Cover of book: Framing-Effekte im Alter
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Monograph No access

Framing-Effekte im Alter

Message Framing als effektive Strategie zur Steigerung der Impfbereitschaft in der Zielgruppe 60+?
Authors:
Publisher:
 2021

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2021
Copyright Year
2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-8103-4
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2521-7
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Gesundheitskommunikation | Health Communication
Volume
22
Language
German
Pages
253
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 16
  2. 1 Einleitung No access 17 - 21
    1. 2.1 Effektivität von Impfungen No access
    2. 2.2 Impfrelevanz für Menschen ab 60 Jahren No access
      1. 2.3.1 Impfpflichten No access
      2. 2.3.2 Gesundheitskommunikative Maßnahmen No access
    4. 2.4 Zusammenfassung No access
    1. 3.1 Demografische Bevölkerungsentwicklung No access
    2. 3.2 Altersverständnis und Einteilung der betrachteten Gruppen No access
      1. 3.3.1 Altern aus biologischer Sicht No access
      2. 3.3.2 Altern aus sozialer Sicht No access
      3. 3.3.3 Altern aus psychologischer Sicht No access
      1. 3.4.1 Grundzüge der Sozioemotionalen Selektivitätstheorie No access
      2. 3.4.2 Der Positivity Effect: Ursachen und Wirkungen No access
      3. 3.4.3 Der Positivity Effect in der Gesundheitskommunikation No access
    5. 3.5 Zusammenfassung No access
    1. 4.1 Die Ursprünge des Message Framings No access
    2. 4.2 Adaption des Message Framings im Gesundheitskontext No access
    3. 4.3 Framing-Effekte in der Impfkommunikation No access
    4. 4.4 Zusammenfassung No access
    1. 5.1 Zugrundeliegendes Begriffsverständnis No access
    2. 5.2 Der Fallbeispieleffekt No access
      1. 5.3.1 Evolutionstheoretische Sichtweise No access
      2. 5.3.2 Sozialkognitive Lerntheorie No access
      3. 5.3.3 Salienz und Lebhaftigkeit No access
      4. 5.3.4 Narrative Engagement No access
      5. 5.3.5 Heuristics and Biases No access
      6. 5.3.6 Zwischenfazit: Woher kommt der Fallbeispieleffekt? No access
    4. 5.4 Fallbeispieleffekte in der Gesundheits- und Impfkommunikation No access
    5. 5.5 Verbindung des Message Framings mit der Fallbeispieltheorie No access
    6. 5.6 Zusammenfassung No access
    1. 6.1 Grundannahmen der Reaktanztheorie No access
    2. 6.2 Operationalisierung von Reaktanz No access
      1. 6.3.1 Alter No access
      2. 6.3.2 Message Framing No access
      3. 6.3.3 Evidenztyp No access
        1. Kontrollierende Sprache No access
        2. Ablenkungen No access
        3. Involvement und Verhalten No access
    4. 6.4 Zusammenfassung No access
  8. 7 Forschungsleitende Fragen und Studienaufbau No access 107 - 108
    1. 8.1 Erkenntnisinteresse: Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen No access
      1. 8.2.1 Design und Stimulusmaterial No access
      2. 8.2.2 Durchführung No access
        1. Abhängige Variablen No access
        2. Kontrollvariablen No access
      4. 8.2.4 Beschreibung der Stichprobe No access
      5. 8.2.5 Datenanalytisches Vorgehen No access
      1. 8.3.1 Manipulation Check No access
        1. Effekte auf die Einstellung und Intention zur Impfung No access
        2. Effekte auf die psychologische Reaktanz No access
        3. Reaktanz als Mediator des Framing-Effekts No access
    4. 8.4 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion No access
    1. 9.1 Erkenntnisinteresse: Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen No access
      1. 9.2.1 Design und Stimulusmaterial No access
      2. 9.2.2 Durchführung No access
        1. Abhängige Variablen No access
        2. Kontrollvariablen No access
      4. 9.2.4 Beschreibung der Stichprobe No access
      5. 9.2.5 Datenanalytisches Vorgehen No access
      1. 9.3.1 Manipulation Check No access
        1. Effekte auf die Einstellung und Intention zur Impfung No access
        2. Effekte auf die psychologische Reaktanz No access
        3. Reaktanz als Mediator des Framing-Effekts No access
        4. Effekte auf das Narrative Engagement No access
        5. Narrative Engagement als Mediator des Evidenztyps No access
    4. 9.4 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion No access
    1. 10.1 Erkenntnisinteresse: Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen No access
      1. 10.2.1 Design und Stimulusmaterial No access
      2. 10.2.2 Durchführung No access
        1. Abhängige Variablen No access
        2. Kontrollvariablen No access
      4. 10.2.4 Beschreibung der Stichprobe No access
      5. 10.2.5 Datenanalytisches Vorgehen No access
      1. 10.3.1 Manipulation Check No access
        1. Effekte auf die Einstellung zum Spot und Intention zur Informationssuche No access
        2. Effekte auf die psychologische Reaktanz No access
        3. Effekte auf das Narrative Engagement No access
        4. Narrative Engagement als Mediator des Einflusses der Aufmerksamkeit No access
        5. Effekte auf die gestützte Erinnerungsleistung No access
        6. Erinnerung als Mediator des Einflusses von Message Framing und Aufmerksamkeit No access
    4. 10.4 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion No access
    1. 11.1 Zentrale Ergebnisse No access
      1. 11.2.1 Messinstrument No access
      2. 11.2.2 Stimulusmaterial No access
      3. 11.2.3 Stichprobe No access
      1. 1. Wirkt sich das Message Framing direkt auf die Impfeinstellungen und -intentionen von Menschen unter und ab 60 Jahren aus? No access
      2. 2. Welche Rolle spielt Reaktanz als Mediator des Framing-Effekts in den untersuchten Altersgruppen (unter 60 Jahre vs. ab 60 Jahre)? No access
      3. 3. Welchen Einfluss besitzt die Aufbereitungsform auf die Wirkung des Gewinn- und Verlust-Framings? No access
      1. 11.4.1 Theoretische und methodische Implikationen No access
        1. 1. Gewinn-Frames wirken sich kurzfristig womöglich nicht direkt auf impfbezogene Einstellungen und Intentionen aus – können aber Reaktanz abschwächen und so einen impffördernden Effekt nach sich ziehe... No access
        2. 2. Ältere Erwachsene sind eine besonders relevante Zielgruppe der Impfkommunikation – und sollten auch altersspezifisch angesprochen werden. No access
    5. 11.5 Schluss No access
  13. Literaturverzeichnis No access 219 - 253

Bibliography (472)

  1. Ziegler, L., Pfister, T., & Rossmann, C. (2013). Fallbeispiele und Furchtappelle in der Gesundheitskommunikation: Eine Inhaltsanalyse von Zeitschriften, Flyern und Internetportalen. In M. Hastall & C. Rossmann (Hrsg.), Medien und Gesundheitskommunikation (S. 65–81). Nomos. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  2. Wortman, C. B., & Brehm, J. W. (1975). Responses to uncontrollable outcomes: An integration of reactance theory and the learned helplessness model. In L. Berkowitz (Hrsg.), Advances in experimental social psychology (S. 277–336). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  3. Yoon, C., Lee, M. P., & Danziger, S. (2007). The effects of optimal time of day on persuasion processes in older adults. Psychology and Marketing, 24(5), 475–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20169 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  4. Yu, N., Ahern, L. A., Connolly-Ahern, C., & Shen, F. (2010). Communicating the risks of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Effects of message framing and exemplification. Health Communication, 25(8), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521910 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  5. Yu, N., & Shen, F. (2013). Benefits for me or risks for others: A cross-culture investigation of the effects of message frames and cultural appeals. Health Communication, 28(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.662147 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  6. Zajonc, R. (1997). Emotions. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Hrsg.), Handbook of social psychology (S. 591–631). McGraw-Hill. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  7. Zamora, H., & Clingerman, E. M. (2011). Health literacy among older adults: A systematic literature review. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 37(10), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20110503-02 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  8. Zebregs, S., van den Putte, B., Neijens, P., & de Graaf, A. (2015). The differential impact of statistical and narrative evidence on beliefs, attitude, and intention: A meta-analysis. Health Communication, 30(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.842528 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  9. Zemack-Rugar, Y., Moore, S. G., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2017). Just do it! Why committed consumers react negatively to assertive ads. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(3), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2017.01.002 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  10. World Health Organization (2013). Global vaccine action plan 2011-2020. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von http://www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78141/1/97 89241504980_eng.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  11. Zillmann, D. (1999). Exemplification theory: Judging the whole by some of its parts. Media Psychology, 1(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  12. Zillmann, D. (2002). Exemplification theory of media influence. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Hrsg.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (S. 19–41). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  13. Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56, 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  14. Zillmann, D, & Brosius, H.-B. (2000). Exemplification in communication: The influence of case reports on the perception of issues. Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  15. Zillmann, D, Gibson, R., Sundar, S. S., & Perkins, J. W. (1996). Effects of exemplification in news reports on the perception of social issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(2), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300213 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  16. Zillmann, D., Perkins, J. W., & Sundar, S. S. (1992). Impression-formation effects of printed news varying in descriptive precision and exemplifications. Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie, 4(3), 168–185. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  17. Zniva, R. (2016). Ältere Konsumenten in Handel und Marketing. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  18. van ’t Riet, J., Cox, A. D., Cox, D., Zimet, G. D., de Bruijn, G.-J., van den Putte, B., de Vries, H., Werrij, M. Q., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2016). Does perceived risk influence the effects of message framing? Revisiting the link between prospect theory and message framing. Health Psychology Review, 10(4), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1176865 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  19. Worchel, S., & Andreoli, V. A. (1974). Attribution of causality as a means of restoring behavioral freedom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(2), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036012 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  20. Woller, K. M. P., Buboltz, W. C., & Loveland, J. M. (2007). Psychological reactance: Examination across age, ethnicity, and gender. The American Journal of Psychology, 120(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445379 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  21. Wolf, M. S., Gazmararian, J. A., & Baker, D. W. (2005). Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(17), 1946. