Political Populism: Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research

Prof. Dr. Reinhard Heinisch; Prof. Dr. Christina Holtz-Bacha; Prof. Oscar Mazzoleni

doi:10.5771/9783748907510

Summary

Populism represents the greatest political challenge to Western democracies since World War II. The electoral successes of populist parties and actors, Brexit, the presidency of Donald Trump or campaigns against containing the coronavirus pandemic are expressions of this phenomenon, in which the electorate is mobilised against supposed elites. The revised and expanded handbook Political Populism offers a comprehensive theoretical and empirical introduction to the causes and effects of political populism, especially in the democratic systems of Europe, but also in North and South America. It focuses on explaining populism as a consequence of a legitimation crisis of the representative system as well as on the controversies and limitations in the current academic debate. Drawing on political and communication science, the book also offers a comprehensive analysis of the effects of populism on various policy areas, such as environmental, health and economic policy.With contributions byTjitske Akkerman, Manuel Anselmi, Wolfgang Aschauer, Hans-Georg Betz, Cecilia Biancalana, Paul Blokker, Giuliano Bobba, María Esperanza Casullo, Carlos de la Torre, Paula Diehl, Sarah C. Dingler, Martin Dolezal, Marco Fölsch, Flavia Freidenberg, Sergiu Gherghina, Florian Habersack, Vlastimil Havlík, Kirk A. Hawkins, Reinhard Heinisch, Christina Holtz-Bacha, Robert A. Huber, Gilles Ivaldi, Philip Kitzberger, Benjamin Krämer, Maria Elisabetta Lanzone, Zoe Lefkofridi, Dietmar Loch, Miroslav Mareš, Alfio Mastropaolo, Oscar Mazzoleni, Sergiu Miscoiu, Teun Pauwels, Franca Roncarolo, Saskia Pauline Ruth, Carlo Ruzza, Steven Saxonberg, Christian H. Schimpf, Damir Skenderovic, Sorina Soare, Lone Sorensen, Carlos H. Waisman, Carsten Wegscheider and Sandra Vergari.With a welcome expansion in cases and policy fields, the second edition of Political Populism: Handbook on Concepts, Questions and Strategies for Research brings together scholars from a range of disciplines to reflect on the fundamental challenge populism poses today. This Handbook is essential to every reader who wants to understand where populism comes from, how it manifests and how it influences policies, political actors and the very institutions that make democracy. Theoretically sophisticated, substantiated in its content yet approachable for the interest reader, this Handbook marks an important step in the appreciation of the complexity and consequences of this global phenomenon. Annika Werner, Australian National UniversityTwo decades of turbulent political history show that populism is here to stay, and to shape politics for a long time to come. It is considered a serious threat to traditional democratic institutions. That’s why political and communication scientists have massively engaged in studying it, in explaining it, in analyzing its features and implications. Among the several recent scholarly productions, this Handbook is perhaps the best tool put in the hands of all those who want to get a multi-dimensional yet comprehensive understanding of political populism as it is developing in Europe and in the Americas. Definitely a must-have book!Gianpietro Mazzoleni, Università di Milano, ItalyThis highly readable and detailed Handbook synthetizes a wealth of accumulated and innovative research on contemporary populism in Europe and the Americas. Drawing the insights of a distinguished group of specialists, the volume presents a comprehensive and updated view of the vibrant field of populist studies. Its four sections and thirty-four chapters provide stimulating perspectives on the theory, politics, and communicational dimensions of populism as well on emerging areas of research. A must read for anyone interested in understanding the complexities of a phenomenon that is likely to remain an enduring and unsettling presence in the political life of XXI century democracies. Enrique Peruzzotti, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Argentina

Keywords

Search publication

Bibliographic data

Edition: 2/2021
Copyright Year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-6617-8
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-0751-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: International Studies on Populism
Volume: 3
Language: English
Pages: 498
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 16
1. 1. Understanding Populism as a Complex Phenomenon No access
  2. Ideology, Discourse, Style No access
  3. Leadership, Protest and Organisation No access
  4. Party Systems, Liberal Democracy and Populist Regimes No access
  5. Demand-Side Perspectives No access
2. 1. The Western European Populist Right: From Protest Politics to Migration and Identity No access
  2. Identity Politics in Post-Transition Societies: Populism in Central and Eastern Europe No access
  3. Mediterranean Populism No access
  4. Nativism and Rural Populism: The United States and Elsewhere No access
