carrier No access
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  11. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Impossibility No access
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    3. III. Rights and duties of the carrier No access
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  12. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Impossibility of delivery of the goods No access
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    3. III. Rights and duties of the carrier No access
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  13. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Costs and expenses No access
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    3. III. Unloading and storing of the goods No access
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    4. IV. Sale of the goods No access
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5. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Period of Liability No access
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    3. III. Loss and Damage No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Non-privileged defences No access
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      2. 2. Privileged defences No access
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    5. V. Vehicle defects No access
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    6. VI. Contributory fault / apportionment No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Presumption of liability and counter-proof No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Delay in delivery No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Presumption of loss No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Background No access
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    2. II. Cash on Delivery – COD No access
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  6. Authors:
    1. 1. Duty to inform No access
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    2. 2. Consequences of failure to inform No access
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  7. Authors:
    1. 1. Overview No access
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    2. 2. Art. 23 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. 3. Art. 23 para. 2 CMR No access
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    4. 4. Art. 23 para. 3 CRM No access
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    5. 5. Art. 23 para. 4 CRM No access
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    6. 6. Art. 23 para. 5 CMR No access
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    7. 7. Art. 23 para. 7 CMR No access
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  8. Article 24 No access Pages 955 - 955
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  9. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Art. 25 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. III. Art. 25 para. 2 CMR No access
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  10. Article 26 No access Pages 957 - 957
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  11. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Art. 27 para. 1 CMR No access
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  12. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Art. 28 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. III. Art. 28 para. 2 CMR No access
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  13. Authors:
    1. 1. Overview No access
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    2. 2. Art. 29 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. 3. Art. 29 para. 2 CMR No access
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6. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Delivery No access
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      2. 2. Contents of the Reservation No access
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      3. 3. Form of the Reservation No access
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      4. 4. Sender and receiver of the Reservation No access
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      5. 5. Time of the Reservation No access
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      6. 6. Consequences of the Reservation No access
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    3. III. Art. 30 para. 2 CMR No access
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    4. IV. Art. 30 para. 3 CMR No access
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    5. V. Art. 30 para. 5 CMR No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Art. 31 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. III. Art. 31 para. 2 CMR No access
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    4. IV. Art. 31 para. 3 CMR No access
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    5. V. Art. 31 para. 4 CMR No access
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    6. VI. Art. 31 para. 5 CMR No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Scope No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Contents No access
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      2. 2. Form No access
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      3. 3. Claimant No access
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      4. 4. Rejection No access
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    4. IV. Extension and restart of time bar as per Art. 32 para. 3 CMR No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. General No access
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    2. II. Contents of Arbitration Agreement No access
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    3. III. Form No access
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    4. IV. Additional Forum? No access
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7. 1. Authors:
    1. I. Introduction to Chapter VI No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Single contract, single consignment note No access
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      2. 2. Road carriers No access
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      3. 3. Acceptance of goods and documents No access
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      4. 4. Effect of Art. 34 CMR No access
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  2. Article 35 No access Pages 978 - 978
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  3. Article 36 No access Pages 979 - 979
  4. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Recourse No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Art. 37 lit. a CMR No access
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      2. 2. Art. 37 lit. b CMR No access
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      3. 3. Art. 37 lit. c CMR No access
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  5. Article 38 No access Pages 981 - 981
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  6. Authors:
    1. I. Overview No access
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    2. II. Art. 39 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. III. Art. 39 para. 2 CMR No access
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    4. IV. Art. 39 para. 4 CMR No access
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  7. Article 40 No access Pages 984 - 984
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8. 1. Authors:
    1. 1. Overview No access
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    2. 2. Art. 41 para. 1 CMR No access
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    3. 3. Art. 41 para. 2 CMR No access
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9. 1. Article 42 No access Pages 987 - 987