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.17.1946 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  22. Witting, M., Boere-Boonekamp, M. M., Fleuren, M. A. H., Sakkers, R. J. B., & IJzerman, M. J. (2012). Predicting participation in ultrasound hip screening from message framing. Health Communication, 27(2), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.571760 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  23. Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  24. Wise, M., Han, J. Y., Shaw, B., McTavish, F., & Gustafson, D. H. (2008). Effects of u-sing online narrative and didactic information on healthcare participation for breast cancer patients. Patient Education and Counseling, 70(3), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.009 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  25. Wirtz, M. A. (2014). State-Trait-Modell der Affektivität. In M. A. Wirtz (Hrsg.), Dorsch: Lexikon der Psychologie (S. 1483). Hogrefe Verlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  26. Wirtz, J. G., Sar, S., & Ghuge, S. (2015). The moderating role of mood and personal relevance on persuasive effects of gain- and loss-framed health messages. Health Marketing Quarterly, 32(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/07359683.2015.1033936 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  27. Wilson, R. S., Mendes De Leon, C. F., Bennett, D. A., Bienias, J. L., & Evans, D. A. (2004). Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in a community population of older persons. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 75(1), 126–129. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  28. Wicklund, R. A., & Brehm, J. W. (1968). Attitude change as a function of felt competence and threat to attitudinal freedom. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(68)90050-4 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  29. Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Lin, X. (2015). Telepresence and exemplification in health messages: The relationships among spatial and social presence and exemplars and exemplification effects. Communication Reports, 28(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2014.971838 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  30. Wen, N., & Shen, F. (2016). Communicating to young Chinese about Human Papillomavirus vaccination: Examining the impact of message framing and temporal distance. Asian Journal of Communication, 26(4), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2016.1162821 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  31. Weeks, J. C., & Hasher, L. (2014). The disruptive – and beneficial – effects of distraction on older adults’ cognitive performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00133 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  32. Weber, W., Reinhardt, A., & Rossmann, C. (2020). Lifestyle segmentation to explain the online health information seeking behavior of older adults: Results of a representative telephone survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e15099. https://doi.org/doi:10.2196/15099 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  33. Wallack, L. M. (1981). Mass media campaigns: The odds against finding behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 8(3), 209–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818100800302 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  34. Abhyankar, P., O’Connor, D. B., & Lawton, R. (2008). The role of message framing in promoting MMR vaccination: Evidence of a loss-frame advantage. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500701235732 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  35. Adams, R. J., Piantadosi, C., Ettridge, K., Miller, C., Wilson, C., Tucker, G., & Hill, C. L. (2013). Functional health literacy mediates the relationship between socio-economic status, perceptions and lifestyle behaviors related to cancer risk in an Australian population. Patient Education and Counseling, 91(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2012.12.001 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  36. Ahn, S. J. (2018). Virtual exemplars in health promotion campaigns: Heightening perceived risk and involvement to reduce soft drink consumption in young adults. Journal of Media Psychology, 30(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000184 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  37. Akl, E. A., Oxman, A. D., Herrin, J., Vist, G. E., Terrenato, I., Sperati, F., Costiniuk, C., Blank, D., & Schünemann, H. (2011). Framing of health information messages. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD006777. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006777.pub2 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  38. Al Sayah, F., Majumdar, S. R., Williams, B., Robertson, S., & Johnson, J. A. (2013). Health literacy and health outcomes in diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2241-z Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  39. Allen, M., Bruflat, R., Fucilla, R., Kramer, M., McKellips, S., Ryan, D. J., & Spiegelhoff, M. (2000). Testing the persuasiveness of evidence: Combining narrative and statistical forms. Communication Research Reports, 17(4), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090009388781 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  40. Allen, M., & Preiss, R. W. (1997). Comparing the persuasiveness of narrative and statistical evidence using meta‐analysis. Communication Research Reports, 14(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099709388654 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  41. Altay, S., & Mercier, H. (2020). Framing messages for vaccination supporters. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Online ahead. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000271 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  42. Andreoli, V. A., Worchel, S., & Folger, R. (1974). Implied threat to behavioral freedom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(6), 765–771. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037529 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  43. Ashida, S., Goodman, M., Pandya, C., Koehly, L. M., Lachance, C., Stafford, J., & Kaphingst, K. A. (2011). Age differences in genetic knowledge, health literacy and causal beliefs for health conditions. Public Health Genomics, 14(4–5), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1159/000316234 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  44. Askelson, N. M., Campo, S., Lowe, J. B., Smith, S., Dennis, L. K., & Andsager, J. (2010). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict mothers’ intentions to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. The Journal of School Nursing, 26(3), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840510366022 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  45. Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Hrsg.), Psychology of learning and motivation (S. 89–195). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  46. Aust, C. F., & Zillmann, D. (1996). Effects of victim exemplification in television news on viewer perception of social issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 787–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300403 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  47. Austvoll-Dahlgren, A., Falk, R. S., & Helseth, S. (2012). Cognitive factors predicting intentions to search for health information: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 29(4), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12006 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  48. Baesler, E. J., & Burgoon, J. K. (1994). The temporal effects of story and statistical evidence on belief change. Communication Research, 21(5), 582–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021005002 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  49. Baker, D. W. (2006). The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(8), 878–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00540.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  50. Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J., & Patterson, M. (2000). The association between age and health literacy among elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 55(6), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.6.S368 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  51. Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1992). Gerontologie: Begriff, Herausforderung und Brennpunkte. In P. B. Baltes & J. Mittelstraß (Hrsg.), Zukunft des Alterns und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung (S. 1–34). de Gruyter. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  52. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  53. Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Hrsg.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (S. 61–90). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  54. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 893–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.893 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  55. Bar-Hillel, M. (1980). The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. Acta Psychologica, 44(3), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(80)90046-3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  56. Barmer (2021). BARMER-Umfrage zur Corona-Impfbereitschaft – Mehrheit will sich und eigene Kinder impfen lassen. Zuletzt angerufen am 22.1.2021 von https://www.barmer.de/presse/bundeslaender-aktuell/hamburg/aktuelles/corona-umfrage-impfbereitschaft-269860 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  57. Bartels, R. D., Kelly, K. M., & Rothman, A. J. (2010). Moving beyond the function of the health behaviour: The effect of message frame on behavioural decision-making. Psychology & Health, 25(7), 821–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08870440902893708 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  58. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  59. Bebbington, K., MacLeod, C., Ellison, T. M., & Fay, N. (2017). The sky is falling: Evidence of a negativity bias in the social transmission of information. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.07.004 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  60. Bendickson, J., Solomon, S. J., & Fang, X. (2017). Prospect theory: The impact of relative distances. Journal of Managerial Issues, 29(2), 155–168. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  61. Benoit, W. L. (1998). Forewarning and persuasion. In M. Allen & R. W. Preiss (Hrsg.), Persuasion: Advances through meta-analysis (S. 139–154). Hampton Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  62. Bensley, L. S., & Wu, R. (1991). The role of psychological reactance in drinking following alcohol prevention messages. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(13), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00461.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  63. Besedeš, T., Deck, C., Sarangi, S., & Shor, M. (2012). Age effects and heuristics in decision making. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(2), 580–595. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00174 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  64. Bessarabova, E., Fink, E. L., & Turner, M. (2013). Reactance, restoration, and cognitive structure: Comparative statics. Human Communication Research, 39(3), 339–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12007 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  65. Betsch, C., & Böhm, R. (2016). Detrimental effects of introducing partial compulsory vaccination: Experimental evidence. European Journal of Public Health, 26(3), 378–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv154 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  66. Betsch, C., Renkewitz, F., & Haase, N. (2013). Effect of narrative reports about vaccine adverse events and bias-awareness disclaimers on vaccine decisions: A simulation of an online patient social network. Medical Decision Making, 33(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X12452342 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  67. Betsch, C., Rossmann, C., Pletz, M. W., Vollmar, H. C., Freytag, A., Wichmann, O., Hanke, R., Hanke, W., Heinemeier, D., Schmid, P., Eitze, S., Weber, W., Reinhardt, A., Küpke, N. K., Forstner, C., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Mikolajetz, A., Römhild, J., Neufeind, J., … Reinhart, K. (2018). Increasing influenza and pneumococcal vaccine uptake in the elderly: Study protocol for the multi-methods prospective intervention study vaccination60+. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 885. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5787-9 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  68. Betsch, C., Ulshöfer, C., Renkewitz, F., & Betsch, T. (2011). The influence of narrative v. statistical information on perceiving vaccination risks. Medical Decision Making, 31(5), 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X11400419 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  69. Bigsby, E., Bigman, C. A., & Martinez Gonzalez, A. (2019). Exemplification theory: A review and meta-analysis of exemplar messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(4), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1681903 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  70. Bilandzic, H., Kalch, A., & Soentgen, J. (2017). Effects of goal framing and emotions on perceived threat and willingness to sacrifice for climate change. Science Communication, 39(4), 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017718553 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  71. Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  72. Blanchard-Fields, F., Mienaltowski, A., & Seay, R. B. (2007). Age differences in everyday problem-solving effectiveness: Older adults select more effective strategies for interpersonal problems. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 62(1), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.1.P61 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  73. Bolls, P. D., & Muehling, D. D. (2007). The effects of dual-task processing on consumers’ responses to high- and low-imagery radio advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 36(4), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367360403 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  74. Bosone, L., & Martinez, F. (2017). When, how and why is loss-framing more effective than gain- and non-gain-framing in the promotion of detection behaviors? International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.15 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  75. Boster, F. J., Cameron, K. A., Campo, S., Liu, W., Lillie, J. K., Baker, E. M., & Yun, K. A. (2000). The persuasive effects of statistical evidence in the presence of exemplars. Communication Studies, 51(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10510970009388525 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  76. Bostock, S., & Steptoe, A. (2012). Association between low functional health literacy and mortality in older adults: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ, 344, e1602–e1602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1602 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  77. Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1990). Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science, 247(4938), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2403694 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  78. Boyson, A. R., Zimmerman, R. S., & Shoemaker, S. (2015). Exemplification of HAART and HIV/AIDS: A news experiment. Health Communication, 30(9), 901–910. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.903222 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  79. Brandstädler, J. (1999). Sources of resilience in the aging self. In T. M. Hess & F. Blanchard-Fields (Hrsg.), Social cognition and aging (S. 123–141). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  80. Brauchbar, M., & Heer, H. (1993). Zukunft Alter: Herausforderung und Wagnis. Arte- mis & Winkler. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  81. Braverman, J. (2008). Testimonials versus informational persuasive messages: The moderating effect of delivery mode and personal involvement. Communication Research, 35(5), 666–694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208321785 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  82. Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  83. Brehm, J. W., & Rozen, E. (1971). Attractiveness of old alternatives when a new attractive alternative is introduced. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 20(3), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031909 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  84. Brehm, J. W, Stires, L. K., Sensenig, J., & Shaban, J. (1966). The attractiveness of an eliminated choice alternative. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(66)90086-2 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  85. Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  86. Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Rothman, A. J., Leask, J., & Kempe, A. (2017). Increasing vaccination: Putting psychological science into action. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(3), 149–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100618760521 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  87. Broemer, P. (2004). Ease of imagination moderates reactions to differently framed health messages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.185 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  88. Bromiley, P. (2010). Looking at prospect theory. Strategic Management Journal, 31(12), 1357–1370. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.885 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  89. Brosius, H.-B. (1995). Alltagsrationalität in der Nachrichtenrezeption. Westdeutscher Verlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  90. Brosius, H.-B. (1996). Der Einfluss von Fallbeispielen auf Urteile der Rezipienten. Rundfunk und Fernsehen, 44, 51–69. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  91. Brosius, H.-B. (2001). Toward an exemplification theory of news effects. Document Design, 2(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1075/dd.2.1.03bro Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  92. Brosius, H.-B., & Bathelt, A. (1994). The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research, 21(1), 48–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021001004 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  93. Brosius, H.-B., & Peter, C. (2017). Exemplification theory. In P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. van Zoonen (Hrsg.), The international encyclopedia of media effects (S. 1–9). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  94. Brosius, H.-B., Schweiger, W., & Rossmann, C. (2000). Auf der Suche nach den Ursachen des Fallbeispieleffekts: Der Einfluss von Anzahl und Art der Urheber von Fallbeispielinformation. Medienpsychologie, 12, 153–175. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  95. Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (2019). Zahlen und Fakten: Immer mehr ältere Menschen in Deutschland. Zuletzt abgerufen am 7.6.2020 von https://www.demografie-portal.de/SharedDocs/Informieren/DE/ZahlenFakten/Bevoelkerung_Altersstruktur.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  96. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (2019). Spahn wirbt für Grippeschutzimpfung. Meldungen. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/ministerium/meldungen/2019/grippeschutzimpfung.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  97. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (2020). Impfpflicht soll Kinder vor Masern schützen. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/impfpflicht.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  98. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (2021). Corona-Schutzimpfungen gestartet. Zuletzt abgerufen am 22.1.2021 von https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/coronavirus/corona-schutzimpfung-1830894 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  99. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (2012). Deutschland sucht den Impfpass. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.impfen-info.de/impfpass/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  100. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (2019). Grippeimpfung für Menschen ab 60 Jahren. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.impfen-info.de/grippeimpfung/menschen-ab-60/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  101. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (2020a). Herdenimmunität: Schutz für den Einzelnen und die Gemeinschaft. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.impfen-info.de/wissenswertes/herdenimmunitaet.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  102. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (2020b). Pneumokokken-Impfung bei Erwachsenen. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.impfen-info.de/impfempfehlungen/fuer-erwachsene/pneumokokken.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  103. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (2020c). Wir kommen der Grippe zuvor. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.impfen-info.de/grippeimpfung/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  104. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (2016). Demografischer Wandel. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/lexikon-der-wirtschaft/240461/demografischer-wandel Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  105. Burgoon, M., Alvaro, E., Grandpre, J., & Voulodakis, M. (2002). Revisiting the theory of psychological reactance. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Hrsg.), The persuasion handbook (S. 213–232). SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  106. Busch, R., Dögl, R., & Unger, F. (1997). Integriertes Marketing: Strategie, Organisation, Instrumente. Gabler. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  107. Busselle, R., & Bilandzic, H. (2008). Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  108. Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Bechara, A., Tranel, D., & Hawkley, L. C. (2011). Could an aging brain contribute to subjective well-being? The value added by a social neuroscience perspective. In A. Todorov, S. T. Fiske, & D. A. Prentice (Hrsg.), Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind (S. 249–262). Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  109. Calo, W. A., Gilkey, M. B., Shah, P. D., Moss, J. L., & Brewer, N. T. (2016). Parents’ support for school-entry requirements for Human Papillomavirus vaccination: A national study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 25(9), 1317–1325. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1159 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  110. Camerer, C. (2005). Three cheers—psychological, theoretical, empirical—for loss aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(2), 129–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.2.129.62286 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  111. Caplan, G. (1964). Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. Basic Books. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  112. Carstensen, L. L. (1991). Selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 11, 195–217. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  113. Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  114. Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913–1915. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127488 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  115. Carstensen, L. L., & DeLiema, M. (2018). The positivity effect: A negativity bias in youth fades with age. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.009 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  116. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. The American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  117. Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  118. Cassells, N. C. L., & Ball, D. R. (2014). Reactance and dissonance may reduce vaccination rates. Anaesthesia, 69(4), 395–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12654 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  119. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(12), 241–243. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  120. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 752–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  121. Chang, C. (2008). Increasing mental health literacy via narrative advertising. Journal of Health Communication, 13(1), 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081073 0701807027 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  122. Chang, C. (2009). “Being hooked” by editorial content: The implications for processing narrative advertising. Journal of Advertising, 38(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367380102 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  123. Chang, L., & Krosnick, J. A. (2010). Comparing oral interviewing with self-administered computerized questionnaires: An experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(1), 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfp090 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  124. Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2009). Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 383–409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  125. Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 132(2), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  126. Chien, Y.-H. (2013). Persuasiveness of online flu-vaccination promotional banners. Psychological Reports, 112(2), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.13.PR0.112.2.365-374 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  127. Chien, Y.-H., & Chang, W.-T. (2015). Effects of message framing and exemplars on promoting organ donation. Psychological Reports, 117(3), 692–702. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.PR0.117c25z7 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  128. Cho, H., & Sands, L. (2011). Gain- and loss-frame sun safety messages and psychological reactance of adolescents. Communication Research Reports, 28(4), 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.616242 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  129. Cho, Y. J., Thrasher, J. F., Swayampakala, K., Yong, H.-H., McKeever, R., Hammond, D., Anshari, D., Cummings, K. M., & Borland, R. (2016). Does reactance against cigarette warning labels matter? Warning label responses and downstream smoking cessation amongst adult smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States. PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0159245. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159245 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  130. Christenson, B., Hedlund, J., Lundbergh, P., & Ortqvist, A. (2004). Additive preventive effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in elderly persons. The European Respiratory Journal, 23(3), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.4.00063504 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  131. Churchill, S., & Pavey, L. (2013). Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption: The role of message framing and autonomy. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(3), 610–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12007 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  132. Ciolli, A. (2008). Mandatory school vaccinations: The role of tort law. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 81(3), 129–137. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  133. Clement, S., Ibrahim, S., Crichton, N., Wolf, M., & Rowlands, G. (2009). Complex interventions to improve the health of people with limited literacy: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 75(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.01.008 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  134. Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A., van der Linden, M., & Aldenhoff, L. (2004). The effect of ageing on the recollection of emotional and neutral pictures. Memory, 12(6), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210344000477 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  135. Connelly, S. L., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1991). Age and reading: The impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.533 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  136. Coulter, R. H., & Pinto, M. B. (1995). Guilt appeals in advertising: What are their effects? The Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(6), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.6.697 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  137. Couper, M. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/318641 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  138. Cox, A. D., Cox, D., & Zimet, G. (2006). Understanding consumer responses to product risk information. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.2006.70.1.79 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  139. Cox, D., & Cox, A. D. (2001). Communicating the consequences of early detection: The role of evidence and framing. Journal of Marketing, 65(3), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.3.91.18336 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  140. Craik, F. I. M., & McDowd, J. M. (1987). Age differences in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(3), 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.474 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  141. Crano, W. D., Alvaro, E. M., Tan, C. N., & Siegel, J. T. (2017). Social mediation of persuasive media in adolescent substance prevention. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000265 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  142. Critcher, C. R. (2007). Gain-loss framing. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Hrsg.), Encyclopedia of social psychology (S. 371–372). SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  143. Crossley, M. L. (2002). Resistance to health promotion: A preliminary comparative investigation of British and Australian students. Health Education, 102(6), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280210446838 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  144. Cuddy, L. L., Sikka, R., Silveira, K., Bai, S., & Vanstone, A. (2017). Music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in Alzheimer disease: Evidence for a positivity effect. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), 1277578. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1277578 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  145. Danckert, S. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2013). Does aging affect recall more than recognition memory? Psychology and Aging, 28(4), 902–909. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033263 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  146. Daschmann, G. (2001). Der Einfluss von Fallbeispielen auf Leserurteile. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Medienwirkung. UVK. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  147. Daschmann, G., & Brosius, H.-B. (1997). Ist das Stilmittel die Botschaft? Fallbeispiele in deutschen Fernsehmagazinen. Rundfunk und Fernsehen, 45, 486–504. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  148. Daschmann, G., & Brosius, H.-B. (1999). Can a single incident create an issue? Exemplars in German television magazine shows. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909907600104 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  149. de Bruijn, G.-J., Out, K., & Rhodes, R. E. (2014). Testing the effects of message framing, kernel state, and exercise guideline adherence on exercise intentions and resolve. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(4), 871–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12086 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  150. de Wit, J. B. F., Das, E., & Vet, R. (2008). What works best: Objective statistics or a personal testimonial? An assessment of the persuasive effects of different types of message evidence on risk perception. Health Psychology, 27(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.110 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  151. Derryberry, D., & Tucker, D. M. (1994). Motivating the focus of attention. In P. M. Niedenthal & S. Kitayama (Hrsg.), The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (S. 167–196). Academic Press Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  152. Detweiler, J. B., Bedell, B. T., Salovey, P., Pronin, E., & Rothman, A. J. (1999). Message framing and sunscreen use: Gain-framed messages motivate beach-goers. Health Psychology, 18(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.18.2.189 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  153. Dever, J. A., Rafferty, A., & Valliant, R. (2008). Internet surveys: Can statistical adjustments eliminate coverage bias? Survey Research Methods, 2(2), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2008.v2i2.128 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  154. Devos-Comby, L., & Salovey, P. (2002). Applying persuasion strategies to alter HIV-relevant thoughts and behavior. Review of General Psychology, 6(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.3.287 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  155. Dickel, N. (2020). Persuasion. In M. A. Wirtz (Hrsg.), Dorsch: Lexikon der Psychologie (S. 1182). Hogrefe. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  156. Dillard, A. J., Fagerlin, A., Cin, S. D., Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., & Ubel, P. A. (2010). Narratives that address affective forecasting errors reduce perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.038 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  157. Dillard, J. P., & Meijnders, A. (2002). Persuasion and the structure of affect. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Hrsg.), The persuasion handbook: Theory and practice (S. 309–328). SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  158. Dillard, J. P., & Peck, E. (2000). Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements. Communication Research, 27(4), 461–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027004003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  159. Dillard, J. P., & Peck, E. (2001). Persuasion and the structure of affect. Human Communication Research, 27(1), 38–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00775.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  160. Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  161. Dittmar, J. F. (2010). Grundlagen der Medienwissenschaft. TU Berlin. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  162. Doherty, M., Buchy, P., Standaert, B., Giaquinto, C., & Prado-Cohrs, D. (2016). Vaccine impact: Benefits for human health. Vaccine, 34(52), 6707–6714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.025 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  163. Dubé, E., Laberge, C., Guay, M., Bramadat, P., Roy, R., & Bettinger, J. A. (2013). Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 9(8), 1763–1773. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.24657 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  164. Durkin, S. J., Biener, L., & Wakefield, M. A. (2009). Effects of different types of anti-smoking ads on reducing disparities in smoking cessation among socioeconomic subgroups. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2217–2223. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161638 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  165. Duden online (2020a). Einzelfall. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.duden.de/node/38511/revision/38540 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  166. Duden online (2020b). Fallbeispiel. Zuletzt abgerufen am 20.5.2020 von https://www.duden.de/node/44726/revision/44755 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  167. El-Khoury, J. R., & Shafer, A. (2016). Narrative Exemplars and the Celebrity Spokesperson in Lebanese Anti-Domestic Violence Public Service Announcements. Journal of Health Communication, 21(8), 935–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1177146 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  168. English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2015). Does positivity operate when the stakes are high? Health status and decision making among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 348–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039121 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  169. Engs, R., & Hanson, D. J. (1989). Reactance theory: A test with collegiate drinking. Psychological Reports, 64, 1083–1086. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1083 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  170. Escalas, J. E., Chapman Moore, M., & Edell, J. (2004). Fishing for feelings? Hooking viewers helps! Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1–2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1401&2_12 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  171. Ewinger, D., Ternès, A., Koerbel, J., & Towers, I. (2016). Best Ager, Platin Surfer, Silver Generation – gibt es die neuen Alten? In D. Ewinger, A. Ternès, J. Koerbel, & I. Towers (Hrsg.), Arbeitswelt im Zeitalter der Individualisierung (S. 21–32). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  172. Fagerlin, A., Wang, C., & Ubel, P. A. (2005). Reducing the influence of anecdotal reasoning on people’s health care decisions: Is a picture worth a thousand statistics? Medical Decision Making, 25(4), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X05278931 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  173. Fahy, A., & Desmond, D. M. (2010). Irish mothers’ intentions to have daughters receive the HPV vaccine. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 179(3), 427–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-010-0501-7 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  174. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  175. Ferguson, E., & Gallagher, L. (2007). Message framing with respect to decisions about vaccination: The roles of frame valence, frame method and perceived risk. British Journal of Psychology, 98(4), 667–680. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X190692 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  176. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  177. Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(4), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0049073 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  178. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  179. Field, D., & Minkler, M. (1988). Continuity and change in social support between young-old and old-old or very-old age. Journal of Gerontology, 43(4), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/43.4.p100 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  180. Filipp, S.-H., & Mayer, A.-K. (1999). Bilder des Alterns: Altersstereotype und die Beziehungen zwischen den Generationen. Kohlhammer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  181. Fine, P. E. (1993). Herd immunity: History, theory, practice. Epidemiologic Reviews, 15(2), 265–302. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  182. Fine, P., Eames, K., & Heymann, D. L. (2011). “Herd immunity”: A rough guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 52(7), 911–916. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir007 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  183. Fingerman, K. L., & Perlmutter, M. (1995). Future time perspective and life events across adulthood. The Journal of General Psychology, 122(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1995.9921225 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  184. Finney, L. J., & Iannotti, R. J. (2002). Message framing and mammography screening: A theory-driven intervention. Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280209596393 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  185. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  186. Fleming, K., Kim, S. H., Doo, M., Maguire, G., & Potkin, S. G. (2003). Memory for emotional stimuli in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 18(6), 340–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750301800604 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  187. Fox, A. B., Rosen, J., & Crawford, M. (2009). Distractions, distractions: Does instant messaging affect college students’ performance on a concurrent reading comprehension task? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(1), 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0107 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  188. Foxcroft, D. R., Lister-Sharp, D., & Lowe, G. (1997). Alcohol misuse prevention for young people: A systematic review reveals methodological concerns and lack of reliable evidence of effectiveness. Addiction, 92(5), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1997.9255313.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  189. Frew, P. M., Saint-Victor, D. S., Owens, L. E., & Omer, S. B. (2014). Socioecological and message framing factors influencing maternal influenza immunization among minority women. Vaccine, 32(15), 1736–1744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.030 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  190. Fuqua, D. R., Leonard, E., Masters, M. A., Smith, R. J., Campbell, J. L., & Fischer, P. C. (1991). A Structural Analysis of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512018 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  191. Gainforth, H. L., Cao, W., & Latimer-Cheung, A. E. (2012). Message framing and parents’ intentions to have their children vaccinated against HPV. Public Health Nursing, 29(6), 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2012.01038.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  192. Gainforth, H. L., & Latimer, A. E. (2012). Risky business: Risk information and the moderating effect of message frame and past behaviour on women’s perceptions of the Human Papillomavirus vaccine. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(6), 896–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311431173 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  193. Gal, D., & Rucker, D. D. (2018). The loss of loss aversion: Will it loom larger than its gain? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(3), 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1047 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  194. Galanakis, E., Jansen, A., Lopalco, P. L., & Giesecke, J. (2013). Ethics of mandatory vaccination for healthcare workers. Euro Surveillance: European Communicable Disease Bulletin, 18(45), 20627. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.45.20627 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  195. Gallagher, K. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Health message framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43(1), https://doi.org/1101–116.10.1007/s12160-011-9308-7 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  196. Ganzach, Y., & Karsahi, N. (1995). Message framing and buying behavior: A field experiment. Journal of Business Research, 32(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(93)00038-3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  197. Gardner, L., & Leshner, G. (2016). The role of narrative and other-referencing in attenuating psychological reactance to diabetes self-care messages. Health Communication, 31(6), 738–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.993498 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  198. Gattringer, K., & Turecek, I. (2017). Stabile Radionutzung. Media Perspektiven, 10, 509–523. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  199. Geiser, H. (2007). Wie macht man eigentlich gute Funkspots? Anmerkung eines “Kreativen”. In D. K. Müller & E. Raff (Hrsg.), Praxiswissen Radio: Wie Radio gemacht wird. Und wie Radiowerbung anmacht (S. 59–66). Springer VS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  200. Geppert, J., Goigofski, M., Kamm, K., Merz, N., Potgeter, M., Rossmann, C., Sager, A., Seifert, M., & Weiß, P. (2017). Narrativ oder Fallbeispiel? Eine experimentelle Untersuchung der Wirkung von Erklärvideos zur Aufklärung über die Risiken von Antibiotikaresistenz. In M. Grimm & C. Lampert (Hrsg.), Gesundheitskommunikation als transdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld (S. 157–174). Nomos. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  201. Gerend, M. A., & Shepherd, J. E. (2007). Using message framing to promote acceptance of the Human Papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychology, 26(6), 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.745 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  202. Gerend, M. A., & Shepherd, J. E. (2012). Predicting Human Papillomavirus vaccine uptake in young adult women: Comparing the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9366-5 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  203. Gerend, M. A., Shepherd, J. E., & Monday, K. A. (2008). Behavioral frequency moderates the effects of message framing on HPV vaccine acceptability. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9024-0 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  204. Gerend, M. A., & Sias, T. (2009). Message framing and color priming: How subtle threat cues affect persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 999–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.002 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  205. Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.154 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  206. Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Walter, N., Shir-Raz, Y., & Green, M. S. (2015). Voluntary or mandatory? The valence framing effect of attitudes regarding HPV vaccination. Journal of Health Communication, 20(11), 1287–1293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018642 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  207. Gibson, R., Callison, C., & Zillmann, D. (2011). Quantitative literacy and affective reactivity in processing statistical information and case histories in the news. Media Psychology, 14(1), 96–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2010.547830 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  208. Gibson, R., & Zillmann, D. (1994). Exaggerated versus representative exemplification in news reports: Perception of issues and personal consequences. Communication Research, 21(5), 603–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021005003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  209. Gopnik, A. (2019). Can we live longer but stay younger? The New Yorker. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/20/can-we-live-longer-but-stay-younger Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  210. Grandpre, J., Alvaro, E. M., Burgoon, M., Miller, C. H., & Hall, J. R. (2003). Adolescent reactance and anti-smoking campaigns: A theoretical approach. Health Communication, 15(3), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1503_6 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  211. Gray, J. B., & Harrington, N. G. (2011). Narrative and framing: A test of an integrated message strategy in the exercise context. Journal of Health Communication, 16(3), 264–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.529490 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  212. Green, M. C. (2004). Transportation into narrative worlds: The role of prior knowledge and perceived realism. Discourse Processes, 38(2), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326950dp3802_5 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  213. Green, M. C. (2006). Narratives and cancer communication. Journal of Communication, 56(S1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00288.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  214. Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  215. Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2002). In the mind’s eye: Transportation-imagery model of narrative persuasion. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, & T. C. Brock (Hrsg.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations (S. 315–341). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  216. Green, M. C., Brock, T. C., & Kaufman, G. F. (2005). Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds. Communication Theory, 14(4), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.2004.14.issue-4 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  217. Green, M. C., Garst, J., & Brock, T. C. (2004). The power of fiction: Determinants and boundaries. In L. J. Shrum (Hrsg.), The psychology of entertainment media (S. 161–176). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  218. Greene, K., & Brinn, L. S. (2003). Messages influencing college women’s tanning bed use: Statistical versus narrative evidence format and a self-assessment to increase perceived susceptibility. Journal of Health Communication, 8(5), 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/713852118 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  219. Greene, K., Campo, S., & Banerjee, S. C. (2010). Comparing normative, anecdotal, and statistical risk evidence to discourage tanning bed use. Communication Quarterly, 58(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463371003773366 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  220. Grühn, D., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (2005). No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.579 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  221. Guenther, L., Gaertner, M., & Zeitz, J. (2020). Framing as a concept for health communication: A systematic review. Health Communication, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1723048 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  222. Guttman, N., Kegler, M., & McLeroy, K. R. (1996). Health promotion paradoxes, antinomies and conundrums. Health Education Research, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/11.1.1 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  223. Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., Boynton, M. H., & Brewer, N. T. (2017). A brief measure of reactance to health warnings. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(3), 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9821-z Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  224. Hammock, T., & Brehm, J. W. (1966). The attractiveness of choice alternatives when freedom to choose is eliminated by a social agent. Journal of Personality, 34(4), 546–554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1966.tb02370.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  225. Häder, M. (2006). Empirische Sozialforschung. Eine Einführung. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  226. Harrington, N. G., & Kerr, A. M. (2017). Rethinking risk: Prospect theory application in health message framing research. Health Communication, 32(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1110004 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  227. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(3), 356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  228. Hastall, M. R., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2013). Severity, efficacy, and evidence type as determinants of health message exposure. Health Communication, 28(4), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.690175 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  229. Haydarov, R., & Gordon, J. C. (2015). Effect of combining attribute and goal framing within messages to change vaccination behavior. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 8(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1179/1753807615Y.0000000005 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  230. Hayes, A. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. The Guildford Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  231. Hayles, E. H., Cooper, S. C., Wood, N., Sinn, J., & Skinner, S. R. (2015). What predicts postpartum pertussis booster vaccination? A controlled intervention trial. Vaccine, 33(1), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.074 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  232. Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.1.176 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  233. Heckhausen, J. (2001). Adaption and resilience in midlife. In M. E. Lachman (Hrsg.), Handbook of midlife development (S. 498–540). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  234. Heilman, M. E. (1976). Oppositional behavior as a function of influence attempt intensity and retaliation threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(5), 574–578. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.33.5.574 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  235. Heinemeier, D., Reinhardt, A., Hanke, R., Betsch, C., & Rossmann, C. (in prep.). Using behavioral insights and human-centered design methods to increase vaccination acceptance among older adults: An integrated framework of campaign design. Health Communication. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  236. Helm, R., Scheunert, U., & Landschulze, S. (2012). Was wissen wir zum (Konsumenten-)Verhalten von Senioren? Eine alterseffektbasierte Status-Quo-Literaturbetrachtung des Seniorenmarketing. DBW – Die Betriebswirtschaft, 72(5/12), 427–446. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  237. Helmholtz Zentrum München (2020). Lungenentzündung: Verbreitung. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.lungeninformationsdienst.de/krankheiten/lungenentzuendung/verbreitung/index.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  238. Hilt, M. L. (2013). Television news and the elderly: Broadcast managers’ attitudes toward older adults. Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  239. Hinyard, L. J., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: A conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education & Behavior:, 34(5), 777–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106291963 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  240. Holmes, R. M., Bromiley, P., Devers, C. E., Holcomb, T. R., & McGuire, J. B. (2011). Management theory applications of prospect theory: Accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1069–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310394863 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  241. Hong, S.-M., Giannakopoulos, E., Laing, D., & Williams, N. A. (1994). Psychological reactance: Effects of age and gender. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(2), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9711385 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  242. Hopfer, S. (2012). Effects of a narrative HPV vaccination intervention aimed at reaching college women: A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 13(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0254-1 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  243. Hornik, R., & Niederdeppe, J. (2008). Information scanning. In W. Donsbach (Hrsg.), The international encyclopedia of communication (S. 2257–2261). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  244. Hornikx, J. (2007). Is anecdotal evidence more persuasive than statistical evidence? A comment on classic cognitive psychological studies. Studies in Communication Sciences, 7, 151–164. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  245. Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  246. Inhoffen, L. (2019). Podcasts werden besonders häufig von Jüngeren genutzt. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://yougov.de/news/2019/09/24/podcasts-werden-besonders-haufig-von-jungeren-genu/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  247. Isaacowitz, D. M., & Choi, Y. (2012). Looking, feeling, and doing: Are there age differences in attention, mood, and behavioral responses to skin cancer information? Health Psychology, 31(5), 650–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026666 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  248. Isaacowitz, D. M., & Harris, J. (2014). Middle-aged adults facing skin cancer information: Fixation, mood and behavior. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036399 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  249. Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006). Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye-tracking study. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.40 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  250. Jensen, J. D., King, A. J., Carcioppolo, N., Krakow, M., Samadder, N. J., & Morgan, S. (2014). Comparing tailored and narrative worksite interventions at increasing colonoscopy adherence in adults 50–75: A randomized controlled trial. Social Science & Medicine, 104, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  251. Jeong, Y. (2011). The impact of commercial break position on advertising effectiveness in different mood conditions. Journal of Promotion Management, 17(3), 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2011.596765 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  252. Jeyanathan, M., Afkhami, S., Smaill, F., Miller, M. S., Lichty, B. D., & Xing, Z. (2020). Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(10), 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00434-6 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  253. Johnson, D. J., & Case, D. O. (2012). Health information seeking. Peter Lang. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  254. Jovic-Vranes, A., & Bjegovic-Mikanovic, V. (2012). Which women patients have better health literacy in Serbia? Patient Education and Counseling, 89(1), 209–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2012.06.001 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  255. Kade, S. (2009). Altern und Bildung: Eine Einführung. Bertelsmann Verlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  256. Kahan, D. M. (2000). Gentle nudges vs. hard shoves: Solving the sticky norms problem. The University of Chicago Law Review, 67(3), 607–645. https://doi.org/10.2307/1600336 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  257. Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. The American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  258. Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2001). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgement. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Hrsg.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (S. 49–81). Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  259. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  260. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  261. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2000). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. In Daniel Kahneman & A. Tversky (Hrsg.), Choices, values, and frames (S. 17–43). Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  262. Kang, H., & Lee, M. J. (2018). Designing anti-binge drinking prevention messages: Message framing vs. evidence type. Health Communication, 33(12), 1494–1502. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1372046 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  263. Kang, Y., Cappella, J., & Fishbein, M. (2006). The attentional mechanism of message sensation value: Interaction between message sensation value and argument quality on message effectiveness. Communication Monographs, 73(4), 351–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750601024164 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  264. Kayser, D. N., Graupmann, V., Fryer, J. W., & Frey, D. (2016). Threat to freedom and the detrimental effect of avoidance goal frames: Reactance as a mediating variable. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00632 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  265. Kazoleas, D. C. (1993). A comparison of the persuasive effectiveness of qualitative versus quantitative evidence: A test of explanatory hypotheses. Communication Quarterly, 41(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379309369866 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  266. Kelly, A. E., & Nauta, M. M. (1997). Reactance and thought suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(11), 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672972311001 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  267. Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(3), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503011.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  268. Kensinger, E. A., O’Brien, J. L., Swanberg, K., Garoff-Eaton, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). The effects of emotional content on reality-monitoring performance in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 22(4), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.752 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  269. Kickbusch, I., Pelikan, J. M., Apfel, F., & Tsouros, A. G. (2013). Health Literacy: The solid facts. World Health Organization. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  270. Kim, H. K., Lee, T. K., & Kong, W. Y. (2020). The interplay between framing and regulatory focus in processing narratives about HPV vaccination in Singapore. Health Communication, 35(2), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1553022 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  271. Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012). Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01644.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  272. Kim, J., & Nan, X. (2019). Temporal framing effects differ for narrative versus non-narrative messages: The case of promoting HPV vaccination. Communication Research, 46(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215626980 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  273. Kim, K. E. (2015). Framing as a strategic persuasive message tactic. In D. Holzhau- sen & A. Zerfass (Hrsg.), The Routledge handbook of strategic communication (S. 285–302). Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  274. Kim, S. H. (2009). Health literacy and functional health status in Korean older adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(16), 2337–2343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02739.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  275. Kim, S., Healey, M. K., Goldstein, D., Hasher, L., & Wiprzycka, U. J. (2008). Age differences in choice satisfaction: A positivity effect in decision making. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.33 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  276. Kim, S., Pjesivac, I., & Jin, Y. (2019). Effects of message framing on influenza vaccination: Understanding the role of risk disclosure, perceived vaccine efficacy, and felt ambivalence. Health Communication, 34(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1384353 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  277. Kisley, M. A., Wood, S., & Burrows, C. L. (2007). Looking at the sunny side of life: Age-related change in an event-related potential measure of the negativity bias. Psychological Science, 18(9), 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01988.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  278. Kleinsteuber, H. J. (2012). Radio: Eine Einführung. Springer VS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  279. Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Sarge, M. A. (2015). Impacts of exemplification and efficacy as characteristics of an online weight-loss message on selective exposure and subsequent weight-loss behavior. Communication Research, 42(4), 547–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213478440 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  280. Koch, L., Ort, A., Reinhardt, A., Weber, W., Rossmann, C., & Fahr, A. (2020, April 2). The impact of mixed-valence frames on sun protection—New insights into gain-loss framing considering emotional flow and arousal. Kentucky Conference on Health Communication, virtuelle Konferenz. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  281. Kohn, P. M., & Barnes, G. E. (1977). Subject variables and reactance to persuasive communications about drugs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420070108 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  282. Kopfman, J. E., Smith, S. W., Yun, J. K. A., & Hodges, A. (1998). Affective and cognitive reactions to narrative versus statistical evidence organ donation messages. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26(3), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889809365508 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  283. Kotter-Grühn, D., Kleinspehn-Ammerlahn, A., Hoppmann, C. A., Röcke, C., Rapp, M. A., Gerstorf, D., & Ghisletta, P. (2010). Veränderungen im hohen Alter: Zusammenfassung längsschnittlicher Befunde der Berliner Altersstudie. Die Berliner Altersstudie, 3, 660-–689. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  284. Krämer, B. (2015). Fallbeispieleffekte. Nomos. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  285. Kreuter, M. W., Green, M. C., Cappella, J. N., Slater, M. D., Wise, M. E., Storey, D., Clark, E. M., O’Keefe, D. J., Erwin, D. O., Holmes, K., Hinyard, L. J., Houston, T., & Woolley, S. (2007). Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(3), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02879904 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  286. Kreuter, M. W., Holmes, K., Alcaraz, K., Kalesan, B., Rath, S., Richert, M., McQueen, A., Caito, N., Robinson, L., & Clark, E. M. (2010). Comparing narrative and informational videos to increase mammography in low-income African American women. Patient Education and Counseling, 81, 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.09.008 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  287. Krieb, C., & Reidl, A. (2001). Seniorenmarketing. mi. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  288. Kroeber-Riel, W., Weinberg, P., & Gröppel-Klein, A. (2009). Konsumentenverhalten. Verlag Franz Vahlen. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  289. Kronrod, A., Grinstein, A., & Wathieu, L. (2012). Go green! Should environmental messages be so assertive? Journal of Marketing, 76(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.10.0416 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  290. Kübler, H.-D., Burkhardt, W., & Graf, A. (1991). Ältere Menschen und neue Medien. Eine Rezeptionsstudie zum Medienverhalten und zur Medienkompetenz älterer Menschen in Hamburg und Umgebung. Vistas. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  291. Kühberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75(1), 23–55. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2781 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  292. Kuhl, J. (1986). Motivation and information processing: A new look at decision making, dynamic change, and action control. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Hrsg.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (S. 404–434). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  293. Le, T., Chaudhuri, S., White, C., Thompson, H., & Demiris, G. (2014). Trust in health information sources differs between young/middle and oldest old. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(4), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.120921-ARB-459 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  294. Lechuga, J., Swain, G. R., & Weinhardt, L. S. (2011). Impact of framing on intentions to vaccinate daughters against HPV: A cross-cultural perspective. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9273-1 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  295. LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Emotion as memory: Anatomical systems underlying indelible neural traces. In S.-A. Christianson (Hrsg.), The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory (S. 269–288). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  296. Lee, H., & Cameron, G. T. (2017). Utilizing audiovisual and gain-framed messages to attenuate psychological reactance toward weight management health messages. Health Communication, 32(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1099506 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  297. Lee, J. K., Hecht, M. L., Miller-Day, M., & Elek, E. (2011). Evaluating mediated perception of narrative health messages: The perception of narrative performance scale. Communication Methods and Measures, 5(2), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2011.568374 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  298. Lefevere, J., De Swert, K., & Walgrave, S. (2012). Effects of popular exemplars in television news. Communication Research, 39(1), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210387124 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  299. Lehr, U. (2003). Psychologie des Alterns. Quelle & Meyer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  300. Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 25(8), 1117–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.10.015 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  301. Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In L. Berkowitz (Hrsg.), Advances in experimental social psychology (S. 119–186). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  302. Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  303. Lewis, C. L., Pignone, M. P., Sheridan, S. L., Downs, S. M., & Kinsinger, L. S. (2003). A randomized trial of three videos that differ in the framing of information about mammography in women 40 to 49 years old. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(11), 875–883. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21152.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  304. Lewis, N. (2017). Information seeking and scanning. In P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. van Zoonen (Hrsg.), The international encyclopedia of media effects (S. 1–10). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  305. Lim, S.