  5. Presidentialism and Social Mobilisation: Latin American Populism No access
  6. Europe, the US and Latin America No access
3. 1. Populism as a Style No access
  2. Political Discourse and the Media No access
  3. The Media Policy Impact of Populism No access
  4. Communication Strategies No access
  5. New Communication Technologies No access
4. Consolidated and Emerging Topics No access
5. References No access
1. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Conjuncture and Controversy in Politics and Academia No access
    Authors:
  3. Lexical History of the Concept No access
    Authors:
  4. The Founding Forms of Populism No access
    Authors:
  5. Transnational and Transdisciplinary Expansion No access
    Authors:
  6. Populism as a Strategy or Ideology? No access
    Authors:
  7. Conclusions No access
    Authors:
  8. References No access
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  1. Populist Parties, Representation and the Crisis of Representation No access
    Authors:
  2. Representing the People: Which People? No access
    Authors:
  3. Representing Populist Parties No access
    Authors:
  4. References No access
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. From the Extreme Right to the Contemporary Radical Right No access
      Authors:
    2. From Populism in the World to ‘Neo’ Populism in Europe No access
      Authors:
  3. Populism: More than a Thin Ideology? No access
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Terminology, Ideology, Concepts No access
      Authors:
    2. Economic Protectionism: Class Politics for ‘Modernisation Losers’ No access
      Authors:
    3. Cultural Protectionism: Nationalism and Islamophobia No access
      Authors:
    4. Advocating Euroscepticism in Favour of National Sovereignty No access
      Authors:
    5. A Populist Authoritarian Voice in Representative Democracy No access
      Authors:
    6. Other Far Right or Populist Parties No access
      Authors:
  5. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  1. Introduction: The Relation Between Parties and Social Movements No access
    Authors:
  2. Integrating the Parties’ and Movements’ Approaches to the Radical-Right No access
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Relations of Accepted and Consensual Interpenetration No access
      Authors:
    2. Relations in Which Party and Movement Memberships are Distinct and to Varying Extents Conflictual No access
      Authors:
    3. Distinct but Generally Supportive Relations No access
      Authors:
  4. Civil Society, Movements, Counter-Movements and RRPPs as Interacting Systems No access
    Authors:
  5. Conclusions and Further Steps in the Research Agenda No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
5. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. From Ideological Dichotomy to Ambivalence No access
    Authors:
  3. Gradation and Frame No access
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Endogenous Conditions No access
      Authors:
    2. Exogenous Conditions No access
      Authors:
    3. The Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Conditions in Populist Claim-Making No access
      Authors:
  5. Application and Summary No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
6. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. ‘Populism’ and ‘Democracy’: An Ambivalent Relationship? No access
    Authors:
  3. Beyond a One-Dimensional Relationship No access
    Authors:
  4. Moderating Factors No access
    Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Measuring populism No access
      Authors:
    2. Measuring the Quality of Democracy No access
      Authors:
  6. Concluding Remarks and Outlook No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
7. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Defining Populism No access
    Authors:
  3. Generative Contexts No access
    Authors:
  4. Populism and the Crisis of Representation No access
    Authors:
  5. Prospects for Institutionalisation No access
    Authors:
  6. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
8. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Definitions, Data, Dimensions No access
      Authors:
    2. Classification by Means of Minimal Definition No access
      Authors:
    3. Content Analysis No access
      Authors:
    4. Computerised Content Analysis No access
      Authors:
    5. Expert Survey No access
      Authors:
    6. Measuring Populism among Parties in Germany No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Populism is More Prevalent in Latin America Compared to Western Europe No access
      Authors:
    2. Populism can be Found More at the Fringes of the Party System No access
      Authors:
    3. Populism Over Time: The Impact of Issues, Government or Opposition and Campaigning No access
      Authors:
  4. Conclusion and Discussion No access
    Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Holistic Grading No access
      Authors:
    2. Computerised Content Analysis No access