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  2. Article 43 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  3. Article 44 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  4. Article 45 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  5. Article 46 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  6. Article 47 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  7. Article 48 No access Pages 988 - 988
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  8. Article 49 No access Pages 989 - 989
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  9. Article 50 No access Pages 989 - 989
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  10. Article 51 No access Pages 989 - 989
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1. Authors:
  1. I. The history of the CMNI No access
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  2. II. Overview over the Convention No access
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  3. III. Signature, ratification, entering into force No access
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  4. IV. EU issues No access
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2. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        1. The undertaking to carry No access
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        2. Against payment of freight No access
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        3. Carriage by inland waterway No access
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      2. II. “Carrier” (No. 2) No access
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      3. III. “Actual carrier” (No. 3) No access
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      4. IV. “Shipper” (No. 4) No access
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      5. V. “Consignee” (No. 5) No access
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      6. Authors:
        1. The contents of the document No access
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        2. Acceptance of loading of the goods* No access
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        3. Bills of lading No access
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      7. Authors:
        1. Towed or pushed vessels No access
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        2. Luggage or vehicles of passengers No access
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        3. Packed goods No access
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      8. VIII. “In writing” (Article 1 No. 8) No access
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      9. IX. “Applicable law” (Article 1 No. 9) No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Article 2.1 No access
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      2. II. Carriage on inland waterways and maritime waters (Article 2.2) No access
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      3. III. Issues not relevant (Article 2.3) No access
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3. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The carrier’s principal duties No access
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      2. II. Acceptance and delivery of the goods No access
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      3. III. The vessel No access
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      4. IV. The vessel’s sea- and cargoworthiness No access
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      5. V. Loading and discharging the goods No access
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      6. VI. On deck carriage No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The Sub-Contract of Carriage No access
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      2. II. The actual carrier’s liability No access
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  3. Article 5 Delivery time No access Pages 1009 - 1009
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  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Amounts due No access
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      2. II. Information on the goods No access
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      3. III. Accompanying documents No access
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      4. IV. Packing of the goods No access
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      5. V. Marking of the goods No access
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      6. VI. Loading No access
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      7. VII. Unloading No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Dangerous and polluting goods No access
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      2. II. Information on the goods No access
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      3. III. Authorization of the carriage No access
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      4. IV. Immediate danger No access
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      5. V. The shipper’s liability No access
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  6. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The Article 8.1 scenarios No access
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      2. II. Damages and costs No access
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      3. III. Carrier and actual carrier No access
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      4. IV. The issue of fault No access
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      5. V. Contributory negligence No access
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      6. VI. Liability for servants and agents No access
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  7. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The right to terminate No access
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      2. II. The termination of the contract No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Deadfreight No access
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        2. Costs and freight earned No access
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  8. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The consignee No access
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      2. II. The consignee’s liability for freight and charges No access
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      3. III. Delivery of the goods No access
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4. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Transport documents No access
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      2. II. Consignment notes No access
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      3. III. The obligation to issue a transport document No access
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      4. IV. The contents of the transport document No access
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      5. V. The issuance of the transport document No access
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      6. VI. The effects of the transport document No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The purpose of reservations No access
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      2. II. The carrier’s right to include reservations No access
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      3. III. The good’s apparent good condition No access
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      4. IV. Sealed containers or holds (Article 12.3) No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Bills of lading No access
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      2. II. Types of bills of lading No access
