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Commercial Law

Article-by-Article Commentary
Editors:
Publisher:
 28.11.2018

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2018
Publication date
28.11.2018
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-3315-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7656-4
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language
German
Pages
1531
Product type
Comment

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access I - XLVI
  2. Peter Mankowski
    1. I. General remarks No access Peter Mankowski
    2. Peter Mankowski
      1. 1. Transnational law and lex mercatoria are excluded No access Peter Mankowski
      2. 2. Non-state rules of international prominence are included No access Peter Mankowski
    3. III. Sale of goods No access Peter Mankowski
    4. Peter Mankowski
      1. 1. Carriage of goods No access Peter Mankowski
      2. 2. Carriage of persons No access Peter Mankowski
      3. 3. Maritime law is left out No access Peter Mankowski
      4. 4. Multimodal transport is left out No access Peter Mankowski
    5. V. Limited coverage of services No access Peter Mankowski
    1. Introduction No access 9 - 10 Peter Mankowski
        1. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Generalities No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Sale No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Goods No access Peter Mankowski
          3. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Parties’ places of business in different States No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Additional subjective test and burden of proof (2) No access Peter Mankowski
          4. IV. Place of business No access Peter Mankowski
          5. V. Applicability regardless of personal qualities of the contract parties or of the character of the contract (3) No access Peter Mankowski
          6. VI. Parties’ places of business in different Contracting States, (1) (a) No access Peter Mankowski
          7. VII. Conflict of law rules render the law of a Contracting State applicable (1) (b) No access Peter Mankowski
          8. VIII. Arbitral instances No access Peter Mankowski
        2. Peter Mankowski
          1. 1. Sales of goods for personal use (a) No access Peter Mankowski
          2. 2. Sales by auction (b) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. 3. Sales on execution or otherwise by authority of law (c) No access Peter Mankowski
          4. 4. Stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money (d) No access Peter Mankowski
          5. 5. Ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft (e) No access Peter Mankowski
          6. 6. Electricity (f) No access Peter Mankowski
        3. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Generalities No access Peter Mankowski
          2. II. Contracts for manufacturing or producing goods No access Peter Mankowski
          3. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. General considerations No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Unified contracts No access Peter Mankowski
            3. 3. Separate contracts No access Peter Mankowski
            4. 4. Turn-key contracts No access Peter Mankowski
        4. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Statement of principle No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Validity of the contract No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Property issues No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Gaps No access Peter Mankowski
          4. IV. Issues relating to evidence No access Peter Mankowski
        5. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Scope of the exclusion No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Reach of Art. 5 No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. General impact of the CISG on claims in tort No access Peter Mankowski
        6. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Generalities No access Peter Mankowski
          2. II. Derogation of the CISG in its entirety (opt-out) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Derogation from single provisions of the CISG No access Peter Mankowski
          4. IV. Risk of liability for legal advisors No access Peter Mankowski
          5. V. Opt-in No access Peter Mankowski
        1. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Autonomous and uniform interpretation (1) No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Internal gaps and general principles No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. External gaps No access Peter Mankowski
        2. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Interpretation of statements No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Intent of the party making the statement No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Supplementary rule, (3) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Default rule (2) No access Peter Mankowski
          4. IV. Language risks No access Peter Mankowski
          5. V. Statements or conduct by third parties No access Peter Mankowski
          6. VI. Interpretation of the contract in its entirety No access Peter Mankowski
          7. VII. Interpretation of silence No access Peter Mankowski
        3. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Generalities No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. 1. Requirements stemming from (1) No access Peter Mankowski
            2. 2. Presumption under (2) No access Peter Mankowski
            3. 3. Examples No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Practices No access Peter Mankowski
        4. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Place of business No access Peter Mankowski
          2. II. Several places of business, (a) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Lacking place of business, (b) No access Peter Mankowski
        5. Article 11 CISG No access 52 - 52 Peter Mankowski
        6. Article 12 CISG No access 52 - 53 Peter Mankowski
        7. Article 13 CISG No access 54 - 54 Peter Mankowski
      1. Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG No access 55 - 57 Lisa Spagnolo
      2. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Sufficiently definite No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Intention to be bound No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Reference to standard terms No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. Lisa Spagnolo
            1. a) Sending standard terms (transmission) No access Lisa Spagnolo
            2. b) Standard terms otherwise available No access Lisa Spagnolo
        5. V. Capacity, death or insolvency No access Lisa Spagnolo
      3. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Reaching the offeree No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Withdrawal No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. IV. Overview of termination of offers generally No access Lisa Spagnolo
      4. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Offers indicating irrevocability No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Offers that become binding by reliance No access Lisa Spagnolo
          3. 3. Offers that become binding by dispatch of acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Ineffective revocations No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Manner of revocation No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Effect of revocation and consequences at domestic law No access Lisa Spagnolo
      5. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Meaning of rejection No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Timing of rejection and reaching the offeror No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. IV. Effect of rejection No access Lisa Spagnolo
      6. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Meaning of acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. By declaration No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. By conduct No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. When acceptance occurs: reaching the offeror No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. When acceptance occurs: exceptional means of acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
        5. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Fixed period of time No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. No period of time fixed No access Lisa Spagnolo
        6. VI. Effect of acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
        7. VII. Standard terms No access Lisa Spagnolo
        8. VIII. Modification No access Lisa Spagnolo
      7. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Terms that are not different No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Further proposals in purported acceptances No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Material difference No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Immaterial difference No access Lisa Spagnolo
        5. V. Effect of material difference: rejection and counter-offers No access Lisa Spagnolo
        6. VI. Effect of immaterial difference: objections to differences and conclusion of contract No access Lisa Spagnolo
        7. VII. Modifications to differences No access Lisa Spagnolo
        8. VIII. Battle of the forms No access Lisa Spagnolo
      8. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Time begins to run for period of acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Calculation of period for acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
      9. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Characterization as late acceptance No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Acceptance must reach the offeror No access Lisa Spagnolo
          3. 3. Offeror’s approval No access Lisa Spagnolo
          4. 4. Approval without delay No access Lisa Spagnolo
          5. 5. Notice of approval: inform or dispatch No access Lisa Spagnolo
          6. 6. Withdrawal of approval No access Lisa Spagnolo
          7. 7. Timing of conclusion of contract No access Lisa Spagnolo
          8. 8. Risk No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Delays to normal transmission No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Delays outside the control of offeree No access Lisa Spagnolo
          3. 3. Delay is discernible No access Lisa Spagnolo
          4. 4. Objection by offeror No access Lisa Spagnolo
          5. 5. Timing of objection ‘without delay’ No access Lisa Spagnolo
          6. 6. Timing of conclusion of contract No access Lisa Spagnolo
          7. 7. Risk No access Lisa Spagnolo
      10. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Declaration of withdrawal No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Withdrawal must reach the offeror No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. IV. Timing of withdrawal No access Lisa Spagnolo
        5. V. Revocation of withdrawal No access Lisa Spagnolo
        6. VI. Reservation of a right to withdraw No access Lisa Spagnolo
        7. VII. Effect of withdrawal and risks No access Lisa Spagnolo
      11. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. II. Conditions precedent and subsequent No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. III. Contracts requiring third party consent or approval No access Lisa Spagnolo
        4. IV. Third party determinations No access Lisa Spagnolo
      12. Lisa Spagnolo
        1. I. Overview No access Lisa Spagnolo
        2. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Division of declarations into ‘oral’ and ‘other’ No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. Lisa Spagnolo
            1. a) Must oral declarations be heard in order to reach? No access Lisa Spagnolo
            2. b) Intermediaries No access Lisa Spagnolo
          3. Lisa Spagnolo
            1. a) When does ‘delivery’ occur? No access Lisa Spagnolo
            2. b) Delivered to addressee ‘personally’ No access Lisa Spagnolo
            3. c) Delivered to addressee’s ‘place of business’ or ‘mailing address’ No access Lisa Spagnolo
            4. Lisa Spagnolo
              1. aa) Email No access Lisa Spagnolo
              2. bb) Voice mail No access Lisa Spagnolo
              3. cc) SMS No access Lisa Spagnolo
              4. dd) Websites No access Lisa Spagnolo
              5. ee) Chat No access Lisa Spagnolo
              6. ff) Fax, telex, telegram No access Lisa Spagnolo
        3. Lisa Spagnolo
          1. 1. Delivery outside business hours No access Lisa Spagnolo
          2. 2. Unintelligible declaration No access Lisa Spagnolo
          3. 3. Foreign language No access Lisa Spagnolo
          4. 4. Addressee lacks capacity No access Lisa Spagnolo
          5. 5. Addressee prevents receipt No access Lisa Spagnolo
          1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access
            1. 1. Autonomous interpretation No access
            2. 2. Breach of contract No access
              1. a) Detriment No access
              2. b) Substantial deprivation No access
              3. c) Foreseeability No access
          3. III. Burden of proof No access
              1. a) Seller No access
              2. b) Buyer No access
            2. 2. Non-conforming goods No access
              1. a) Seller No access
              2. b) Buyer No access
            4. 4. Other obligations No access
        2. Sebastian Omlor
          1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access Sebastian Omlor
          2. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. Form No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Content No access Sebastian Omlor
            3. 3. Effectiveness and transmission No access Sebastian Omlor
            4. 4. Time limits No access Sebastian Omlor
          3. III. Burden of proof No access Sebastian Omlor
        3. Sebastian Omlor
          1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access Sebastian Omlor
          2. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. Overview No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Restrictive interpretation? No access Sebastian Omlor
            3. 3. Oral communication No access Sebastian Omlor
          3. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. Criteria of appropriateness No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Language No access Sebastian Omlor
            3. 3. Dispatch No access Sebastian Omlor
          4. IV. Effects of appropriate communication No access Sebastian Omlor
          5. V. Burden of proof No access Sebastian Omlor
        4. Sebastian Omlor
          1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access Sebastian Omlor
          2. II. Scope of application No access Sebastian Omlor
          3. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. Applicable law No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Discretion of the court No access Sebastian Omlor
        5. Sebastian Omlor
          1. I. Systematic and teleological classification No access Sebastian Omlor
          2. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. Scope of application No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Agreement No access Sebastian Omlor
            3. 3. Freedom of form No access Sebastian Omlor
          3. Sebastian Omlor
            1. 1. “No oral modification” (NOM) clauses No access Sebastian Omlor
            2. 2. Abuse No access Sebastian Omlor
          4. IV. Burden of proof No access Sebastian Omlor
        1. Marco Torsello
          1. I. Overview of the obligations of the seller No access Marco Torsello
          2. II. Delivery obligation No access Marco Torsello
          3. III. Contractual arrangements on delivery and the ICC Incoterms® No access Marco Torsello
          4. IV. Obligation to hand over documents relating to the goods No access Marco Torsello
          5. V. The obligation to transfer property in the goods No access Marco Torsello
          6. VI. Transfer of property and retention of title No access Marco Torsello
          1. Marco Torsello
            1. Marco Torsello
              1. 1. Notion of carriage No access Marco Torsello
              2. 2. Notion of delivery No access Marco Torsello
              3. 3. Place of performance No access Marco Torsello
              4. 4. Remedies for breach of the delivery obligation No access Marco Torsello
              5. 5. Delivery and the transfer of risk No access Marco Torsello
            2. II. Delivery in sales involving carriage (Article 31(a)) No access Marco Torsello
            3. Marco Torsello
              1. 1. Sales not involving carriage of specific goods (Article 31(b), first hypothetical) No access Marco Torsello
              2. 2. Sales not involving carriage of unidentified goods from a specific stock (Article 31(b), second hypothetical) No access Marco Torsello
              3. 3. Sales not involving carriage of goods to be manufactured or produced (Article 31(b), third hypothetical) No access Marco Torsello
              4. 4. Other cases of sales not involving carriage (Article 31(c)) No access Marco Torsello
            4. IV. Agreement to deliver “at any other particular place” and the impact of the ICC Incoterms® No access Marco Torsello
            5. V. The impact of the place of delivery on the assessment of jurisdiction No access Marco Torsello
          2. Marco Torsello
            1. I. Overview No access Marco Torsello
            2. II. Seller’s duty to give notice of consignment (Article 32(1) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
            3. III. Seller’s duty to arrange for appropriate means of transportation (Article 32(2) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
            4. IV. Seller’s duties regarding insurance (Article 32(2) and (3) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
          3. Marco Torsello
            1. I. Overview No access Marco Torsello
            2. II. Fixed date of delivery (Article 33(a) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
            3. III. Fixed period for delivery (Article 33(b) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
            4. IV. Absence of agreement in the contract on the time of delivery (Article 33(c) CISG) No access Marco Torsello
            5. V. Breach of the seller’s obligation to deliver on time and buyer’s remedies No access Marco Torsello
          4. CISG Marco Torsello
            1. I. Overview No access CISG Marco Torsello
            2. II. The handing over of documents No access CISG Marco Torsello
            3. III. The breach of the duty to hand over documents and the right to cure No access CISG Marco Torsello
          1. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General overview No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. II. Contractual conformity of the goods (para 1) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Fit for ordinary use (lit. a) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Fit for a particular purpose (lit. b) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Sale by sample or model (lit. c) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              4. 4. Usual or adequate packaging (lit. d) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Exclusion of liability (para 3) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. V. Remedies No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            6. VI. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Lack of conformity No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Passing of risk No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Violation of seller’s obligations No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Guarantee No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. II. Requirements No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. III. Legal consequences No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          4. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General Features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Length of period No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                1. a) In general No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                2. b) Contract involving carriage of the goods (para 2) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                3. c) Redirection in transit or redispatch (para 3) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. III. Method of examination No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Diverging party agreements No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          5. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Content No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Form No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Addressee No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Reasonable period No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Beginning of period No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Two year period No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Guarantee periods No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Loss of remedies No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Exceptions No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            6. VI. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          6. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General Features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. II. Seller’s bad faith No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. III. Disclosure of the defect to the buyer No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          7. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General Features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                1. a) Property No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                2. b) Other rights No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Third party claims No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Rights of the seller No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              4. 4. Public law encumbrances No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              5. 5. Relevant point in time No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Contractual disclaimer No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Buyer’s consent No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Failure to give notice No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Performance (Art. 46(1)) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Avoidance (Art. 49) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Damages (Art. 74 et seqq.) No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          8. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                1. a) Based on intellectual or industrial property No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