      Authors:
  6. No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
9. Authors:
  1. IntroductionThis research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program for the project ‘PaCE’ under the grant agreement n. 822337. No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Classifications No access
      Authors:
    2. Degrees of Populism: One-Dimensional Approaches No access
      Authors:
    3. Degrees of Populism: Multidimensional Approaches No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Measuring Populism on the Individual Level: From Proxy Measures to Ideational Theory No access
      Authors:
    2. Individual-Level Populism as a Dependent Variable: What Affects Being a Populist? No access
      Authors:
    3. Individual-Level Populism as an Independent Variable: The Effect of Populist Attitudes on Voting Behaviour No access
      Authors:
  4. Conclusion and Discussion No access
    Authors:
  5. References No access
    Authors:
1. 1. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. Euroscepticism No access
        Authors:
      2. Populism No access
        Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. Populism and Euroscepticism on the Supply Side No access
        Authors:
      2. Populism and Euroscepticism on the Demand Side No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Explaining Party-Based Euroscepticism No access
        Authors:
      2. Explaining Individual Euroscepticism No access
        Authors:
    5. Conclusions No access
      Authors:
    6. References No access
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Populism Left and Right No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. A Populist Gender Gap? No access
        Authors:
      2. Populism and the Secularised Voter No access
        Authors:
      3. Are Populist Voters the ‘Losers of Modernisation’? No access
        Authors:
      4. Political Distrust as a Unifier of Populist Voters No access
        Authors:
      5. Populists Opposing Europe? No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. A Global Perspective on Populism No access
        Authors:
      2. The Populist Politics of Globalisation No access
        Authors:
      3. Populism and the Coronavirus No access
        Authors:
    5. References No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Defining Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. Populism and Democracy No access
      Authors:
    4. Mapping the Research Field No access
      Authors:
    5. The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Populists in Government No access
      Authors:
    6. Empowering the People? No access
      Authors:
    7. Explanations No access
      Authors:
    8. Conclusions No access
      Authors:
    9. References No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Authors:
      1. Conceptual Delimitations: A Multifaceted Political Phenomenon No access
        Authors:
      2. Populist Diversity No access
        Authors:
    3. Populist Discourse No access
      Authors:
    4. The Ambivalent Relationship between Discourse and Practice: Populism’s Two Major Contradictions No access
      Authors:
    5. Conclusion No access
      Authors:
    6. References No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. The State of Research on Right-Wing Extremist and Populist Legacies No access
      Authors:
    3. Ongoing Debates and the Limitations of Right-Wing Extremism and Populism in Central and Eastern Europe No access
      Authors:
    4. Conclusion No access
      Authors:
    5. References No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. Authors:
      1. The Austrian Case: Synopsis No access
        Authors:
      2. The Czech Case: Synopsis No access
        Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Hypotheses No access
        Authors:
    5. Data Sources and Method No access
      Authors:
    6. Hypotheses Test and Empirical Findings No access
      Authors:
    7. Lessons Drawn No access
      Authors:
    8. Conclusion No access
      Authors:
    9. References No access
      Authors:
  7. Authors:
    1. Introduction: A Wave of (New) Populism Continues to Pervade Europe No access
      Authors:
    2. Understanding Contemporary Left-Wing Populism in Spain and Greece No access
      Authors:
    3. An Unprecedented Example of Populism: The Case of the Italian Five Star Movement No access
      Authors:
    4. Populism Is Everywhere? Current Debates on the Concept of Populism No access
      Authors:
    5. Conclusion: New Populism for ‘New Politics’? No access
      Authors:
    6. References No access
      Authors:
2. 1. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. A Brief History of US Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. On Crises No access
      Authors:
    4. Populist Nexus: Organisation, Charisma and the Media No access
      Authors:
    5. Trump’s Charisma No access
      Authors:
    6. The Media No access
      Authors:
    7. Gendering and Racialising the People No access