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      3. III. Delivery under the bill of lading No access
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      4. IV. The bill substituting the goods No access
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      5. V. Unrebuttable presumptions No access
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5. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The right of disposal No access
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      2. II. The shipper’s and the consignee’s right to disposal No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The exercise of the right of disposal No access
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      2. II. Liability for costs No access
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      3. III. Liability for freight No access
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6. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The carrier’s liability – overview No access
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      2. Authors:
        1. Loss of goods No access
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        2. Damage to the goods No access
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        3. Period of custody No access
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      3. III. Burden of proof No access
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      4. IV. The general exoneration from liability No access
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      5. V. Title to sue No access
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      6. VI. The carrier’s liability for damage occurring ashore No access
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      7. VII. Delay in delivery No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Servants, agents, actual carrier, pilot No access
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      2. II. Scope of their employment No access
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      3. III. The Himalaya provision (Article 17.3) No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The special exonerations No access
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      2. II. Burden of proof No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Loss in value No access
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      2. II. Exclusion of other types of claims No access
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      3. III. Determination of the good’s value No access
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      4. IV. Normal wastage No access
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      5. V. The carrier’s claim for freight No access
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  5. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The general limitation amount (Article 20.1 Sentence 1) No access
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      2. II. Consolidated cargo (Article 20.2) No access
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      3. III. The limitation amount as regards containers (Article 20.1 Sentence 2) No access
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      4. IV. The increased limitation amount (Article 20.4) No access
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      5. V. Delay in delivery (Article 20.3) No access
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      6. VI. Overall protection afforded by the limitation amount (Article 20.5) No access
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  6. Article 21 Loss of right to limit liability No access Pages 1052 - 1052
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  7. Article 22 Application of the exonerations and limits of liability No access Pages 1053 - 1053
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7. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The reservation in respect of the damage No access
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      2. II. Inspection of the goods (Article 23.2) No access
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      3. III. Delay in delivery (Article 23.5) No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. The actions subject to limitation under Article 24 No access
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      2. II. The limitation period and its extension No access
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      3. III. The commencement of time No access
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      4. IV. The running of time (Article 24.3) No access
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      5. V. Recourse claims No access
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      6. VI. Effects of the limitation No access
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8. 1. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. I. Mandatory application of liability provisions No access
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      2. II. The liability provisions No access
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      3. Authors:
        1. Error in navigation No access
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        2. Fire or explosion No access
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        3. Defects of the vessel No access
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9. 1. Article 26 General average No access Pages 1064 - 1064
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  2. Article 27 Other applicable provisions and nuclear damage No access Pages 1064 - 1064
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  3. Article 28 Unit of account No access Pages 1065 - 1065
  4. 1. 1. I. The law applicable to the contract of carriage No access
      2. II. Lien over the goods No access
10. 1. Article 30 Carriage by way of specific inland waterways No access Pages 1068 - 1068
  2. Article 31 National transport or transport free of charge No access Pages 1069 - 1069
  3. Article 32 Regional provisions concerning liability No access Pages 1070 - 1070
11. 1. Article 33 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession No access Pages 1071 - 1071
  2. Article 34 Entry into force No access Pages 1071 - 1071
  3. Article 35 Denunciation No access Pages 1072 - 1072
  4. Article 36 Review and amendment No access Pages 1072 - 1072
  5. Article 37 Revision of the amounts for limitation of liability and unit of account No access Pages 1072 - 1073
  6. Article 38 Depositary No access Pages 1074 - 1075
1. Authors:
  1. 1. OTIF – Intergovernmental organisation for international carriage by railFor more information concerning OTIF see www.otif.org/index.php?L=2. No access
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  2. 2. COTIF 1999 No access
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  3. 3. What is the difference between COTIF 1999 and COTIF 1980? No access
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  4. 4. CIT – International rail transport committee: the quest for legal interoperabilityFor additional information about the CIT and its objectives see www.cit-rail.org/en/objectives/. No access
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  5. 5. UIC – International Union of the Railways: ensuring technical interoperabilityAbout UIC www.uic.org/spip.php?article528&la No access
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  6. 6. CER – Community of European railways and infrastructure companies: policy making and lobbying railways’ interests in BrusselsAbout CER: http://www.cer.be/. No access
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  7. 7. OSJD – Organisation for co-operation of the railwaysAbout OSJD: http://en.osjd.org/statico/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=5050. No access