                2. b) Right of publicity (personality) and similar rights No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Seller’s actual or constructive knowledge No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Territorial limitations No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              4. 4. Relevant point in time No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Contractual exclusion No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Buyer’s knowledge or culpable lack of knowledge No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Buyer’s failure to give notice No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              4. 4. Compliance with technical specifications by the buyer No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Remedies No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          9. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. II. Notice No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. III. Notice period No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. IV. Exceptions No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. V. Legal consequences of a failure to give notice No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            6. VI. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          10. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            1. I. General features No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            2. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Special circumstances No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Balancing of interests No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            3. III. Diverging contractual agreements No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            4. Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              1. 1. Price reduction No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              2. 2. Damages No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
              3. 3. Right and claims of the seller No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli
          1. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. Petra Butler
                1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
                2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
                3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. I. General No access Petra Butler
              2. II. Agreed sums No access Petra Butler
            3. C. Limitation period No access Petra Butler
            4. D. Burden of proof No access Petra Butler
          2. Petra Butler
            1. I. Article 45(1) No access Petra Butler
            2. II. Article 45(2) No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Article 45(3) No access Petra Butler
          3. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
            2. II. Right to require performance (Article 46(1)) No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Right to require delivery of substitute goods (Article 46(2)) No access Petra Butler
            4. IV. Right to require repair (Article 46(3)) No access Petra Butler
          4. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. Petra Butler
                1. a) Buyer’s avoidance of the contract No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Seller’s avoidance of the contract No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Relation to other Provisions No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Non-performance No access Petra Butler
              2. Petra Butler
                1. a) No formal requirements No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Clear demand No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Reasonable time No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Effect of fixing an additional time-period No access Petra Butler
          5. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Relation to other Provisions No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Seller’s failure to perform No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Cure after delivery No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Costs No access Petra Butler
            3. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Possibility to cure No access Petra Butler
              2. Petra Butler
                1. a) Unreasonable delay No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Unreasonable inconvenience No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Uncertainty of reimbursement No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Duty to give notice of cure No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Reservation of avoidance of the contract No access Petra Butler
              5. Petra Butler
                1. a) Avoidance of contract No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Price reduction No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Delivery of substitute goods/repair No access Petra Butler
                4. d) Damages No access Petra Butler
              6. 6. Legal consequences No access Petra Butler
            4. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Indication of performance No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Notice of willingness without a seller´s request (Article 48(3)) No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Notice has to reach the buyer (Article 48(4)) No access Petra Butler
            5. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
          6. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. Petra Butler
                1. Petra Butler
                  1. aa) Seller’s non-performance No access Petra Butler
                  2. bb) Buyer’s non-performance No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Delay in performance No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Ancillary duties No access Petra Butler
                4. d) Seller’s right to cure No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Foreseeabilty No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Declaration of avoidance No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Possibility to make restitution No access Petra Butler
              5. 5. Absence of a defence under Article 80 No access Petra Butler
            2. II. Nachfrist No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Loss of the right to avoid the contract No access Petra Butler
          7. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 3. Relation to other provisions No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Breach of contract No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Reduction of value No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Notice of lack of conformity No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Declaration of price reduction No access Petra Butler
              5. Petra Butler
                1. a) Time of calculation No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Place of calculation No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Legal consequences No access Petra Butler
          8. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Relation to other provisions No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Divisibility No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Defects in title No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Violation of duties other than the delivery of goods No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Obligation to give notice of lack of conformity No access Petra Butler
              5. Petra Butler
                1. a) Quantity of goods No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Restitution No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Repair and substitute delivery No access Petra Butler
                4. d) Specific performance No access Petra Butler
                5. e) Avoidance No access Petra Butler
                6. f) Price reduction No access Petra Butler
                7. g) Damages No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Avoidance of the entire contract in case of part-performance (Article 51 (2)) No access Petra Butler
          9. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Relation to other provision No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Early delivery No access Petra Butler
              2. Petra Butler
                1. a) Right to refuse to take delivery No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Consequences of taking delivery No access Petra Butler
            3. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Delivery of an excess quantity No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Notice No access Petra Butler
              3. Petra Butler
                1. a) General No access Petra Butler
                2. b) Consequences No access Petra Butler
                3. c) Taking delivery No access Petra Butler
                4. d) Delivery of more valuable goods No access Petra Butler
        1. Foreword: the buyer’ duties No access 279 - 279 Petra Butler
        2. Article 53 CISG No access 279 - 279 Petra Butler
          1. Article 54 CISG No access 279 - 279 Petra Butler
          2. Petra Butler
            1. I. Purchase price No access Petra Butler
            2. II. Payment arrangements No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Choice of payment debt No access Petra Butler
            4. IV. Effecting payment No access Petra Butler
            5. V. Currency No access Petra Butler
          3. Article 56 CISG No access 283 - 283 Petra Butler
          4. Article 57 CISG No access 284 - 284 Petra Butler
          5. Article 58 CISG No access 285 - 287 Petra Butler
          6. Article 59 CISG No access 288 - 288 Petra Butler
          1. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Duty to take delivery No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Refusal to take delivery No access Petra Butler
          1. Petra Butler
            1. I. Article 61(1) No access Petra Butler
            2. II. Article 61(2) No access Petra Butler
            3. III. Article 61(3) No access Petra Butler
          2. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
            2. II. The right to demand payment No access Petra Butler
            3. III. The right to demand the taking of delivery No access Petra Butler
          3. Article 63 CISG No access 295 - 295 Petra Butler
          4. Article 64 CISG No access 296 - 296 Petra Butler
          5. Petra Butler
            1. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Overview No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Background No access Petra Butler
              3. 3. Scope No access Petra Butler
              4. 4. Relation to other provision No access Petra Butler
            2. Petra Butler
              1. 1. Demand by notice No access Petra Butler
              2. 2. Buyer’s right to make a different specification No access Petra Butler
        1. Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Principal structure No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Economic foundations No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. 3. Handing-over approach; comparative law No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. 4. Party agreement; ICC Incoterms No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Purpose and function, historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Understanding of ‘risk’ No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. 3. Exception of ‘act or omission of the seller’ No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. 4. Consequences No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. 5. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
        2. Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Purpose and structure No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Party agreement; ICC Incoterms No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. 3. Historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Article 67(1), first sentence No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Article 67(1), second sentence No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. 3. Article 67(1), third sentence No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. 4. Article 67(2) No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. III. Consequences; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
        3. Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Purpose and function No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Article 68, first sentence (general rule) No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Article 68, second sentence (exception) No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. 3. Article 68, third sentence (bad faith) No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. III. Specific issue: Bulk cargo No access Tim W. Dornis
          4. IV. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
        4. Tim W. Dornis
          1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Article 69(1), first alternative No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Article 69(1), second alternative No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. III. Details on Article 69(2) No access Tim W. Dornis
          4. IV. Article 69(3) No access Tim W. Dornis
          5. V. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
        5. Tim W. Dornis
          1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. Tim W. Dornis
            1. 1. Fundamental breach No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. 2. Remedies available to the buyer No access Tim W. Dornis
          4. IV. Consequences; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Purpose and function No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. III. Contractual agreements No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. IV. Historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Scope of application No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Non-performance of a substantial part of the other party’s obligations No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Grounds for non-performance No access Tim W. Dornis
              4. 4. Probability of non-performance No access Tim W. Dornis
              5. 5. Apparentness ‘after the conclusion of the contract’ No access Tim W. Dornis
            6. Tim W. Dornis
              1. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) System and structure No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Extent of creditor’s rights No access Tim W. Dornis
                3. c) Temporal aspects No access Tim W. Dornis
                4. d) Clarification: No duty to give notice No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Right of suspension No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Right of stoppage in transitu No access Tim W. Dornis
            7. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Dissolution of grounds No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Debtor’s assurance and non-assurance No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Debtor’s performance and non-performance No access Tim W. Dornis
            8. VIII. Claims for damages No access Tim W. Dornis
            9. IX. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Fundamental breach of contract No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Prognosis (‘clear that …’) No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Additional requirement: Time frame No access Tim W. Dornis
              4. 4. Duty to notify (Article 72(2)) No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. IV. Debtor’s assurance, non-assurance, and performance No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. V. Anticipatory breach (Article 72(3)) No access Tim W. Dornis
            6. VI. Declaration of avoidance; damages; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. Tim W. Dornis
              1. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Instalment contract No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Fundamental breach of contract No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Consequences: Avoidance of contract No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Failure to perform No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Prognosis of fundamental breach (‘good grounds to conclude’) No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Consequences: Avoidance of contract No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. Tim W. Dornis
              1. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Avoidance under Article 73(1) No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Interdependence No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Consequences: ‘Maximum right’ No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. III. Party agreement No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Eligible claimants No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Exclusion: Death and personal injury No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Breach of contract No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Causation No access Tim W. Dornis
              4. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Direct damages (loss in value) No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Incidental and consequential damages (other loss) No access Tim W. Dornis
                3. c) Special issues No access Tim W. Dornis
              5. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Points in time No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Money compensation; currency No access Tim W. Dornis
                3. c) Abstract and concrete computation No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. V. Details: Foreseeability rule No access Tim W. Dornis
            6. VI. Prescription and limitation periods; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Transaction after contract avoidance No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Reasonable substitute transaction No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Damages under Article 75 No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Relation to other provisions No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. IV. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          3. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Details No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. III. Consequences; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          4. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Scope of application No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Content of the obligation No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Mitigation expenses as damage No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. IV. Consequences; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Scope of application No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Validity and enforceability No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Due for payment No access Tim W. Dornis
                3. c) No further requirements No access Tim W. Dornis
                4. d) Party agreement No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Payment modalities; limitation periods No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Rate of interest No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Compound interest No access Tim W. Dornis
              4. 4. Other grounds for interest claims No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          1. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. II. Purpose and function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. Tim W. Dornis
              1. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Scope of application No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Non-controllable impediment; causation No access Tim W. Dornis
                3. c) Unforeseeability No access Tim W. Dornis
                4. d) Unavoidability No access Tim W. Dornis
                5. e) Examples (case law and commentary) No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. Tim W. Dornis
                1. a) Liability for third persons No access Tim W. Dornis
                2. b) Analogy: Imputation of knowledge No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. Party agreement No access Tim W. Dornis
            4. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Duration of exemption (Article 79(3)) No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Obligation to give notice (Article 79(4)) No access Tim W. Dornis
              3. 3. No liability for damages (Article 79(5)) No access Tim W. Dornis
            5. V. Burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          2. Tim W. Dornis
            1. I. Overview; function; historical background No access Tim W. Dornis
            2. Tim W. Dornis
              1. 1. Act or omission No access Tim W. Dornis
              2. 2. Causation No access Tim W. Dornis
            3. III. Consequences; burden of proof No access Tim W. Dornis
          1. Peter Mankowski
            1. I. Release from contractual duties, (1) 1st sentence No access Peter Mankowski
            2. II. Restitution, (2) No access Peter Mankowski
            3. III. Provisions not affected, (1) 2nd sentence No access Peter Mankowski
            4. IV. Damages, (1) 1st sentence in fine No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Impossibility to return the goods No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Impossibility intervening after declaration of avoidance No access Peter Mankowski
              3. 3. Condition in which the buyer received the goods No access Peter Mankowski
            2. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Lacking act or omission on the buyer’s side, (2) (a) No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Deterioration or loss als consequence of examination, (2) (b) No access Peter Mankowski
              3. 3. Reselling in the normal course of business or normal use, (2) (c) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. Article 83 CISG No access 387 - 387 Peter Mankowski
          4. Peter Mankowski
            1. I. Interest on the price, (1) No access Peter Mankowski
            2. II. Benefits which the buyer has derived from the goods, (2) (a) No access Peter Mankowski
            3. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Commodum ex re No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Commodum ex negotiatione cum re No access Peter Mankowski
          1. Peter Mankowski
            1. I. Prerequisites No access Peter Mankowski
            2. II. Duty to preserve (1st sentence) No access Peter Mankowski
            3. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Right to reimbursement No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Right to retain No access Peter Mankowski
          2. Peter Mankowski
            1. I. Duty to preserve, (1) 1st sentence No access Peter Mankowski
            2. II. Entitlement to reimbursement and right to retain, (1) 2nd sentence No access Peter Mankowski
            3. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. The seller is not present at the destination No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Goods are at the buyer’s disposal No access Peter Mankowski
              3. 3. Exercising a right to reject No access Peter Mankowski
              4. 4. Taking possession must be reasonable for the buyer No access Peter Mankowski
              5. 5. Further consequences No access Peter Mankowski
          3. Peter Mankowski
            1. I. Prerequisites No access Peter Mankowski
            2. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Selecting the storekeeper No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Expenses of depositing in a warehourse No access Peter Mankowski
          4. Peter Mankowski
            1. Peter Mankowski
              1. 1. Unreasonable delay on the other party’s side No access Peter Mankowski
              2. 2. Notice of the intention to sell is to be given to the other party No access Peter Mankowski