      Authors:
    8. Trump and American Democracy No access
      Authors:
    9. Conclusions No access
      Authors:
    10. References No access
      Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. Defining Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. Historical Context of Populism in the United States No access
      Authors:
    4. Economic and Political Context of Contemporary US Populism No access
      Authors:
    5. Establishment Barriers to Outsider Candidates No access
      Authors:
    6. The 2016 Campaign: Will the Real Populist Please Stand Up?US television game show To Tell The Truth features three people claiming to be the same person with a special skill or job; two are imposters ... No access
      Authors:
    7. Conclusions and Future Research No access
      Authors:
    8. References No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Populism and Stable Party Systems: Can They Coexist? The Latin American Experience No access
      Authors:
    2. The Current State of Research into Populism and Political Representation No access
      Authors:
    3. Populism and Parties No access
      Authors:
    4. Conclusions No access
      Authors:
    5. References No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Stable Populist Parties in Latin America: Peronism in Argentina and Alianza País in Ecuador No access
      Authors:
    2. Peronism: The Transformation of a Charismatic Party No access
      Authors:
    3. The Alianza País: From a Movement of ‘Outlaws’ to a Hegemonic Party No access
      Authors:
    4. Reconceptualising Populist Parties No access
      Authors:
    5. Conclusion No access
      Authors:
    6. References No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Introduction No access
      Authors:
    2. The Poorly Studied Relationship between Populism and Democratic Representation No access
      Authors:
    3. A Theory of Populism and Democratic Representation No access
      Authors:
    4. Authors:
      1. Formal Representation No access
        Authors:
      2. Descriptive Representation No access
        Authors:
      3. Substantive Representation No access
        Authors:
    5. Authors:
      1. Appendix No access
        Authors:
    6. References No access
      Authors:
1. Authors:
  1. IntroductionI am indebted to Jay Blumler, Katrin Voltmer and Katy Parry for their insightful comments on an earlier draft. : Overall Context No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Classifying Populism No access
      Authors:
    2. Populism as a Communicative Process No access
      Authors:
  3. Mediation No access
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Media Logic No access
      Authors:
    2. Anti-Media Populism No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. Material Technology No access
      Authors:
    2. Symbolic Technology No access
      Authors:
  6. Authors:
    1. Mapping Populist Effects No access
      Authors:
    2. Audience Meaning-Making No access
      Authors:
  7. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  8. References No access
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. The Media and Populism: Still an Obscure Relationship? No access
    Authors:
  3. True Populism or Simply the Effects of Mediatisation? No access
    Authors:
  4. The Role of the Media in Supporting the Rise of Political Actors Defined as Populist No access
    Authors:
  5. Conclusion: The Populist Style as a Resource for Mobilisation No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. No access
    Authors:
  3. Approaches No access
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Context No access
      Authors:
    2. Post-Neoliberal Forms of Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. Legal Reforms No access
      Authors:
    4. Selective Implementation No access
      Authors:
    5. Populist Aftermath No access
      Authors:
  5. No access
    Authors:
  6. Discussion No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. The Strategic Character of Populism No access
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Polarisation No access
      Authors:
    2. Provocation No access
      Authors:
    3. Threat No access
      Authors:
  4. Conclusion and Where Research is Needed No access
    Authors:
  5. References No access
    Authors:
5. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Fuelling Anti-Elitism by Routinely Reporting Negative Incidents Involving Elites and Acting as Democracy’s Fourth Estate, Even in a Way that Undermines Democracy No access
    Authors:
  3. Providing Platforms for Participation and Media Criticism Without Responsivity No access
    Authors:
  4. Responding to the News Value and Self-Stylisation of Populist Actors and Providing Them with a Platform No access
    Authors:
  5. Supplying Evidence of Populist Constructions of Out-Groups No access
    Authors:
  6. Supplying Catchwords, Slogans and Interpretive Frameworks for Populism and Anti-Media Populism No access
    Authors:
  7. Serving as a Substitute for Populist Leaders No access