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  8. 8. SMPS/SMGS – Agreements on transport of passengers and goods by rail within the OSJD frameworkSMPS/SMGS: http://www.cit-rail.org/en/rail-transport-law/smps-smgs/. No access
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2. 1. 1. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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      3. § 3 No access
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      4. § 4 No access
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      5. § 5 No access
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      6. § 6 No access
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      7. § 7 No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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    3. Article 3 Definitions No access Pages 1088 - 1088
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      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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      3. § 3 No access
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      4. § 4 No access
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    5. Article 5 Mandatory law No access Pages 1089 - 1089
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      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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      3. § 3 No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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      3. § 3 No access
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      4. § 4 No access
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      5. § 5 No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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    5. Article 10 Completion of administrative formalities No access Pages 1095 - 1095
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    6. Article 11 Cancellation and late running of trains. Missed connections No access Pages 1095 - 1095
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        § 1 No access
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        § 3 No access
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      3. Article 14 Completion of administrative formalities No access Pages 1097 - 1097
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    2. 1. Article 15 Supervision No access
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      3. Authors:
        § 1 No access
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        § 2 No access
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      4. Article 19 Payment of charges for the carriage of registered luggage No access Pages 1100 - 1100
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      5. Article 20 Marking of registered luggage No access Pages 1101 - 1101
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      6. Authors:
        § 1 No access
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        § 2 No access
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      7. Authors:
        § 1 No access
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        § 8 No access
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    4. 1. Article 23 Conditions of carriage No access Pages 1103 - 1103
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      3. Article 25 Applicable law No access Pages 1104 - 1104
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        § 1 No access
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      3. Article 28 Damages in case of personal injury No access Pages 1106 - 1106
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      4. Article 29 Compensation for other bodily harm No access Pages 1107 - 1107
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      5. Authors:
        § 1 No access
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        § 2 No access
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        § 1 No access
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        § 1 No access
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    3. 1. § 1 No access
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        Article 34 Limit of damages in case of loss of or damage to articles No access
        Article 35 Exclusion of liability No access
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        Article 38 Successive carriers No access
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        Article 45 Compensation for loss No access
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        Article 47 Applicable law No access
    4. 1. Article 48 Loss of right to invoke the limits of liability No access Pages 1117 - 1117
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      3. Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access Pages 1118 - 1118
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      4. Article 51 Persons for whom the carrier is liable No access Pages 1118 - 1118
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        § 1 No access
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  5. 1. Article 53 Special principles of liability No access
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  6. 1. Authors:
      1. § 1 No access
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      2. § 2 No access
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  17. Article 39 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access Pages 1169 - 1169
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  4. Article 52 Agreements concerning recourse No access Pages 1178 - 1178
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  2. Article 2 Carriage Performed by State and Carriage of Postal Items No access Pages 1188 - 1188
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  13. Article 15 Relations of Consignor and Consignee or Mutual Relations of Third Parties No access Pages 1197 - 1197
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    4. IV. The damage No access
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    4. IV. Breach of limits No access
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    6. VI. The special declaration of interest in delivery at destination (paragraphs 2 and 3) No access
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  7. Article 23 Conversion of Monetary Units No access Pages 1221 - 1221
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  9. Article 25 Stipulation on Limits No access Pages 1223 - 1223
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  10. Article 26 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access Pages 1224 - 1224
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    4. IV. The person entitled to claim in passenger liability cases No access
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  14. Article 30 Servants, Agents – Aggregation of Claims No access Pages 1227 - 1227
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  21. Article 37 Right of Recourse against Third Parties No access Pages 1235 - 1235
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  3. Article 40 Respective Liability of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access Pages 1238 - 1238
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  4. Article 41 Mutual Liability No access Pages 1238 - 1238
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  5. Article 42 Addressee of Complaints and Instructions No access Pages 1239 - 1239
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  9. Article 46 Additional Jurisdiction No access Pages 1240 - 1240
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  10. Article 47 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access Pages 1240 - 1240