              3. 3. Counterrights by the other party? No access Peter Mankowski
              4. 4. Executing the sale No access Peter Mankowski
              5. 5. Selling in spite of prerequisites missing No access Peter Mankowski
            2. II. Emergency sale, (2) No access Peter Mankowski
            3. III. Duty to give notice No access Peter Mankowski
            4. IV. Distribution of emergency sale proceeds, (3) No access Peter Mankowski
      1. Article 89 CISG No access 404 - 404 Peter Mankowski
      2. Peter Mankowski
        1. I. Disconnection clause No access Peter Mankowski
        2. II. EU law and their transformations No access Peter Mankowski
        3. III. Disconnection clauses in competing international agreements No access Peter Mankowski
      3. Article 91 CISG No access 407 - 407 Peter Mankowski
      4. Article 92 CISG No access 407 - 408 Peter Mankowski
      5. Article 93 CISG No access 409 - 409 Peter Mankowski
      6. Article 94 CISG No access 410 - 410 Peter Mankowski
      7. Peter Mankowski
        1. I. General remarks No access Peter Mankowski
        2. Peter Mankowski
          1. 1. Art. 1 (1) (a) CISG takes precedence No access Peter Mankowski
          2. 2. Restricted effectiveness of Art. 1 (1) (b) CISG in Contracting States who have declared the reservation No access Peter Mankowski
          3. 3. Relevance of the reservation in Contracting States who have not declared it No access Peter Mankowski
          4. 4. Relevance of the reservation in non Contracting States No access Peter Mankowski
      8. Article 96 CISG No access 413 - 413 Peter Mankowski
      9. Article 97 CISG No access 414 - 414 Peter Mankowski
      10. Article 98 CISG No access 414 - 414 Peter Mankowski
      11. Article 99 CISG No access 415 - 415 Peter Mankowski
      12. Article 100 CISG No access 416 - 416 Peter Mankowski
      13. Article 101 CISG No access 416 - 417 Peter Mankowski
      1. Introduction Introduction LPC No access 418 - 421
      2. PREAMBLE No access 422 - 422
        1. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Basic notions, (1) No access Peter Mankowski
          2. II. Time limits covered, (2) No access Peter Mankowski
          3. III. Definitions, (3) No access Peter Mankowski
        2. Article 2 No access 425 - 426 Peter Mankowski
        3. Peter Mankowski
          1. I. Scope of application No access Peter Mankowski
          2. II. Exclusion by party agreement No access Peter Mankowski
        4. Article 4 No access 429 - 430 Peter Mankowski
        5. Article 5 No access 431 - 432 Peter Mankowski
        6. Article 6 No access 433 - 433 Peter Mankowski
        7. Article 7 No access 433 - 433 Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 8 No access 434 - 434 Peter Mankowski
        2. Article 9 No access 435 - 435 Peter Mankowski
        3. Article 10 No access 435 - 436 Peter Mankowski
        4. Article 11 No access 437 - 437 Peter Mankowski
        5. Article 12 No access 437 - 438 Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 13 No access 439 - 439 Peter Mankowski
        2. Article 14 No access 440 - 440 Peter Mankowski
        3. Article 15 No access 441 - 441 Peter Mankowski
        4. Article 16 No access 442 - 442 Peter Mankowski
        5. Article 17 No access 442 - 442 Peter Mankowski
        6. Article 18 No access 443 - 443 Peter Mankowski
        7. Article 19 No access 444 - 444 Peter Mankowski
        8. Article 20 No access 445 - 445 Peter Mankowski
        9. Article 21 No access 446 - 446 Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 22 No access Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 23 No access Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 24 No access 448 - 448 Peter Mankowski
        2. Article 25 No access 449 - 449 Peter Mankowski
        3. Article 26 No access 450 - 450 Peter Mankowski
        4. Article 27 No access 451 - 451 Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 28 No access 451 - 451 Peter Mankowski
        2. Article 29 No access 452 - 452 Peter Mankowski
        1. Article 30 No access Peter Mankowski
      1. Article 31 No access 454 - 454 Peter Mankowski
      2. Article 32 No access 455 - 455 Peter Mankowski
      3. Article 33 No access 455 - 455 Peter Mankowski
      1. Article 34 No access 455 - 455 Peter Mankowski
      2. Article 35 No access 456 - 456 Peter Mankowski
      3. Article 36 No access 456 - 456 Peter Mankowski
      4. Article 36bis (Article XII of the Protocol) No access 456 - 456 Peter Mankowski
      5. Article 37 No access 457 - 457 Peter Mankowski
      6. Article 38 No access 457 - 457 Peter Mankowski
      7. Article 39 No access 458 - 458 Peter Mankowski
      8. Article 40 No access 458 - 458 Peter Mankowski
      1. Article 41 No access 459 - 459 Peter Mankowski
      2. Article 42 No access 459 - 459 Peter Mankowski
      3. Article 43 No access 459 - 459 Peter Mankowski
      4. Article 43bis (Article X of the Protocol) No access 459 - 459 Peter Mankowski
      5. Article 43ter (Article VIII (2) of the Protocol) No access 460 - 460 Peter Mankowski
      6. Article 44 No access 460 - 460 Peter Mankowski
      7. Article 44bis (Article XI of the Protocol) No access 460 - 460 Peter Mankowski
      8. Article 45 No access 461 - 461 Peter Mankowski
      9. Article 45bis (Article XIII (3) of the Protocol) No access 461 - 461 Peter Mankowski
      10. Article 46 No access 461 - 461 Peter Mankowski
    1. Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. A. A Wake-Up Call No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. B. Conception No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. C. A Practitioner’s Perspective No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. D. Cross-Cultural Background No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. E. 15 Languages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. F. Structure No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      7. G. Interpretation and Case Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      8. H. Limits of the UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      9. I. A General Note of Caution on Contract Perception No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      10. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. 1. Background No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. 2. Goals No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. 3. Language No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. 4. Method No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      11. K. Burden of Proof No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      12. L. A Recommendation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
    2. Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. 1. Para. 1: General rules for international commercial contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. 2. Para. 2: Choice of UNIDROIT Principles as governing contractual regime No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. 3. Para. 3: Application of UNIDROIT Principles to supplement a more general choice of the parties No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. 4. Para. 4: Application of UNIDROIT Principles in the absence of any choice of law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. 5. Para. 5: Use of UNIDROIT Principles to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. 6. Para. 6: Use of UNIDROIT Principles to interpret or supplement of domestic law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. 7. Para. 7: The UNIDROIT Principles as a model for legislators No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. 1. Incorporation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. 2. A Tool for Contract Drafting No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. The First of a Series of Fundamental Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Freedom of Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle of Informality No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Pacta sunt servanda No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Priority of Private International Law with Respect to Mandatory Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Restriction of the Scope of Mandatory Laws in Case of Combination of the UNIDROIT Principles with an Arbitration Clause No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. More Mandatory Law in Case of Combination of the UNIDROIT Principles with a Choice of Court Clause No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effects No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Party Autonomy Emphasized No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Limits of Mandatory Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. A Global Approach to Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. On Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. On Supplementation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. The Underlying General Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Good Faith and Fair Dealing as a Mandatory Core of the UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Arts. 1.5 and 1.6(2) No access
        2. B. Standard No access
        3. C. Practical Relevance No access
      8. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Priority of More Detailed Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Examples No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Remedies No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      9. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Two Kinds of Usages and a Limit No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Hierarchy No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Proof No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      10. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Risk Allocation to the Sender No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Abusive Prevention of Giving Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Withdrawal of a Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      11. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Few Key Definitions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Further Definitions in the UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      12. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Impact of Holidays etc No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Relevant Time Zone No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Deviations and Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. The Classical Offer-and-Acceptance Test No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Conduct Sufficient to Show Agreement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A ‘Relaxed’ Approach towards Contract Negotiation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Sufficient ‘Definiteness’ plus ‘Intention’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Interrelationship of the Two Criteria No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Para. 1 is Declaratory No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Any Withdrawal Must be ClearVogenauer/Nottage Art. 2.1.3 no. 7. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Self-Explanatory Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Interpretation of Possibly Implicit Rejections No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Termination by Other Means No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function and Systematic Place of the Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. The Basic Principle in Para. 1 Sentence 1 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Conduct without Notice (Para. 3) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Possible Impact of Silence No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. When Does the Offeree’s Expression of Assent Become Effective to Establish a Binding Contract? No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Impact of Time No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. ‘Oral’ Offer No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Risk Allocation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Calculation of Relative Time Periods No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Uncertainty of Time of Dispatch No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Exception (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        10. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Self-Explanatory Addendum to 2.1.6(2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        11. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Modifications in the Acceptance Notice Generate a Counter-Offer No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. But Non Material Alterations Generate a Duty on the Offeror to Speak up No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Special Rule for Standard Terms No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        12. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Exception: Changes Contained in Written ‘Confirmations of the Contract’ Might Alter a Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Burden of Proof and Test No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. An International Compromise No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        13. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Freedom to Insist on Substantive or Formal Specifics No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Waiver No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        14. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Possible Contract Conclusion Despite a Term Deliberately Left Open No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Three Requirements for Contract Conclusion No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Three Contractual Options (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Alternative Means contained in the UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Special Circumstances (Long-term Contracts) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            4. 4. Arbitration No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        15. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash, Functions of Art. 2.1.15 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Bad Faith Examples No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Damage Calculation. Burden of Proof No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        16. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Implied or Express Duty of Confidentiality (Sentence 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Remedies (Sentence 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        17. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Another Contribution to Cross Cultural Understanding No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        18. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. ‘No Oral Modifications’ Clauses No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        19. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Straightforward Regime on Standard Terms in Four Articles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Definition (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Incorporation (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        20. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Safeguard of Basic Fairness No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Test No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        21. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Priority of the Individual Term No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        22. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Favor Contractus Approach to Competing Standard Terms No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Filling the Gaps No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Only Agency in the Contract Formation Process No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Large Concept of Agency No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Authority Granted by the Principal (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Incidental Authority (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. ‘Actual Disclosed Agency’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. ‘Classical’ ConsequencesEnumeration based on Vogenauer/Krebs Art. 2.2.3 no. 15. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. ‘Indirect’ or ‘Commission Agency’Official Comments, Art. 2.2.3 no. 4, p. 81. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Another Compromise No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Only a Relation with the ‘Agent’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. One Narrow Exception No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle: No Direct Legal Consequence for the Principal No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Exception by the Principal’s Own Action No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Distinction of ‘Appearance’ as a Matter of Non-Contractual Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Strict Liability No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Coping with a Range of Conflicts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Distinction to Excess of Authority Cases No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Avoidance Excluded No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Sub-Agency When ‘Reasonable’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Details and Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Ratification With Retroactive Effect No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Escape Clause for the Third Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        10. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Clarification No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Subsisting Actual Authority No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Self-Explanatory Distinction No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Merely Consensual Contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Compromise following the CISG No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles pursuant to Art. 1.5 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. By Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. By Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Broad Concept of Mistake … No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. … With Numerous BoundariesEnumeration based on Vogenauer/Huber Art. 3.2.2 no. 2, except for boundary (vi). (Test Scheme) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Two-Prong ‘Reasonableness-Test’ (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Exception for Gross Negligence and Assumed or Allocated Risks (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Errors in Expression or Transmission as Mistakes No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Remedies for Non-Performance Trumps Avoidance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Intended Leading into Error and Thereby Gaining and AdvantageOfficial Comments, Art. 3.2.5 no. 2, p. 107. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Two Kinds of Unjustified Threats No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Avoidance in case of Excessive Advantage No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. The ‘Triple’ of Consequences (Avoidance, Restitution and Reliance Damages) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Alternative Option of Adaptation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Liquidated Damages and Penalty Clauses No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Third Party from the Sphere of a Contracting Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Avoidance even without ‘Responsibility’ If the Other Party Needs No protection No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Logical Consequence of Freedom of Contract (and of the Good Faith Principle) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Confirmation requires No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        10. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function: Part of the Regime for Mistakes No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Right of the Other Party to Uphold the Contract in an Amended Version No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Requirements No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        11. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Avoiding a Cultural Clash No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Requirement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        12. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A ‘Reasonable’ Time Limit No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Special Rule for Avoidance of Individual Terms No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        13. Article 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance) No access 553 - 553 Eckart J. Brödermann