    Authors:
  8. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  9. References No access
    Authors:
6. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Digital Populism: Searching for a Definition No access
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Digital Populism and Populist Actors No access
      Authors:
    2. Digital Media Populism No access
      Authors:
    3. Digital Populism and Citizens No access
      Authors:
  4. Populism and Democracy in the Age of Social Media No access
    Authors:
  5. References No access
    Authors:
1. Authors:
  1. Introduction: The Driving Forces behind Populism No access
    Authors:
  2. Theoretical and Empirical Approach: An Overview No access
    Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Fear of Societal Decline No access
      Authors:
    2. Political Disenchantment No access
      Authors:
    3. Social Distrust No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Macro Indicators Leading to a Conception of Diverse European Regions No access
      Authors:
    2. Operationalisation of Restrictions on Living Conditions No access
      Authors:
    3. Operationalisation of Societal Malaise No access
      Authors:
  5. Authors:
    1. The Evolution of Societal Malaise in Europe No access
      Authors:
    2. The Causes of Societal Malaise: A Multilevel Analysis No access
      Authors:
  6. Discussion and Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  7. Appendix: No access
    Authors:
  8. References No access
    Authors:
2. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Populist Right-wing Parties in Western Europe No access
      Authors:
    2. Populist Left-Wing Parties in Latin America No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Female Members and Activists of Populist Parties No access
      Authors:
    2. Female Candidates and the Leadership of Populist Parties No access
      Authors:
    3. Perception of the Female Leaders of Populist Parties No access
      Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Electoral Support for Left-Wing Populist Parties in Latin America No access
      Authors:
    2. The Radical Right Gender Gap in Western Europe No access
      Authors:
  5. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
3. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Populism as a Multidimensional and Gradual Phenomenon No access
    Authors:
  3. The Body as a Political Medium in Democracy No access
    Authors:
  4. Mirroring the People No access
    Authors:
  5. Populist Body Performances No access
    Authors:
  6. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
4. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Nativism: Antebellum Anti-Catholicism in the United States as an Ideal Type No access
    Authors:
  3. New Nativism: Anti-Islamic Mobilisation and the Populist Right No access
    Authors:
  4. Anti-Islamic Frames and Anti-Islamic Mobilisation No access
    Authors:
  5. Context and Opportunity Structures: Public Opinion No access
    Authors:
  6. Context and Opportunity Structures: The Role of the Media No access
    Authors:
  7. Context and Opportunity Structures: Visibility No access
    Authors:
  8. Legitimising Narratives and Populist Mobilisation Against Islam No access
    Authors:
  9. Identity Politics and the Future of Anti-Islamic Nativism No access
    Authors:
  10. References No access
    Authors:
5. Authors:
  1. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  2. Constitutionalism and Liberal Democracy No access
    Authors:
  3. Politicisation of the Judiciary No access
    Authors:
  4. Punitivism and Penal Populism No access
    Authors:
  5. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  6. References No access
    Authors:
6. Authors:
  1. On the Challenges of Researching the Nexus of Populism and Climate Change No access
    Authors:
  2. Authors:
    1. Theoretical Work No access
      Authors:
    2. Party-Level and Elite-Level Work No access
      Authors:
    3. Individual-Level Work No access
      Authors:
  3. Authors:
    1. Conceptual Uncertainty No access
      Authors:
    2. The Conflation of Populism and Political Ideology No access
      Authors:
    3. Lack of Good Data No access
      Authors:
    4. Causal Inference No access
      Authors:
  4. Conclusion No access
    Authors:
  5. References No access
    Authors:
7. Authors:
  1. No access
    Authors:
  2. Introduction No access
    Authors:
  3. The Coronavirus Outbreak and Populists’ Responses No access
    Authors:
  4. Authors:
    1. Populism and Expert Knowledge No access
      Authors:
    2. Populism and Healthcare Issues No access
      Authors:
    3. Populism and Conspiracy Theories No access
      Authors:
  5. Making the Empirical Case: Populism and Individual Perceptions of COVID-19’s Effect No access
    Authors:
  6. Conclusions No access
    Authors:
  7. References No access
    Authors:
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS No access Pages 585 - 592
INDEX No access Pages 593 - 595