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  11. Article 48 Mutual Relations of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access Pages 1241 - 1241
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  2. Article 54 Denunciation No access Pages 1244 - 1244
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    4. d) Article 267 TFEU No access
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    5. e) Mandatory nature of the Directive rules No access
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    7. g) Does the Directive regulate burden of proof issues? No access
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1. Correlation Table No access Pages 1303 - 1304
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  1. I. General Remarks No access
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  2. II. Genesis of the Directive No access
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  1. I. Article 1 (1) – The aim of the Directive No access
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  2. II. Article 1 (2) – Payments made as Remuneration for Commercial Transactions No access
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  3. III. Scope of application – The relationship between the Directive and the CISG No access
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  4. IV. Article 1 (3) – Optional exclusion of insolvency proceedings No access
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  1. I. Preliminary remarks No access
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  3. III. Article 2 (2) – Public authority No access
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    1. 1. Definition No access
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    2. 2. Consumers No access
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    3. 3. Fictitious undertaking No access
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  5. V. Article 2 (4) – Late payment No access
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  6. VI. Article 2 (5) – Interest for late payment No access
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  7. VII. Article 2 (6) – Statutory interest for late payment No access
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  9. IX. Article 2 (8) – Amount due No access
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  10. X. Article 2 (9) – Retention of title No access
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  11. XI. Article 2 (10) – Enforceable title No access
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  1. I. Preliminary Remarks No access
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  2. II. Entitlement No access
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  3. III. Responsibility for the delay No access
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  4. IV. Receipt of an invoice No access
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  5. V. Quality of an invoice No access
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  6. VI. Timely receipt of the amount due No access
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  8. VII. The concept of the ne ultra alterum tantum rule No access
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  9. VIII. Periods of examination No access
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  10. IX. Maximum payment term No access
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  11. X. Criticism No access
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  12. XI. Article 3 (5) – ‘Expressly agreed in the contract’ No access
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  13. XII. Agreements on the due date No access
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  14. XIII. Dynamic efficacy No access
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    2. 2. Time of receipt of the invoice No access
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    3. 3. Agreements on the date of the invoice No access
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    4. 4. Intentional non-payment of a debt No access
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    5. 5. Application of the Directive to corporate loans No access
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  1. I. Preliminaries No access
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  3. III. Fields of regulation No access
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  4. IV. Reference rate/interest rate No access
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  5. V. Payment term for public authorities No access
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  6. VI. Objective justification No access
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  7. VII. Extension of payment term for certain public authorities No access
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  8. VIII. Agreements on the date of the invoice No access
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7. 1. I. Raison d’être No access
  2. II. Fields of regulation No access
  3. III. Criticism No access
8. Authors:
  1. I. Raison d’être No access
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  2. II. Contractual exclusion of recovery costs No access
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  3. III. EUR 40 lump sum No access
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  4. IV. Other recovery costs No access
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9. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. 1. Practice No access
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    2. 2. Contractual Term No access
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    3. 3. Good commercial practice, good faith and fair dealing No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. 1. General remarks No access
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    2. 2. Definition of grossly unfair No access
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    3. 3. Examples for grossly unfair practices and contractual terms No access
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  3. III. Partial retention of a clause or invalidity No access
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  4. IV. Cognition of grossly unfair terms upon motion No access
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  5. V. Article 7 (5) – Representative action No access
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10. Authors:
  1. I. General Remarks No access
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  2. II. Transparency measures by the Commission No access
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  3. III. Measures initiated by Member States No access
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  4. IV. Prompt payment codes No access
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11. Authors:
  1. I. Raison d’être No access
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  2. II. Retention of title No access
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  3. III. Forms of retention of title No access
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  4. IV. Down payments No access
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12. Authors:
  1. I. Raison d’être No access
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  2. II. Prohibition of discriminatory practices No access
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  3. No access
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  4. III. Recovery procedures No access
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  5. IV. Competence of the European Union regarding recovery procedures No access