        14. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Retroactivity No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        15. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. First Step: Determination of ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Second Step: Determination of an Allowance in Money ‘Whenever Reasonable’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Application of General Rules No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          6. F. Limits of the Restitution Regime No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        16. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Compensation of the ‘Reliance Interest’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Supplemental Application of General Rules on Damages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        17. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Validity Rules Apply Mutatis Mutandis to All Communications of Intention No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. The Second Leg to Art. 1.4 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Priority of Effects Provided For in the Mandatory Rule (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. The Supplementary Regime of Paras. 2–3 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Art. 3.3.1(1) trumps Art. 3.3.2 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Reasonableness Test for Restitution No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Application of Art. 3.2.15 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Chapter 4: One of the Most Important Chapters of the UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Overcoming National Distinctions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Step 1: Determination of a Joint Intention, if Possible No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Step 2 in case of Default: Interpretation under an Individualised and Contextualised ‘Reasonable Person’ Test No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Rule Which is Often Incorporated Implicitly No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Again a Two Step Approach to Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Two Groups of Criteria No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. … Which are Non-ExhaustiveOfficial Comments, Art. 4.3 no. 1, p. 140; Morán Bovio/Ternero Art. 4.3, no. 1, p. 239 (para. 3). No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Long-term Contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Supplement to Art. 4.3: Reference to the (Contractual) Context of the Term to be Interpreted No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Avoiding to Deprive Any Clause of An Effect No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Standard Terms (Art. 2.1.19(2)) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Interpretation Against the Supplier, as a Rule of Last Resort No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      7. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Default Rule to a Missing or to an extreme Equal Language Clause No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      8. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. At the Edge of ‘Interpretation’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Relationship to ‘Interpretation’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Relationship to Arts. 5.1.1-5.1.2 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Cultural Bridge to Common Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. The Arbitrator’s Perspective No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. List of Criteria No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Consequence of a ’Common Project’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequence of a Violation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Contractual Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Cultural Bridge to the French Law Family No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Limitation of Liability (contractual option) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Assistance in the Classification of an Obligation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A System of Default Rules No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. An Autonomous Standard Characterised by ‘Reasonableness’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Part of a System of Default Rules No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. General Default Rule (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Paragraph 3 (Non Performance) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Paragraph 4 (Non Existing Factors) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. The Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Unreasonable Price Determination by a Third Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Contracts for an Indefinite Period of Time No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Function of Art. 5.1.8 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Reasonable Time in Advance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Clarification to Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Action Required; Silence can Constitute Consent No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Distinction No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Concentration on Contracts in Favour of Third Parties No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Shaping the Content No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Invalidity in case of Impossibility of Identification No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Future Beneficiaries No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function of Arts. 5.2.3-5.2.5 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A ‘Shield’ to the Beneficiary No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A ‘Shield’ to the Promisor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Modification or Revocation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Right of Refusal No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Avoiding Misunderstandings No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Types No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Distinctions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A System of Default Rules No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Suspensive Condition (lit. a): Special Characterstics No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Resolutive Condition (lit. b): Special Characteristics No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Joint Features No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. The Watch-Dog for the Condition No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. The Devil lies in the Detail No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. The Watch-Dog for the Conditioned Right No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Details on the Effects of Resolutive Conditions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Optional: A Rule of Relevance if Parties Chose Retroactivity No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Notion of and Restrictions on Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A ‘Fixed’ Time or Period of Time No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. A Reasonableness-Test as Default Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Partial Performance is Principally Non-performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Imposed Partial Performance of the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Further Options for the Obligee If Partial Performance Amounts to Non-Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle of Simultaneous Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Protection of the Obligee against Earlier Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. The Good Faith Exception; Additional Costs No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Other Remedies No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Expectation Management No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Default Rule Favouring the Obligor … No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. … Except for Monetary Obligations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Change of Place of Business. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Core Principles on Payment No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Choice of the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Protection of the Obligee in Case of ‘Pull-Orders’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Regime for Push-Orders No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Options of the Obligor as Controlled by the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Moment of Discharge of the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Two Articles on Currency Issues No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Importance of the Place of Payment No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Some Protection of the Obligee Against Currency Fluctuation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        10. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Currancy of Place of Payment as a Default Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        11. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Each Party Bears its Own Costs as a Default Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        12. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Balanced International Compromise No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Layer 1: Decision of the Obligor (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Layer 2: Decision of the Obligee (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Layer 3: Default system of Para. 3 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        13. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Extension to Non-Monetary Obligations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        14. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Default System to Cope with Public Permission No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Determination of the ‘Who’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        15. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Regulating the ‘How’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Information of the Other Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        16. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Right of Termination in Case of a ‘Stuck Process’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Exception: Only Part of the Contract is Affected No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        17. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. A Refusal Affecting the Validity of the Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. A Refusal Which Merely Renders the Performance Impossible No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Usually No Damages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Permission with Extremely Burdensome Conditions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Inspired by International Contract Practice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Reminder to Pacta Sunt Servanda as a ‘Mission Statement’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Fundamental Alteration for the Equilibrium of the Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Knowledge After Contract Conclusion (lit. a)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 a, p. 220; Morán Bovio/Parra Art. 6.2.2 at p. 316 (para. 3, indirectly). No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Anticipation Reasonably Impossible (lit. b)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 b, p. 220. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Beyond Control (lit. c)Official Comments, Art. 6.2.2 no. 3 c, p. 221. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            4. 4. No Risk Allocation to the Disadvantaged Party (lit. d) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. RenegotiationOfficial Comments, Art. 6.2.3 no. 1 and Illustration 1, p. 223; Morán Bovio/Parra Art. 6.2.3 at p. 318 (para. 2 on Art. 6.2.3) and p. 319 (para. 5). No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Continued Performance of the Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Application to the Court No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Overview No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. A Concept Based on ‘Spheres’, not on Fault No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Six kinds of rights and remedies in four sections No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Often a Choice Between Several Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Individual Adaptations Possible No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Unitary Concept …Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.1 no. 1. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. … Based on ‘Spheres’ as Defined in the Contract, Not on Fault No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Impact on Contract Drafting No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A ShieldCf. Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.2 no. 7 at p. 835 (‘shielding it from any remedies’). for the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Partial Relevance of the Interference No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Most Relevant for Duties to Achieve a Specific Result No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Shield for Both Parties Based on Timing No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Non-performance of the Other Party of an Obligation with Sufficient Connection to the Duty Underlying the Withheld Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Anticipatory Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. ‘Clean Hands’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Parallel Options to Withholding Performance (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Right to Cure for the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Parallel Options for the Obligee (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Proactive WayVogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.5 no. 1. for the Obligee to Cope with Non-Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Privileged Way to Termination in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Parallel Options for the Obligee (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. The Importance in Practice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. A Basic Assumption that Exemption Clauses are Valid No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. A Prohibition to Rely on Grossly Unfair Exemption Clauses is Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. A Test of Severity No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. Limits and Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Shield for the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Conditions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Management of Force Majeure by the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Options for the Obligee. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. General Function No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Long-term Contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Impact of Practice and Usages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Action for an Agreed Sum as ‘Specific Performance’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Parallel Options (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Pragmatic Compromise Between Civil and Common Law(1992) P.C. – Misc. 16, pp. 117-118; Vogenauer/Schelhaas, Art. 7.2.2 no. 2. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. The Exceptions (for the Benefit of the Obligor) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Further Options for the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Parallel Options for the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Reminder No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Restitution No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Parallel Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Contribution to the French Legal Family (para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Tactical Considerations (Para. 2 Sentence 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Refusal to Obey No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Parallel Options (Para. 2 Sentence 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Limited Freedom to Change the Mind No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. . Termination as a Last ResortKleinheisterkamp, Les sanctions pour inexécution du contrat dans les Principes Unidroit, in: G Keutgen (ed.), Les Principes Unidroit relatifs aux contrats de commerce int... No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Factors Focussing on the Contract from the Perspective of the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Factors Focussing on the Action of the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. One Factor Focussing on the Economic Impact to the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Nachfrist-Procedure as an AlternativeOfficial Comments, Art. 7.2.5 no. 4, p. 256; Vogenauer/Huber Art. 7.3.1 no. 3. in Case of Delay (Para. 3) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Parallel Options (depending on the circumstances and subject to meeting the individual requirements on the other provisions) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Concept of Clarity by Notice (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Balanced by a ‘Reasonable Time’ – Constraint (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. ‘Clear’ Cases of Anticipatory Non-Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Effects No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Alternative Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Avoiding a ‘Dilemma’ for the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Tool 1: Request for Adequate Assurance of Due Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Tool 2: A Withholding Right No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Tool 3 (which may follow the use of tool 1 or 2): An Extra ordinary Right to Termination No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Possible Alternative Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. A Compromise Between Different Approaches No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Limitation of the Effect of Termination to the Future No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. In Case of a Lawful Contract Termination No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. In Case of an Unfounded Contract Termination No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle of Concurrent Restitution in Kind (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. ‘Impossible’ or ‘Inappropriate’ Restitution in Kind (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Risk Allocation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Compensation for Expenses (Para. 4) and Other Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. General Rules Governing the Obligations under Art. 7.3.6 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          6. F. Long-term Contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Limitation of Restitution Rights No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Principle Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Exception No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Reference to Art. 7.3.6 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Other Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Introductory Remarks No access 674 - 674 Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Damages for Non-Performance unless Excused No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Application in Addition to Parallel Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Analogical Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Principle of Full Compensation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Adaptation in Cases of Analogical Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. Harms Established by a Reasonable Degree of Certainty (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. Loss of a Chance Depending on Probability of its Occurrence (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            3. 3. Assessment at the Discretion of the Court (Para. 3) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. An International Standard Meeting Comparative Legal Benchmarks No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Specifics of the UNIDROIT Principles’ Foreseeability Test No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Impact on Risk Management at the Contract Drafting Stage No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.5 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Four RequirementsVogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.5 no. 3, p. 998. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        7. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function of Art. 7.4.6 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Three Requirements No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        8. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function of the Concept of Contributory Causation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Requirements No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        9. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function of Mitigation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. Eckart J. Brödermann
            1. 1. A Partial Shield for the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
            2. 2. A Basis for A Claim by the Aggrieved Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        10. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function and Practical Importance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Two Requirements and One Clarification No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Interest Rate No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Additional Damages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. E. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        11. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Scope of Application and Function No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Avoidance of Double Compensation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        12. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Flexibility to the Court No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Indexation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        13. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. An Option for the Aggrieved Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        14. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. A. Function No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. B. Freedom to Negotiate an Agreed Payment for Non-Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. C. Judicial Control of Grossly Excessive Clauses as Part of the Mandatory Core of UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. D. Contractual Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Neutral Compromise on Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. A Liberal Approach No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Relation to Arts. 8.2-8.5 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Special Rules with PriorityFollowing Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Introduction to Chapter 8 of the UNIDROIT Principles no. 3. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Mutuality No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. ‘Money or Other Performance of the Same Kind’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Entitlement to Performance ((1) lit. a) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. An ‘Ascertained’ Obligation of the Other Party ((1) lit. b) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. 5. Exception to the ‘Ascertainability’ Requirement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Legal Consequences and Terminology No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Contractual Options and/or Restrictions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Other Restrictions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Function and Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Currency No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Exchange rate No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. No ‘freely convertible currencies’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Currency Imposed by AgreementConvincing expression of Vogenauer/Pichonnaz Art. 8.2, before no. 14. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Straightforward Instruction to the First Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Form No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. The Basic Rule of Para. 1 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Further Contents of the Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. The Default Rule for Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the Other Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Missing Specifications in Case of Multiple Obligations of the First Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Multiple Obligations on Both Sides No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Substantive Effect of Set-Off (Para 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Different Amounts (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Prospective Effect (Para. 3) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Practical Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Section 1 Assignment of Rights No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Perspective and Scope No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Beyond ‘Definitions’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Reminder of Priority of Certain Laws No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Lit. a No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Lit. b No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Purpose No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Requirements for an Effective Assignment of Non-Monetary Obligations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effects No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Rights to the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Rights to Other Performance than the Payment of a Monetary Sum (Para. 2) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Identification as Requirement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effect No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      7. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Assignment of a Bundle of Rights No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Identifiability at the Relevant Time No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Partial Validity No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      8. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Assignment of Rights to Receive Payment of a Sum of Money No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Assignment of Rights to Non-Monetary Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      9. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. An Innovative Concept No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Requirements No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      10. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Balance Between Conflicting Interests No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. The System No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limited Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      11. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Until Receipt of Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. After Receipt of Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Silent Assignments No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Requirements If Notice is Given No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Revocation of Notice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. No Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      12. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Rare Relevance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Purpose and Functioning of the Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Open Issues No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      13. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Protection of the Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Request for Proof No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Risk Allocation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Consequences of Insufficient Proof and Withholding Right No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      14. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Scope of Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Examples for Available Defences (including References to the UNIDROIT Principles Which Assume the Applicability of the UNIDROIT Principles to the Initial Transaction) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Rights of the Assignee Confronted with such an Objection No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle (Until Receipt of a Notice of Assignment) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Restrictions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      15. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Scope of Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Another Useful Compromise Between Civil and Common Law No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      16. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Self-explanatory Undertakings No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Effect No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Section 2 Transfer of Obligations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      17. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. One Option for Each Contract Partner No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Agreement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Legal Consequence No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Agreement between the Obligee and the New ObligorOfficial Comments, Art. 9.2.1 no. 2 and Illustration 2, pp. 327-328. (lit. b) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      18. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Exception No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      19. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Supplement to Art. 9.2.1(a) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Contents No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Communication No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      20. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Application of the Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      21. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Options for the Affected Third Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Options for the Obligee under Paras. 1 and 2 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Default Rule in Para. 3 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Additional Option by the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Option for the Original Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      22. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Freedom for the Obligor as a Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Extensive Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      23. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Scope of Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. No Cut Off of Obligor’s Defences Through the Transfer (Para. 1) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. No Transfer of Set-Off Rights No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      24. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Scope of Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Rights to Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Securities given by the original obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Securities given by a third party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Securities given by the new obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Section 3 Assignment of Contracts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      25. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Useful Tool No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Definitions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Overview No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      26. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Limitation of the Scope of Application No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      27. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Coping with a Need for Consent No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Modalities of Consent No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      28. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Useful Tool in Practice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Advance Consent No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effect Upon the Transfer of Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      29. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Three Options for the Other Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Modalities of Execution No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Advance Discharge No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      30. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Overview No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Referral No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      31. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Overview and Distinction to Rights of Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Rights Related to the Rights Assigned in the Context of Assignment of Contract No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Security Rights Regarding a Transferred Obligation Given by the Original Obligory No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Securities given by a Third Party No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Securities Given by the New Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Referral No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Useful Compromise between Different Systems No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Examples of ApplicabilityVogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.1 no. 1-5. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Counter-Examples to Which Limitation Periods under Chapter 10 do Not ApplyVogenauer/Wintgen Art. 10.1 no. 2, 5, 7-8. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. A Two-Tier System No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Starting Point on ‘The Day After’ No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Gregorian Calendar. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. Official holidays or non-business days No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. General Limitation Period (3 years) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Maximum Limitation Period (10 years) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle of Party Autonomy as a Starting Point No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Modalities No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Limits for the General Limitation Period No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Limits for the Maximum Limitation Period No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Violations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle: No Deviation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Exception by Dépeçage No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Arbitration Clauses No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle, Timing and Effect No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Form of Acknowledgement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Concept of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Reference to the Law of the Court for the Beginning of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. End of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Effect of the Judicial Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Adaptation of the Concept of Suspension to Arbitration No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Beginning of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. End of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effect of the Arbitral Proceedings on Joint and Several Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      7. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Formal Mediation and Conciliation as Suspending Event No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Commencement of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. End of Suspension No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Effect of the Alternative Dispute Resolution on Joint and Several Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      8. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Force Majeure as an Excuse for the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Definition of Force Majeure No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Effects of force majeure No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Death and Incapacity No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      9. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. The First of Three Articles on the Effects of the Expiration of the Limitation Period No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Introduction No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. A Requirement to Actually Assert the Right No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. A Remaining Right to Defend No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. No Effect on Collaterals No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      10. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Supplement to Art. 10.9 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Supplement to Art. 8.1 et seq. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      11. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Time-Barred Claims as a Valid Basis for PerformanceFormulation of Official Comments, Art. 10.10 no. 1, p. 370. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Restitution Based on Other Grounds No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      1. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Overview No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Language No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Section 1 Plurality of Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      2. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Two Kinds of Obligations No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Joint and Several Obligations (lit. a) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Separate Obligations (lit. b) No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      3. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Default Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Contractual Interpretation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      4. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Choice of the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Non-Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      5. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Clear Distinction Between Common and Personal Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. The Principle and Examples No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Assertion No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. The Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Legal Impact on Contributory Action No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Communication No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. F. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      6. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Generally Accepted Rule on Discharge by Performance No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Merger No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Option No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      7. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Principle of Partial Discharge of Remaining Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. General Impact No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Increase of Contributory Shares Subsequent to the Release No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      8. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Partial Reduction of the Effect of an Expiration of a Limitation Period No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. The Effect of Para. 2 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Limits No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Regarding the Contract between Obligee and Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Regarding the Relationship between Co-Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      9. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. No Binding Effect on Co-Obligors No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Freedom of the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Exception in case of Personal Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      10. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. The Foundation for Contributory Claims and Subrogation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. A Default Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      11. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Contributory Claim of an Obligor No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Qualification of Contributory Claims as Separate No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Extent of the Contributory Claim – Calculation ExampleVogenauer/Meier Art. 11.1.10 no. 8; see also example of Official Comments to Art. 11.1.10, Illustrations 1-4, p. 388. No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Cost and Interest No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. Contribution in Money No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          5. 5. Prescription No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      12. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Conditions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Legal Consequences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Priority for the Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      13. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Straightforward Rule No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Common Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Personal Defences in General No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Special Personal Defences No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      14. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Possible Change of the Apportionment No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Conditions No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. Section 2 Plurality of Obligees No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      15. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Three Kinds of Obligation Offered by the UNIDROIT Principles No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Selected Advantages or Disadvantages No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Contractual Options Within This Kind of Obligation No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        5. E. Absence of an Explicit Choice No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        6. F. Options to Agree on Other Concepts No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      16. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. A Supplement to Art. 11.2.1 lit. b No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Formal Procedures with One Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Performance in Circumstances Governed by Chapter 7 No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Merger No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. C. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      17. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Function and Principle No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Defences Which are Common to the Obligor’s Relationship with All Obligees No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Defences Which are Personal to the Obligor’s Relationship with One Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Performance and Rights of Set-Off No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Effect of Release and Settlement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Effect of Expiration and Suspension of Limitation Period No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          4. 4. Special Rules on Effect of Judgement No access Eckart J. Brödermann
      18. Eckart J. Brödermann
        1. A. Purpose No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        2. B. Apportionment No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        3. Eckart J. Brödermann
          1. 1. Obligation to Transfer the Excess No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          2. 2. Set-Off with Expenses No access Eckart J. Brödermann
          3. 3. Contractual Options No access Eckart J. Brödermann
        4. D. Merger of the Obligor with One Obligee No access Eckart J. Brödermann
  6. Christoph Oertel
    1. Christoph Oertel
      1. Christoph Oertel
        1. 1. The need for trade terms No access Christoph Oertel
        2. Christoph Oertel
          1. a) The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) No access Christoph Oertel
          2. b) The Incoterms® rules No access Christoph Oertel
      2. Christoph Oertel
        1. 1. General appearance of the Incoterms No access Christoph Oertel
        2. 2. Multimodal and maritime clauses No access Christoph Oertel
        3. 3. Four groups of clauses No access Christoph Oertel
      3. Christoph Oertel
        1. 1. Geographical Scope of Application No access Christoph Oertel
        2. 2. Personal Scope of Application No access Christoph Oertel
        3. 3. Material Scope of Application No access Christoph Oertel
      4. IV. The Legal Nature of the Incoterms No access Christoph Oertel
      5. Christoph Oertel
        1. 1. Incorporation of Incoterms® into a Contract No access Christoph Oertel
        2. 2. Interpretation of the Incoterms® No access Christoph Oertel
    2. Christoph Oertel
      1. Christoph Oertel
        1. EXW No access Christoph Oertel
      2. Christoph Oertel
        1. FCA No access Christoph Oertel
        2. FAS No access Christoph Oertel
        3. FOB No access Christoph Oertel
      3. Christoph Oertel
        1. CPT No access Christoph Oertel
        2. CFR No access Christoph Oertel
        3. CIP No access Christoph Oertel
        4. CIF No access Christoph Oertel
      4. Christoph Oertel
        1. DAT No access Christoph Oertel
        2. DAP No access Christoph Oertel
        3. DDP No access Christoph Oertel
    1. Peter Csoklich
      1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
      2. II. Interpretation of CMR No access Peter Csoklich
      3. III. CMR and national law No access Peter Csoklich
      1. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. Peter Csoklich
          1. Peter Csoklich
            1. a) Contract of carriage No access Peter Csoklich
            2. b) Contracts for reward No access Peter Csoklich
            3. c) Transport by road in vehicles No access Peter Csoklich
            4. Peter Csoklich
              1. aa) Excluded goods – transports performed under an International Postal Convention No access Peter Csoklich
              2. bb) Human remains No access Peter Csoklich
              3. cc) Furniture removal No access Peter Csoklich
          2. Peter Csoklich
            1. a) International contracts No access Peter Csoklich
            2. b) Place of taking over of the goods or place designated for delivery in a contracting country No access Peter Csoklich
            3. c) Special agreements of contracting parties No access Peter Csoklich
      2. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Scope of Art. 2 CMR No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. The legal consequences of Art. 2 CMR No access Peter Csoklich
      1. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Servants, agents and other persons No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Scope of employment No access Peter Csoklich
      1. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Purpose of the Consignment Note No access Peter Csoklich
      2. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Formal requirements No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Electronic consignment note No access Peter Csoklich
      3. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Content of the consignment note No access Peter Csoklich
      4. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Liability of the sender No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Liability of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      5. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Checking duties of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Reservations No access Peter Csoklich
        4. IV. Optional checks under Art. 8 para. (3) CMR No access Peter Csoklich
      6. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Prima-facie evidence No access Peter Csoklich
      7. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Defective packing No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Damage to persons, equipment or other goods and for any expenses No access Peter Csoklich
        4. IV. Defences of the sender No access Peter Csoklich
      8. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Liability of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      9. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. Peter Csoklich
          1. 1. Right of the sender to dispose of the goods No access Peter Csoklich
          2. 2. Right of the consignee to dispose of the goods No access Peter Csoklich
          3. 3. Limits of the right of disposal No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Liability of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      10. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Rights of the consignee No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Rights of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      11. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Impossibility No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Rights and duties of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      12. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Impossibility of delivery of the goods No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Rights and duties of the carrier No access Peter Csoklich
      13. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Costs and expenses No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Unloading and storing of the goods No access Peter Csoklich
        4. IV. Sale of the goods No access Peter Csoklich
      1. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Period of Liability No access Peter Csoklich
        3. III. Loss and Damage No access Peter Csoklich
        4. Peter Csoklich
          1. 1. Non-privileged defences No access Peter Csoklich
          2. 2. Privileged defences No access Peter Csoklich
        5. V. Vehicle defects No access Peter Csoklich
        6. VI. Contributory fault / apportionment No access Peter Csoklich
      2. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Presumption of liability and counter-proof No access Peter Csoklich
      3. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Delay in delivery No access Peter Csoklich
      4. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Presumption of loss No access Peter Csoklich
      5. Peter Csoklich
        1. I. Background No access Peter Csoklich
        2. II. Cash on Delivery – COD No access Peter Csoklich
      6. Tobias Eckardt
        1. 1. Duty to inform No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. 2. Consequences of failure to inform No access Tobias Eckardt
      7. Tobias Eckardt
        1. 1. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. 2. Art. 23 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. 3. Art. 23 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. 4. Art. 23 para. 3 CRM No access Tobias Eckardt
        5. 5. Art. 23 para. 4 CRM No access Tobias Eckardt
        6. 6. Art. 23 para. 5 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        7. 7. Art. 23 para. 7 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      8. Article 24 No access 955 - 955 Tobias Eckardt
      9. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Art. 25 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Art. 25 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      10. Article 26 No access 957 - 957 Tobias Eckardt
      11. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Art. 27 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      12. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Art. 28 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Art. 28 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      13. Tobias Eckardt
        1. 1. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. 2. Art. 29 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. 3. Art. 29 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      1. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. Tobias Eckardt
          1. 1. Delivery No access Tobias Eckardt
          2. 2. Contents of the Reservation No access Tobias Eckardt
          3. 3. Form of the Reservation No access Tobias Eckardt
          4. 4. Sender and receiver of the Reservation No access Tobias Eckardt
          5. 5. Time of the Reservation No access Tobias Eckardt
          6. 6. Consequences of the Reservation No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Art. 30 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. IV. Art. 30 para. 3 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        5. V. Art. 30 para. 5 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      2. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Art. 31 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Art. 31 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. IV. Art. 31 para. 3 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        5. V. Art. 31 para. 4 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        6. VI. Art. 31 para. 5 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      3. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Scope No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. Tobias Eckardt
          1. 1. Contents No access Tobias Eckardt
          2. 2. Form No access Tobias Eckardt
          3. 3. Claimant No access Tobias Eckardt
          4. 4. Rejection No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. IV. Extension and restart of time bar as per Art. 32 para. 3 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      4. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. General No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Contents of Arbitration Agreement No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Form No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. IV. Additional Forum? No access Tobias Eckardt
      1. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Introduction to Chapter VI No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. Tobias Eckardt
          1. 1. Single contract, single consignment note No access Tobias Eckardt
          2. 2. Road carriers No access Tobias Eckardt
          3. 3. Acceptance of goods and documents No access Tobias Eckardt
          4. 4. Effect of Art. 34 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      2. Article 35 No access 978 - 978 Tobias Eckardt
      3. Article 36 No access 979 - 979
      4. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Recourse No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. Tobias Eckardt
          1. 1. Art. 37 lit. a CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
          2. 2. Art. 37 lit. b CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
          3. 3. Art. 37 lit. c CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      5. Article 38 No access 981 - 981 Tobias Eckardt
      6. Tobias Eckardt
        1. I. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. II. Art. 39 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. III. Art. 39 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        4. IV. Art. 39 para. 4 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      7. Article 40 No access 984 - 984 Tobias Eckardt
      1. Tobias Eckardt
        1. 1. Overview No access Tobias Eckardt
        2. 2. Art. 41 para. 1 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
        3. 3. Art. 41 para. 2 CMR No access Tobias Eckardt
      1. Article 42 No access 987 - 987 Tobias Eckardt
      2. Article 43 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      3. Article 44 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      4. Article 45 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      5. Article 46 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      6. Article 47 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      7. Article 48 No access 988 - 988 Tobias Eckardt
      8. Article 49 No access 989 - 989 Tobias Eckardt
      9. Article 50 No access 989 - 989 Tobias Eckardt
      10. Article 51 No access 989 - 989 Tobias Eckardt
    1. Klaus Ramming
      1. I. The history of the CMNI No access Klaus Ramming
      2. II. Overview over the Convention No access Klaus Ramming
      3. III. Signature, ratification, entering into force No access Klaus Ramming
      4. IV. EU issues No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. The undertaking to carry No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Against payment of freight No access Klaus Ramming
            3. 3. Carriage by inland waterway No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. “Carrier” (No. 2) No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. “Actual carrier” (No. 3) No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. “Shipper” (No. 4) No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. “Consignee” (No. 5) No access Klaus Ramming
          6. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. The contents of the document No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Acceptance of loading of the goods* No access Klaus Ramming
            3. 3. Bills of lading No access Klaus Ramming
          7. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. Towed or pushed vessels No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Luggage or vehicles of passengers No access Klaus Ramming
            3. 3. Packed goods No access Klaus Ramming
          8. VIII. “In writing” (Article 1 No. 8) No access Klaus Ramming
          9. IX. “Applicable law” (Article 1 No. 9) No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Article 2.1 No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Carriage on inland waterways and maritime waters (Article 2.2) No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Issues not relevant (Article 2.3) No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The carrier’s principal duties No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Acceptance and delivery of the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The vessel No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The vessel’s sea- and cargoworthiness No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Loading and discharging the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. On deck carriage No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The Sub-Contract of Carriage No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The actual carrier’s liability No access Klaus Ramming
      3. Article 5 Delivery time No access 1009 - 1009 Klaus Ramming
      4. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Amounts due No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Information on the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Accompanying documents No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. Packing of the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Marking of the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. Loading No access Klaus Ramming
          7. VII. Unloading No access Klaus Ramming
      5. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Dangerous and polluting goods No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Information on the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Authorization of the carriage No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. Immediate danger No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. The shipper’s liability No access Klaus Ramming
      6. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The Article 8.1 scenarios No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Damages and costs No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Carrier and actual carrier No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The issue of fault No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Contributory negligence No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. Liability for servants and agents No access Klaus Ramming
      7. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The right to terminate No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The termination of the contract No access Klaus Ramming
          3. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. Deadfreight No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Costs and freight earned No access Klaus Ramming
      8. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The consignee No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The consignee’s liability for freight and charges No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Delivery of the goods No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Transport documents No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Consignment notes No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The obligation to issue a transport document No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The contents of the transport document No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. The issuance of the transport document No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. The effects of the transport document No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The purpose of reservations No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The carrier’s right to include reservations No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The good’s apparent good condition No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. Sealed containers or holds (Article 12.3) No access Klaus Ramming
      3. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Bills of lading No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Types of bills of lading No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Delivery under the bill of lading No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The bill substituting the goods No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Unrebuttable presumptions No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The right of disposal No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The shipper’s and the consignee’s right to disposal No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The exercise of the right of disposal No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Liability for costs No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Liability for freight No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The carrier’s liability – overview No access Klaus Ramming
          2. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. Loss of goods No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Damage to the goods No access Klaus Ramming
            3. 3. Period of custody No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Burden of proof No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The general exoneration from liability No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Title to sue No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. The carrier’s liability for damage occurring ashore No access Klaus Ramming
          7. VII. Delay in delivery No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Servants, agents, actual carrier, pilot No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Scope of their employment No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The Himalaya provision (Article 17.3) No access Klaus Ramming
      3. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The special exonerations No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Burden of proof No access Klaus Ramming
      4. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Loss in value No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Exclusion of other types of claims No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Determination of the good’s value No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. Normal wastage No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. The carrier’s claim for freight No access Klaus Ramming
      5. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The general limitation amount (Article 20.1 Sentence 1) No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Consolidated cargo (Article 20.2) No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The limitation amount as regards containers (Article 20.1 Sentence 2) No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The increased limitation amount (Article 20.4) No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Delay in delivery (Article 20.3) No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. Overall protection afforded by the limitation amount (Article 20.5) No access Klaus Ramming
      6. Article 21 Loss of right to limit liability No access 1052 - 1052 Klaus Ramming
      7. Article 22 Application of the exonerations and limits of liability No access 1053 - 1053 Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The reservation in respect of the damage No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. Inspection of the goods (Article 23.2) No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. Delay in delivery (Article 23.5) No access Klaus Ramming
      2. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. The actions subject to limitation under Article 24 No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The limitation period and its extension No access Klaus Ramming
          3. III. The commencement of time No access Klaus Ramming
          4. IV. The running of time (Article 24.3) No access Klaus Ramming
          5. V. Recourse claims No access Klaus Ramming
          6. VI. Effects of the limitation No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Klaus Ramming
        1. Klaus Ramming
          1. I. Mandatory application of liability provisions No access Klaus Ramming
          2. II. The liability provisions No access Klaus Ramming
          3. Klaus Ramming
            1. 1. Error in navigation No access Klaus Ramming
            2. 2. Fire or explosion No access Klaus Ramming
            3. 3. Defects of the vessel No access Klaus Ramming
      1. Article 26 General average No access 1064 - 1064 Klaus Ramming
      2. Article 27 Other applicable provisions and nuclear damage No access 1064 - 1064 Klaus Ramming
      3. Article 28 Unit of account No access 1065 - 1065
          1. I. The law applicable to the contract of carriage No access
          2. II. Lien over the goods No access
      1. Article 30 Carriage by way of specific inland waterways No access 1068 - 1068
      2. Article 31 National transport or transport free of charge No access 1069 - 1069
      3. Article 32 Regional provisions concerning liability No access 1070 - 1070
      1. Article 33 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession No access 1071 - 1071
      2. Article 34 Entry into force No access 1071 - 1071
      3. Article 35 Denunciation No access 1072 - 1072
      4. Article 36 Review and amendment No access 1072 - 1072
      5. Article 37 Revision of the amounts for limitation of liability and unit of account No access 1072 - 1073
      6. Article 38 Depositary No access 1074 - 1075
    1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      1. 1. OTIF – Intergovernmental organisation for international carriage by railFor more information concerning OTIF see www.otif.org/index.php?L=2. No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      2. 2. COTIF 1999 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      3. 3. What is the difference between COTIF 1999 and COTIF 1980? No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      4. 4. CIT – International rail transport committee: the quest for legal interoperabilityFor additional information about the CIT and its objectives see www.cit-rail.org/en/objectives/. No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      5. 5. UIC – International Union of the Railways: ensuring technical interoperabilityAbout UIC www.uic.org/spip.php?article528&la No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      6. 6. CER – Community of European railways and infrastructure companies: policy making and lobbying railways’ interests in BrusselsAbout CER: http://www.cer.be/. No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      7. 7. OSJD – Organisation for co-operation of the railwaysAbout OSJD: http://en.osjd.org/statico/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=5050. No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      8. 8. SMPS/SMGS – Agreements on transport of passengers and goods by rail within the OSJD frameworkSMPS/SMGS: http://www.cit-rail.org/en/rail-transport-law/smps-smgs/. No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        3. Article 3 Definitions No access 1088 - 1088 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        4. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        5. Article 5 Mandatory law No access 1089 - 1089 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        3. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        4. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        5. Article 10 Completion of administrative formalities No access 1095 - 1095 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        6. Article 11 Cancellation and late running of trains. Missed connections No access 1095 - 1095 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. Article 14 Completion of administrative formalities No access 1097 - 1097 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Article 15 Supervision No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. Article 19 Payment of charges for the carriage of registered luggage No access 1100 - 1100 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          5. Article 20 Marking of registered luggage No access 1101 - 1101 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          6. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          7. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            8. § 8 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Article 23 Conditions of carriage No access 1103 - 1103 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. Article 25 Applicable law No access 1104 - 1104 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. Article 28 Damages in case of personal injury No access 1106 - 1106 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. Article 29 Compensation for other bodily harm No access 1107 - 1107 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          5. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          6. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
              1. § 1 No access
              2. § 2 No access
            2. Article 34 Limit of damages in case of loss of or damage to articles No access
            3. Article 35 Exclusion of liability No access
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              3. § 3 No access
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            3. Article 38 Successive carriers No access
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              6. § 6 No access