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  6. V. International jurisdiction No access
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13. Article 11 Report No access Pages 1357 - 1357
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14. Authors:
  1. I. Transposition obligation No access
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  2. II. Current developments No access
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15. Authors:
  1. I. Repeal No access
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  2. II. References No access
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16. Article 14 Entry into force No access Pages 1361 - 1361
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17. Article 15 Addressees No access Pages 1362 - 1362
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1. Authors:
  1. I. Aim No access
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  2. II. Two instrument approach No access
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  3. III. Declarations No access
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2. 1. Article 1 Definitions No access Pages 1367 - 1368
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  2. Article 2 The international interest No access Pages 1369 - 1369
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  3. Article 3 Sphere of application No access Pages 1370 - 1370
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  4. Article 4 Where debtor is situated No access Pages 1371 - 1371
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  5. Article 5 Interpretation and applicable law No access Pages 1371 - 1372
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  6. Article 6 Relationship between the Convention and the Protocol No access Pages 1373 - 1373
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3. 1. Article 7 Formal requirements No access
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4. 1. Article 8 Remedies of chargee No access Pages 1374 - 1374
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  2. Article 9 Vesting of object in satisfaction; redemption No access Pages 1375 - 1375
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Remedies No access
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    2. II. Requirements No access
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    3. III. Public service No access
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  4. Article 11 Meaning of default No access Pages 1378 - 1378
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  5. Article 12 Additional remedies No access Pages 1379 - 1379
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  6. Article 13 Relief pending final determination No access Pages 1379 - 1380
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  7. Article 14 Procedural requirements No access Pages 1381 - 1381
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  8. Article 15 Derogation No access Pages 1382 - 1382
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5. 1. Article 16 The International Registry No access
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  2. Article 17 The Supervisory Authority and the Registrar No access
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6. 1. Article 18 Registration requirements No access Pages 1383 - 1383
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  2. Article 19 Validity and time of registration No access Pages 1384 - 1384
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  3. Article 20 Consent to registration No access Pages 1384 - 1384
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  4. Article 21 Duration of registration No access Pages 1385 - 1385
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  5. Article 22 Searches No access Pages 1386 - 1386
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  6. Article 23 List of declarations and declared non-consensual rights or interests No access Pages 1386 - 1386
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  7. Article 24 Evidentiary value of certificates No access Pages 1386 - 1386
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  8. Article 25 Discharge of registration No access Pages 1387 - 1387
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  9. Article 26 Access to the international registration facilities No access Pages 1388 - 1388
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7. 1. Article 27 Legal personality; immunity No access
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8. 1. Article 28 Liability and financial assurances No access
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9. 1. Article 29 Priority of competing interests No access Pages 1389 - 1390
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Scope No access
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    2. II. The minimalist approach of the Convention No access
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    3. III. The substantive insolvency rules of the Protocols No access
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10. 1. Article 31 Effects of assignment No access Pages 1395 - 1395
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  2. Article 32 Formal requirements of assignment No access Pages 1395 - 1395
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  3. Article 33 Debtor’s duty to assignee No access Pages 1396 - 1396
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  4. Article 34 Default remedies in respect of assignment by way of security No access Pages 1396 - 1396
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  5. Article 35 Priority of competing assignments No access Pages 1396 - 1396
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  6. Article 36 Assignee’s priority with respect to associated rights No access Pages 1397 - 1397
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. Validity of assignments No access
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    2. II. Rights and obligations of debtor No access
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    3. III. Effects of assignments No access
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  8. Article 38 Subrogation No access Pages 1400 - 1400
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11. 1. Article 39 Rights having priority without registration No access Pages 1400 - 1401
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  2. Article 40 Registrable non-consensual rights or interests No access Pages 1402 - 1402
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12. 1. Article 41 Sale and prospective sale No access
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13. 1. Article 42 Choice of forum No access Pages 1403 - 1403
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  2. Article 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13 No access Pages 1404 - 1405
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  3. Article 44 Jurisdiction to make orders against the Registrar No access Pages 1406 - 1406
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  4. Article 45 Jurisdiction in respect of insolvency proceedings No access Pages 1407 - 1407
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14. 1. Article 45 bisRelationship with the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade No access
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  2. Article 46 Relationship with the UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing No access
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15. 1. Article 47 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession No access Pages 1408 - 1408
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  2. Article 48 Regional Economic Integration Organisations No access Pages 1409 - 1409
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  3. Article 49 Entry into force No access Pages 1409 - 1409