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              4. § 4 No access
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              5. § 5 No access
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            2. Article 45 Compensation for loss No access
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            4. Article 47 Applicable law No access
          1. Article 48 Loss of right to invoke the limits of liability No access 1117 - 1117 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          3. Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access 1118 - 1118 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          4. Article 51 Persons for whom the carrier is liable No access 1118 - 1118 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          5. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
            2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        1. Article 53 Special principles of liability No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        3. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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          6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        4. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        5. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        6. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        7. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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          5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        1. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        2. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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        3. Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
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          5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
          6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
        4. Article 64 Agreements concerning recourse No access 1127 - 1127 Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova
      1. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      2. Article 2 Prescriptions of public law No access 1132 - 1132 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      3. Article 3 Definitions No access 1132 - 1132 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      4. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      5. Article 5 Mandatory law No access 1134 - 1134 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      1. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        8. § 8 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        9. § 9 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      2. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
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        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      3. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
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        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      4. Article 9 Dangerous goods No access 1141 - 1141 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      5. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      6. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      7. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      8. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      9. Article 14 Packing No access 1145 - 1145 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      10. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        8. § 8 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      11. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      12. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      13. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      14. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      15. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      16. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      17. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      1. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      2. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      3. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      4. Article 26 Successive carriers No access 1159 - 1159 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      5. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      6. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      7. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      8. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      9. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      10. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      11. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      12. Article 34 Compensation in case of declaration of value No access 1166 - 1166 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      13. Article 35 Compensation in case of interest in delivery No access 1167 - 1167 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      14. Article 36 Loss of right to invoke the limits of liability No access 1167 - 1167 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      15. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      16. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      17. Article 39 Liability in case of nuclear incidents No access 1169 - 1169 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      18. Article 40 Persons for whom the carrier is liable No access 1169 - 1169 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      19. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      1. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      2. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      3. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      4. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        7. § 7 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      5. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      6. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      7. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      1. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      2. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      3. Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        1. § 1 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        2. § 2 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        3. § 3 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        4. § 4 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        5. § 5 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
        6. § 6 No access Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
      4. Article 52 Agreements concerning recourse No access 1178 - 1178 Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova
    1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. A. The Warsaw Convention system No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. B. The Montreal Convention of 1999 No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. C. Regional laws No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. D. National Laws No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. 1. The requirement of an agreement No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
            1. a) The carrier No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            2. b) The passenger No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            3. c) The consignor (and consignee) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          3. 3. International carriage No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Article 2 Carriage Performed by State and Carriage of Postal Items No access 1188 - 1188 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. 1. The passenger ticket No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
            1. Articles 4-16 No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Article 4 Cargo No access 1190 - 1190 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. Article 5 Contents of Air Waybill or Cargo Receipt No access 1191 - 1191 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. Article 6 Document Relating to the Nature of the Cargo No access 1191 - 1191 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      5. Article 7 Description of Air Waybill No access 1192 - 1192 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      6. Article 8 Documentation for Multiple Packages No access 1192 - 1192 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      7. Article 9 Non-compliance with Documentary Requirements No access 1193 - 1193 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      8. Article 10 Responsibility for Particulars of Documentation No access 1193 - 1193 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      9. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. 1. Evidential rule contained in paragraph 1 No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          2. 2. Evidential rule contained in paragraph 2 No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          3. 3. Evidence in rebuttal No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      10. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      11. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. The consignee’s rights upon arrival of the cargo No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      12. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. I. Consignor’s and consignee’s rights to sue in their own names No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. II. Concurrent claims by consignor and consignee? No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      13. Article 15 Relations of Consignor and Consignee or Mutual Relations of Third Parties No access 1197 - 1197 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      14. Article 16 Formalities of Customs, Police or Other Public Authorities No access 1198 - 1198 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. Wolf Müller-Rostin
            1. a) No definition of the term “accident” in either the Warsaw Convention or the Montreal Convention No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            2. b) Can inaction constitute an accident? No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            3. c) Definition of “accident” by courts in Germany No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            4. d) Causal nexus required between accident and operation of the aircraft? No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
            5. e) Own opinion No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. Death or bodily injury No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. Operation of embarking or disembarking No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        5. V. Persons entitled to claim (the plaintiff) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        6. VI. The defendant No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        7. VII. The amount of liability and the scope No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        8. VIII. Liability for damage to baggage No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. The terms “damage”, “destruction” and “loss” No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. The damage-causing event No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. The period of carrier’s liability No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        5. V. Exoneration No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        6. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. 1. Loading, delivery, transhipment No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          2. 2. Substitute carriage No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        7. Wolf Müller-Rostin
          1. 1. The plaintiffs No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
          2. 2. The defendants No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. The term “delay” No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. Exoneration of the carrier No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. The damage No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        5. V. Persons entitled to claim No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        6. VI. Delay under Article 19 of the Montreal Convention and Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004 No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      5. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. The two-tier liability No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. The term servants or agents No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      6. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. Limits for delay of passengers (Article 22 paragraph 1) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. Limits for damages to baggage (Article 22 paragraph 2) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. Breach of limits No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        5. V. Limits for damages to cargo (Article 22 paragraph 3) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        6. VI. The special declaration of interest in delivery at destination (paragraphs 2 and 3) No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        7. VII. Unbreakability of the limits No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      7. Article 23 Conversion of Monetary Units No access 1221 - 1221 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      8. Article 24 Review of Limits No access 1222 - 1222 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      9. Article 25 Stipulation on Limits No access 1223 - 1223 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      10. Article 26 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access 1224 - 1224 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      11. Article 27 Freedom to Contract No access 1224 - 1224 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      12. Article 28 Advance Payments No access 1224 - 1224 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      13. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. Preemption of State law causes of action No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. German jurisprudence No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. The person entitled to claim in passenger liability cases No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        5. V. Punitive damages No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      14. Article 30 Servants, Agents – Aggregation of Claims No access 1227 - 1227 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      15. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. The person entitled to delivery No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. Damaged vs destroyed or lost goods No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        4. IV. Format and contents of the notice of complaint No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      16. Article 32 Death of Person Liable No access 1230 - 1230 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      17. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      18. Article 34 Arbitration No access 1232 - 1232 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      19. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. Overview No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. Claims against the carrier and the carrier’s servants and agents No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        3. III. Application of Article 35 to third-party claimant? No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      20. Article 36 Successive Carriage No access 1234 - 1234 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      21. Article 37 Right of Recourse against Third Parties No access 1235 - 1235 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Article 38 Combined Carriage No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Overview No access 1237 - 1237 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Wolf Müller-Rostin
        1. I. The contracting carrier No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
        2. II. The actual carrier No access Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. Article 40 Respective Liability of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access 1238 - 1238 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. Article 41 Mutual Liability No access 1238 - 1238 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      5. Article 42 Addressee of Complaints and Instructions No access 1239 - 1239 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      6. Article 43 Servants and Agents No access 1239 - 1239 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      7. Article 44 Aggregation of Damages No access 1239 - 1239 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      8. Article 45 Addressee of Claims No access 1240 - 1240 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      9. Article 46 Additional Jurisdiction No access 1240 - 1240 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      10. Article 47 Invalidity of Contractual Provisions No access 1240 - 1240 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      11. Article 48 Mutual Relations of Contracting and Actual Carriers No access 1241 - 1241 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Article 49 Mandatory Application No access 1241 - 1241 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Article 50 Insurance No access 1241 - 1241 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. Article 51 Carriage Performed in Extraordinary Circumstances No access 1242 - 1242 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. Article 52 Definition of Days No access 1243 - 1243 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      1. Article 53 Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force No access 1243 - 1243 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      2. Article 54 Denunciation No access 1244 - 1244 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      3. Article 55 Relationship with Other Warsaw Convention Instruments No access 1244 - 1244 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      4. Article 56 States with More than One System of Law No access 1245 - 1245 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      5. Article 57 Reservations No access 1246 - 1246 Wolf Müller-Rostin
      6. Final clause No access 1246 - 1246 Wolf Müller-Rostin
    1. Raimond Emde
      1. 1. Overview No access Raimond Emde
      2. Raimond Emde
        1. a) Preliminary remarks No access Raimond Emde
        2. b) The motivations and considerations of the Council No access Raimond Emde
      3. 3. Historical overview No access Raimond Emde
      4. Raimond Emde
        1. a) Principles No access Raimond Emde
        2. b) Commercial agent-friendly interpretation No access Raimond Emde
        3. c) Interpretation in conformity with the Directive No access Raimond Emde
        4. d) Article 267 TFEU No access Raimond Emde
        5. e) Mandatory nature of the Directive rules No access Raimond Emde
        6. f) Analogous application of the Directive? No access Raimond Emde
        7. g) Does the Directive regulate burden of proof issues? No access Raimond Emde
        8. h) Choice of law and internationally-binding nature of the Directive No access Raimond Emde
        9. i) Principle of effective enforcement of mandatory provisions in administrative/legal proceedings No access Raimond Emde
      1. Article 1 No access 1265 - 1265 Raimond Emde
      2. Article 2 No access 1266 - 1271 Raimond Emde
      1. Article 3 No access 1272 - 1272 Raimond Emde
      2. Article 4 No access 1272 - 1273 Raimond Emde
      3. Article 5 No access 1274 - 1274 Raimond Emde
      1. Raimond Emde
        1. Article 6 para. 1 No access Raimond Emde
        2. Article 6 para. 2 No access Raimond Emde
        3. Article 6 para. 3 No access Raimond Emde
      2. Raimond Emde
        1. Article 7 para. 1 No access Raimond Emde
        2. Article 7 para. 2 No access Raimond Emde
      3. Article 8 No access 1279 - 1279 Raimond Emde
      4. Article 9 No access 1280 - 1280 Raimond Emde
      5. Article 10 No access 1281 - 1281 Raimond Emde
      6. Article 11 No access 1282 - 1282 Raimond Emde
      7. Article 12 No access 1282 - 1282 Raimond Emde
      1. Article 13 No access 1283 - 1283 Raimond Emde
      2. Article 14 No access 1284 - 1284 Raimond Emde
      3. Article 15 No access 1284 - 1285 Raimond Emde
      4. Article 16 No access 1286 - 1286 Raimond Emde
      5. Raimond Emde
        1. Article 17 para 1 No access Raimond Emde
        2. Raimond Emde
          1. I. General No access Raimond Emde
          2. II. Indemnity / compensation calculation No access Raimond Emde
        3. Raimond Emde
          1. I. General No access Raimond Emde
          2. II. Compensation calculation No access Raimond Emde
        4. Article 17 para 4 No access Raimond Emde
      6. Article 18 No access 1296 - 1298 Raimond Emde
      7. Article 19 No access 1299 - 1299 Raimond Emde
      8. Article 20 No access 1300 - 1300 Raimond Emde
      1. Article 21 No access 1301 - 1301 Raimond Emde
      2. Article 22 No access 1301 - 1301 Raimond Emde
      3. Article 23 No access 1302 - 1302 Raimond Emde
    1. Correlation Table No access 1303 - 1304 Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    2. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. General Remarks No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Genesis of the Directive No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    3. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Article 1 (1) – The aim of the Directive No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Article 1 (2) – Payments made as Remuneration for Commercial Transactions No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Scope of application – The relationship between the Directive and the CISG No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Article 1 (3) – Optional exclusion of insolvency proceedings No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    4. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Preliminary remarks No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Article 2 (1) – Commercial transactions No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Article 2 (2) – Public authority No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        1. 1. Definition No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        2. 2. Consumers No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        3. 3. Fictitious undertaking No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      5. V. Article 2 (4) – Late payment No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      6. VI. Article 2 (5) – Interest for late payment No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      7. VII. Article 2 (6) – Statutory interest for late payment No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      8. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        1. 1. Eurozone Member States No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        2. 2. Non-Euro Member States No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      9. IX. Article 2 (8) – Amount due No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      10. X. Article 2 (9) – Retention of title No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      11. XI. Article 2 (10) – Enforceable title No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    5. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Preliminary Remarks No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Entitlement No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Responsibility for the delay No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Receipt of an invoice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      5. V. Quality of an invoice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      6. VI. Timely receipt of the amount due No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      7. No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      8. VII. The concept of the ne ultra alterum tantum rule No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      9. VIII. Periods of examination No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      10. IX. Maximum payment term No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      11. X. Criticism No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      12. XI. Article 3 (5) – ‘Expressly agreed in the contract’ No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      13. XII. Agreements on the due date No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      14. XIII. Dynamic efficacy No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      15. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        1. 1. Cash discount for immediate payment No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        2. 2. Time of receipt of the invoice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        3. 3. Agreements on the date of the invoice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        4. 4. Intentional non-payment of a debt No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        5. 5. Application of the Directive to corporate loans No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    6. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Preliminaries No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Raison d’être No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Fields of regulation No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Reference rate/interest rate No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      5. V. Payment term for public authorities No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      6. VI. Objective justification No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      7. VII. Extension of payment term for certain public authorities No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      8. VIII. Agreements on the date of the invoice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Raison d’être No access
      2. II. Fields of regulation No access
      3. III. Criticism No access
    8. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Raison d’être No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Contractual exclusion of recovery costs No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. EUR 40 lump sum No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Other recovery costs No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    9. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        1. 1. Practice No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        2. 2. Contractual Term No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        3. 3. Good commercial practice, good faith and fair dealing No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        1. 1. General remarks No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        2. 2. Definition of grossly unfair No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
        3. 3. Examples for grossly unfair practices and contractual terms No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Partial retention of a clause or invalidity No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Cognition of grossly unfair terms upon motion No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      5. V. Article 7 (5) – Representative action No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    10. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. General Remarks No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Transparency measures by the Commission No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Measures initiated by Member States No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Prompt payment codes No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    11. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Raison d’être No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Retention of title No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. III. Forms of retention of title No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. IV. Down payments No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    12. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Raison d’être No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Prohibition of discriminatory practices No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      3. No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      4. III. Recovery procedures No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      5. IV. Competence of the European Union regarding recovery procedures No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      6. V. International jurisdiction No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    13. Article 11 Report No access 1357 - 1357 Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    14. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Transposition obligation No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. Current developments No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    15. Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      1. I. Repeal No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
      2. II. References No access Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    16. Article 14 Entry into force No access 1361 - 1361 Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    17. Article 15 Addressees No access 1362 - 1362 Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber
    1. Gilles Cuniberti
      1. I. Aim No access Gilles Cuniberti
      2. II. Two instrument approach No access Gilles Cuniberti
      3. III. Declarations No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 1 Definitions No access 1367 - 1368 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 2 The international interest No access 1369 - 1369 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Article 3 Sphere of application No access 1370 - 1370 Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 4 Where debtor is situated No access 1371 - 1371 Gilles Cuniberti
      5. Article 5 Interpretation and applicable law No access 1371 - 1372 Gilles Cuniberti
      6. Article 6 Relationship between the Convention and the Protocol No access 1373 - 1373 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 7 Formal requirements No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 8 Remedies of chargee No access 1374 - 1374 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 9 Vesting of object in satisfaction; redemption No access 1375 - 1375 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Gilles Cuniberti
        1. I. Remedies No access Gilles Cuniberti
        2. II. Requirements No access Gilles Cuniberti
        3. III. Public service No access Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 11 Meaning of default No access 1378 - 1378 Gilles Cuniberti
      5. Article 12 Additional remedies No access 1379 - 1379 Gilles Cuniberti
      6. Article 13 Relief pending final determination No access 1379 - 1380 Gilles Cuniberti
      7. Article 14 Procedural requirements No access 1381 - 1381 Gilles Cuniberti
      8. Article 15 Derogation No access 1382 - 1382 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 16 The International Registry No access Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 17 The Supervisory Authority and the Registrar No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 18 Registration requirements No access 1383 - 1383 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 19 Validity and time of registration No access 1384 - 1384 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Article 20 Consent to registration No access 1384 - 1384 Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 21 Duration of registration No access 1385 - 1385 Gilles Cuniberti
      5. Article 22 Searches No access 1386 - 1386 Gilles Cuniberti
      6. Article 23 List of declarations and declared non-consensual rights or interests No access 1386 - 1386 Gilles Cuniberti
      7. Article 24 Evidentiary value of certificates No access 1386 - 1386 Gilles Cuniberti
      8. Article 25 Discharge of registration No access 1387 - 1387 Gilles Cuniberti
      9. Article 26 Access to the international registration facilities No access 1388 - 1388 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 27 Legal personality; immunity No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 28 Liability and financial assurances No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 29 Priority of competing interests No access 1389 - 1390 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Gilles Cuniberti
        1. I. Scope No access Gilles Cuniberti
        2. II. The minimalist approach of the Convention No access Gilles Cuniberti
        3. III. The substantive insolvency rules of the Protocols No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 31 Effects of assignment No access 1395 - 1395 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 32 Formal requirements of assignment No access 1395 - 1395 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Article 33 Debtor’s duty to assignee No access 1396 - 1396 Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 34 Default remedies in respect of assignment by way of security No access 1396 - 1396 Gilles Cuniberti
      5. Article 35 Priority of competing assignments No access 1396 - 1396 Gilles Cuniberti
      6. Article 36 Assignee’s priority with respect to associated rights No access 1397 - 1397 Gilles Cuniberti
      7. Gilles Cuniberti
        1. I. Validity of assignments No access Gilles Cuniberti
        2. II. Rights and obligations of debtor No access Gilles Cuniberti
        3. III. Effects of assignments No access Gilles Cuniberti
      8. Article 38 Subrogation No access 1400 - 1400 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 39 Rights having priority without registration No access 1400 - 1401 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 40 Registrable non-consensual rights or interests No access 1402 - 1402 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 41 Sale and prospective sale No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 42 Choice of forum No access 1403 - 1403 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 43 Jurisdiction under Article 13 No access 1404 - 1405 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Article 44 Jurisdiction to make orders against the Registrar No access 1406 - 1406 Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 45 Jurisdiction in respect of insolvency proceedings No access 1407 - 1407 Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 45 bisRelationship with the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade No access Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 46 Relationship with the UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing No access Gilles Cuniberti
      1. Article 47 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession No access 1408 - 1408 Gilles Cuniberti
      2. Article 48 Regional Economic Integration Organisations No access 1409 - 1409 Gilles Cuniberti
      3. Article 49 Entry into force No access 1409 - 1409 Gilles Cuniberti
      4. Article 50 Internal transactions No access 1410 - 1410 Gilles Cuniberti
      5. Article 51 Future Protocols No access 1410 - 1410 Gilles Cuniberti
      6. Article 52 Territorial units No access 1411 - 1411 Gilles Cuniberti
      7. Article 53 Determination of courts No access 1412 - 1412 Gilles Cuniberti
      8. Article 54 Declarations regarding remedies No access 1412 - 1412 Gilles Cuniberti
      9. Article 55 Declarations regarding relief pending final determination No access 1412 - 1412 Gilles Cuniberti
      10. Article 56 Reservations and declarations No access 1412 - 1412 Gilles Cuniberti
      11. Article 57 Subsequent declarations No access 1413 - 1413 Gilles Cuniberti
      12. Article 58 Withdrawal of declarations No access 1413 - 1413 Gilles Cuniberti
      13. Article 59 Denunciations No access 1413 - 1413 Gilles Cuniberti
      14. Article 60 Transitional provisions No access 1413 - 1413 Gilles Cuniberti
      15. Article 61 Review Conferences, amendments and related matters No access 1414 - 1414 Gilles Cuniberti
      16. Article 62 Depositary and its functions No access 1415 - 1415 Gilles Cuniberti
    1. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Practical use of letters of credit No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Parties involved in a letter of credit transaction No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. The UCP and other relevant provisions No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Legal nature of the UCP No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Content and structure of the UCP No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Terminology No access Stefan Kröll
    2. Article 1 Application of UCP No access 1420 - 1421 Stefan Kröll
    3. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Definitions provided No access Stefan Kröll
    4. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. Stefan Kröll
        1. a) Singular and Plural No access Stefan Kröll
        2. b) Irrevocability No access Stefan Kröll
        3. c) Signed No access Stefan Kröll
        4. d) Legalization and certification No access Stefan Kröll
        5. e) Branches in different countries No access Stefan Kröll
        6. f) Terms describing the issuer No access Stefan Kröll
        7. g) Terms concerning timing of activities No access Stefan Kröll
    5. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. The Independence Principle: Article 4 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Drafting advices in Article 4 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. The fraud exception No access Stefan Kröll
    6. Article 5 Documents v. Goods, Services or Performance No access 1433 - 1433 Stefan Kröll
    7. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Place at which credit is available No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Means by which a credit is available No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Expiry date No access Stefan Kröll
    8. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. Stefan Kröll
        1. a) Undertaking to honour letter of credit No access Stefan Kröll
        2. b) Undertaking to cover for a nominated bank No access Stefan Kröll
        3. c) Beginning and irrevocability of the undertaking No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Undertaking towards nominated bank No access Stefan Kröll
    9. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 8 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 8 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 8 (c) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Article 8 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
    10. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 9 (c) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 9 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 9 (e) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Article 9 (f) No access Stefan Kröll
    11. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 10 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 10 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 10 (c) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Article 10 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Article 10 (e) No access Stefan Kröll
      7. 7. Article 10 (f) No access Stefan Kröll
    12. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 11 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 11 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
    13. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 12 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 12 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 12 (c) No access Stefan Kröll
    14. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 13 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 13 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 13 (c) No access Stefan Kröll
    15. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 14(a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 14 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 14(c) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Article 14 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Article 14 (e) No access Stefan Kröll
      7. 7. Article 14 (f) No access Stefan Kröll
      8. 8. Article 14 (g) No access Stefan Kröll
      9. 9. Article 14 (h) No access Stefan Kröll
      10. 10. Article 14 (i) No access Stefan Kröll
      11. 11. Article 14 (j) No access Stefan Kröll
      12. 12. Article 14 (k) No access Stefan Kröll
      13. 13. Article 14 (l) No access Stefan Kröll
    16. Article 15 Complying Presentation No access 1456 - 1456 Stefan Kröll
    17. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 16 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 16 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
      4. Stefan Kröll
        1. a) Statement of refusal (i) No access Stefan Kröll
        2. b) Adequate description of discrepancy (ii) No access Stefan Kröll
        3. c) Statements as to treatment of documents (iii) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Article 16 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Article 16 (e) No access Stefan Kröll
      7. 7. Article 16 (f) No access Stefan Kröll
      8. 8. Art. 16 (g) No access Stefan Kröll
    18. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Rules as to the need for originals No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. The concept of “original” No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 17(d): Copies No access Stefan Kröll
    19. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Scope of application No access Stefan Kröll
      3. Stefan Kröll
        1. a) General remarks No access Stefan Kröll
        2. b) Beneficiary as issuer No access Stefan Kröll
        3. c) Made to the applicant No access Stefan Kröll
        4. d) Amount stated and currency No access Stefan Kröll
        5. e) Quantity and description of the goods No access Stefan Kröll
    20. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. Stefan Kröll
        1. a) Indication of carrier and signature No access Stefan Kröll
        2. b) Indication as to status of the goods No access Stefan Kröll
        3. c) Indicating Shipment from the Port of Loading to the Port of Discharge No access Stefan Kröll
        4. d) Full set of multimodal transport documents No access Stefan Kröll
        5. e) Contain Terms of Carriage No access Stefan Kröll
        6. f) Not subject to a charter party No access Stefan Kröll
        7. g) Transhipment: Article 19 (b) and (c) No access Stefan Kröll
    21. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Information concerning carrier, status of the goods and shipment No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Other provisions No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Transhipment No access Stefan Kröll
    22. Article 21 Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill No access 1476 - 1476 Stefan Kröll
    23. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 22 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 22 (b) No access Stefan Kröll
    24. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 23 (a) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 23 (b) and (c) No access Stefan Kröll
    25. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Identification of Carrier, date, place and destination of shipment No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Submission of Originals No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Transhipment No access Stefan Kröll
    26. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Courier Receipts No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Post receipt or certificate of posting No access Stefan Kröll
    27. Article 26 On Deck, Shipper's Load and Count, Said by Shipper to Contain and Charges Additional to Freight No access 1484 - 1484 Stefan Kröll
    28. Article 27 Clean Transport Document No access 1485 - 1485 Stefan Kröll
    29. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Issuance and signature requirements (Article 28 (a)) No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Originals No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Presentation of a different type of insurance document No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Coverage No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Other acceptable clauses No access Stefan Kröll
    30. Article 29 Expiry Date No access 1489 - 1489 Stefan Kröll
    31. Article 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices No access 1490 - 1490 Stefan Kröll
    32. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 31(a): Permission of partial shipment No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Concept of partial shipment No access Stefan Kröll
    33. Article 32 Instalment Drawings or Shipments No access 1492 - 1492 Stefan Kröll
    34. Article 33 Hours of Presentation No access 1492 - 1492 Stefan Kröll
    35. Article 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents No access 1493 - 1493 Stefan Kröll
    36. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 35 (1): general regime of transmissions No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Article 35 (2): loss of compliant documents No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Article 35 (3): Translation and interpretation of technical terms No access Stefan Kröll
    37. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Article 36 (1): Exclusion of liability for force majeure No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Article 36 (2): Non-extension of time limits No access Stefan Kröll
    38. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Risk-allocation for instructions and compliance therewith No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Charges No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Indemnification against foreign law No access Stefan Kröll
    39. Stefan Kröll
      1. 1. Introduction No access Stefan Kröll
      2. 2. Transfer: Concept and Requirements No access Stefan Kröll
      3. 3. Terms of the transferred credit and admissible deviations from the original credit No access Stefan Kröll
      4. 4. Partial and successive transfers: Article 38 (d) No access Stefan Kröll
      5. 5. Amending transferred credits: Article 38 (e) and (f) No access Stefan Kröll
      6. 6. Substitution of documents: Article 38 (h) and (i) No access Stefan Kröll
      7. 7. Presentations No access Stefan Kröll
    40. Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds No access 1504 - 1531 Stefan Kröll

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