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  4. Article 50 Internal transactions No access Pages 1410 - 1410
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  5. Article 51 Future Protocols No access Pages 1410 - 1410
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  6. Article 52 Territorial units No access Pages 1411 - 1411
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  7. Article 53 Determination of courts No access Pages 1412 - 1412
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  8. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies No access Pages 1412 - 1412
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  9. Article 55 Declarations regarding relief pending final determination No access Pages 1412 - 1412
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  10. Article 56 Reservations and declarations No access Pages 1412 - 1412
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  11. Article 57 Subsequent declarations No access Pages 1413 - 1413
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  12. Article 58 Withdrawal of declarations No access Pages 1413 - 1413
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  13. Article 59 Denunciations No access Pages 1413 - 1413
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  14. Article 60 Transitional provisions No access Pages 1413 - 1413
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  15. Article 61 Review Conferences, amendments and related matters No access Pages 1414 - 1414
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  16. Article 62 Depositary and its functions No access Pages 1415 - 1415
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1. Authors:
  1. 1. Practical use of letters of credit No access
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  2. 2. Parties involved in a letter of credit transaction No access
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  3. 3. The UCP and other relevant provisions No access
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  4. 4. Legal nature of the UCP No access
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  5. 5. Content and structure of the UCP No access
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  6. 6. Terminology No access
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2. Article 1 Application of UCP No access Pages 1420 - 1421
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3. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Definitions provided No access
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4. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. a) Singular and Plural No access
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    2. b) Irrevocability No access
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    3. c) Signed No access
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    4. d) Legalization and certification No access
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    5. e) Branches in different countries No access
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    6. f) Terms describing the issuer No access
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    7. g) Terms concerning timing of activities No access
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5. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. The Independence Principle: Article 4 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Drafting advices in Article 4 (b) No access
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  4. 4. The fraud exception No access
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6. Article 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performance No access Pages 1433 - 1433
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7. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Place at which credit is available No access
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  3. 3. Means by which a credit is available No access
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  4. 4. Expiry date No access
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8. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. a) Undertaking to honour letter of credit No access
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    2. b) Undertaking to cover for a nominated bank No access
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    3. c) Beginning and irrevocability of the undertaking No access
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  3. 3. Undertaking towards nominated bank No access
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9. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 8 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 8 (b) No access
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  4. 4. Article 8 (c) No access
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  5. 5. Article 8 (d) No access
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10. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 9 (c) No access
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  3. 3. Article 9 (d) No access
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  4. 4. Article 9 (e) No access
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  5. 5. Article 9 (f) No access
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11. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 10 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 10 (b) No access
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  4. 4. Article 10 (c) No access
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  5. 5. Article 10 (d) No access
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  6. 6. Article 10 (e) No access
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  7. 7. Article 10 (f) No access
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12. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 11 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 11 (b) No access
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13. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 12 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 12 (b) No access
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  4. 4. Article 12 (c) No access
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14. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 13 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 13 (b) No access
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  4. 4. Article 13 (c) No access
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15. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 14(a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 14 (b) No access
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  4. 4. Article 14(c) No access
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  5. 5. Article 14 (d) No access
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  6. 6. Article 14 (e) No access
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  7. 7. Article 14 (f) No access
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  8. 8. Article 14 (g) No access
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  9. 9. Article 14 (h) No access
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  10. 10. Article 14 (i) No access
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  11. 11. Article 14 (j) No access
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  12. 12. Article 14 (k) No access
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  13. 13. Article 14 (l) No access
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16. Article 15 Complying Presentation No access Pages 1456 - 1456
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17. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 16 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 16 (b) No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. a) Statement of refusal (i) No access
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    2. b) Adequate description of discrepancy (ii) No access
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    3. c) Statements as to treatment of documents (iii) No access
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  5. 5. Article 16 (d) No access
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  6. 6. Article 16 (e) No access
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  7. 7. Article 16 (f) No access
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  8. 8. Art. 16 (g) No access
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18. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Rules as to the need for originals No access
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  3. 3. The concept of “original” No access
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  4. 4. Article 17(d): Copies No access
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19. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Scope of application No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. a) General remarks No access
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    2. b) Beneficiary as issuer No access
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    3. c) Made to the applicant No access
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    4. d) Amount stated and currency No access
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    5. e) Quantity and description of the goods No access
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20. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. a) Indication of carrier and signature No access
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    2. b) Indication as to status of the goods No access
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    3. c) Indicating Shipment from the Port of Loading to the Port of Discharge No access
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    4. d) Full set of multimodal transport documents No access
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    5. e) Contain Terms of Carriage No access
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    6. f) Not subject to a charter party No access
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    7. g) Transhipment: Article 19 (b) and (c) No access
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21. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Information concerning carrier, status of the goods and shipment No access
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  3. 3. Other provisions No access
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  4. 4. Transhipment No access
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22. Article 21 Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill No access Pages 1476 - 1476
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23. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 22 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 22 (b) No access
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24. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 23 (a) No access
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  3. 3. Article 23 (b) and (c) No access
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25. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Identification of Carrier, date, place and destination of shipment No access
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  3. 3. Submission of Originals No access
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  4. 4. Transhipment No access
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26. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Courier Receipts No access
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  3. 3. Post receipt or certificate of posting No access
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27. Article 26 On Deck, Shipper's Load and Count, Said by Shipper to Contain and Charges Additional to Freight No access Pages 1484 - 1484
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28. Article 27 Clean Transport Document No access Pages 1485 - 1485
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29. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Issuance and signature requirements (Article 28 (a)) No access
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  3. 3. Originals No access
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  4. 4. Presentation of a different type of insurance document No access
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  5. 5. Coverage No access
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  6. 6. Other acceptable clauses No access
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30. Article 29 Expiry Date No access Pages 1489 - 1489
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31. Article 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices No access Pages 1490 - 1490
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32. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 31(a): Permission of partial shipment No access
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  3. 3. Concept of partial shipment No access
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33. Article 32 Instalment Drawings or Shipments No access Pages 1492 - 1492
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34. Article 33 Hours of Presentation No access Pages 1492 - 1492
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35. Article 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents No access Pages 1493 - 1493
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36. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Article 35 (1): general regime of transmissions No access
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  3. 3. Article 35 (2): loss of compliant documents No access
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  4. 4. Article 35 (3): Translation and interpretation of technical terms No access
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37. Authors:
  1. 1. Article 36 (1): Exclusion of liability for force majeure No access
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  2. 2. Article 36 (2): Non-extension of time limits No access
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38. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Risk-allocation for instructions and compliance therewith No access
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  3. 3. Charges No access
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  4. 4. Indemnification against foreign law No access
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39. Authors:
  1. 1. Introduction No access
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  2. 2. Transfer: Concept and Requirements No access
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  3. 3. Terms of the transferred credit and admissible deviations from the original credit No access
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  4. 4. Partial and successive transfers: Article 38 (d) No access
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  5. 5. Amending transferred credits: Article 38 (e) and (f) No access
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  6. 6. Substitution of documents: Article 38 (h) and (i) No access
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  7. 7. Presentations No access
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40. Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds No access Pages 1504 - 1531
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