-L., & Bruce, A. S. (2015). Prospect theory and body mass: Characterizing psychological parameters for weight-related risk attitudes and weight-gain aversion. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 330. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00330 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  306. Limon, M. S., & Kazoleas, D. C. (2004). A comparison of exemplar and statistical evidence in reducing counter‐arguments and responses to a message. Communication Research Reports, 21(3), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090409359991 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  307. Liu, S., Yang, J. Z., & Chu, H. (2019). Now or future? Analyzing the effects of message frame and format in motivating Chinese females to get HPV vaccines for their children. Patient Education and Counseling, 102(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.09.005 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  308. Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Aging, emotion, and health-related decision strategies: Motivational manipulations can reduce age differences. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.134 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  309. Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2008). Decision strategies in healthcare choices for self and others: Older adults make adjustments for the age of the decision target, younger adults do not. The Journals of Gerontology, 63(2), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.2.p106 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  310. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  311. Love, G. D., Mouttapa, M., & Tanjasiri, S. P. (2009). Everybody’s talking: Using entertainment-education video to reduce barriers to discussion of cervical cancer screening among Thai women. Health Education Research, 24(5), 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp019 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  312. Lühnen, J., Albrecht, M., Mühlhauser, I., & Steckelberg, A. (2017). Leitlinie evidenzbasierte Gesundheitsinformation. Deutsches Netzwerk Evidenzbasierte Medizin e. V. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.leitlinie-gesundheitsinformation.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Leitlinie-evidenzbasierte-Gesundheitsinformation.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  313. Ma, Z., & Nan, X. (2019). Positive facts, negative stories: Message framing as a moderator of narrative persuasion in antismoking communication. Health Communication, 34(12), 1454–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1499702 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  314. Mahoney, L. J. (1977). Early diagnosis of breast cancer: The breast self-examination problem. Canadian Family Physician, 23, 91–93. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  315. Martin, J. A., Myrick, J. G., & Walker, K. K. (2017). How young, uninsured Americans respond to news coverage of Obamacare: An experimental test of an affective mediation model. Mass Communication and Society, 20(5), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1333621 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  316. Martin, M., & Kliegel, M. (2010). Psychologische Grundlagen der Gerontologie. Kohlhammer. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  317. Mather, M. (2016). The affective neuroscience of aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 213–238. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  318. Mather, M., Canli, T., English, T., Whitfield, S., Wais, P., Ochsner, K., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychological Science, 15(4), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00662.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  319. Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14(5), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01455 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  320. Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Choice-supportive source monitoring: Do our decisions seem better to us as we age? Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.596 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  321. Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults’ emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.554 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  322. Mather, M., Knight, M., & McCaffrey, M. (2005). The allure of the alignable: Younger and older adults’ false memories of choice features. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 134(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.38 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  323. Mazis, M. B., Settle, R. B., & Leslie, D. C. (1973). Elimination of phosphate detergents and psychological reactance. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(4), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.2307/3149386 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  324. Mazor, K. M., Baril, J., Dugan, E., Spencer, F., Burgwinkle, P., & Gurwitz, J. H. (2007). Patient education about anticoagulant medication: Is narrative evidence or statistical evidence more effective? Patient Education and Counseling, 69(1–3), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.08.010 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  325. McCall, L. A., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2004). The effects of message framing on exercise adherence and health beliefs among patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 9(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2004.tb00096.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  326. McCaul, K. D., Johnson, R. J., & Rothman, A. J. (2002). The effects of framing and action instructions on whether older adults obtain flu shots. Health Psychology, 21(6), 624–628. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.21.6.624 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  327. McCormick, M., & Seta, J. J. (2016). Lateralized goal framing: How health messages are influenced by valence and contextual/analytic processing. Psychology & Health, 31(5), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1117082 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  328. Meyer-Hentschel, H., & Meyer-Hentschel, G. (2006). Neue Spielregeln durch reife Kunden. In H. Meyer-Hentschel & G. Meyer-Hentschel (Hrsg.), Jahrbuch Seniorenmarketing 2006/2007 (S. 65–86). Deutscher Fachverlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  329. Meyer-Hentschel, H., & Meyer-Hentschel, G. (2009). Seniorenmarketing: Generationsgerechte Entwicklung und Vermarktung von Produkten und Dienstleistungen. BusinessVillage. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  330. Meyerowitz, B. E., & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.500 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  331. Mikels, J. A., Larkin, G. R., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Divergent trajectories in the aging mind: Changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 542–553. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.542 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  332. Miller, C. H., Ivanov, B., Sims, J., Compton, J., Harrison, K. J., Parker, K. A., Parker, J. L., & Averbeck, J. M. (2013). Boosting the potency of resistance: Combining the motivational forces of inoculation and psychological reactance. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01438.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  333. Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., & Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00297.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  334. Miron, A. M., & Brehm, J. W. (2006). Reactance theory: 40 years later. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.1.9 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  335. Morrow, D., Clark, D., Tu, W., Wu, J., Weiner, M., Steinley, D., & Murray, M. D. (2006). Correlates of health literacy in patients with chronic heart failure. The Gerontologist, 46(5), 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.5.669 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  336. Mõttus, R., Johnson, W., Murray, C., Wolf, M. S., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Towards understanding the links between health literacy and physical health. Health Psychology, 33(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031439 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  337. Moyer-Gusé, E. (2008). Toward a theory of entertainment persuasion: Explaining the persuasive effects of entertainment-education messages. Communication Theory, 18(3), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00328.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  338. Moyer-Gusé, E., & Nabi, R. L. (2010). Explaining the effects of narrative in an entertainment television program: Overcoming resistance to persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(1), 26–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01367.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  339. Murphy, S. T., Frank, L. B., Chatterjee, J. S., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2013). Narrative versus nonnarrative: The role of identification, transportation, and emotion in reducing health disparities: Narrative vs. nonnarrative. Journal of Communication, 63(1), 116–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12007 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  340. Nabi, R. L. (2002). Anger, fear, uncertainty, and attitudes: A test of the cognitive-functional model. Communication Monographs, 69(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216541 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  341. Nabi, R. L., & Green, M. C. (2015). The role of a narrative’s emotional flow in promoting persuasive outcomes. Media Psychology, 18(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.912585 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  342. Nan, X. (2012a). Communicating to young adults about HPV vaccination: Consideration of message framing, motivation, and gender. Health Communication, 27(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.567447 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  343. Nan, X. (2012b). Relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed Human Papillomavirus vaccination messages for the present- and future-minded. Human Communication Research, 38(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01419.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  344. Nan, X., Dahlstrom, M. F., Richards, A., & Rangarajan, S. (2014). Influence of evidence type and narrative type on HPV risk perception and intention to obtain the HPV vaccine. Health Communication, 30(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.888629 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  345. Nan, X., Daily, K., & Qin, Y. (2018). Relative persuasiveness of gain- vs. loss-framed messages: A review of theoretical perspectives and developing an integrative framework. Review of Communication, 18(4), 370–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1519845 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  346. Nan, X., Daily, K., Richards, A., & Holt, C. (2019). Parental support for HPV vaccination mandates among African Americans: The impact of message framing and consideration of future consequences. Health Communication, 34(12), 1404–1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1493419 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  347. Nan, X., Futerfas, M., & Ma, Z. (2017). Role of narrative perspective and modality in the persuasiveness of public service advertisements promoting HPV vaccination. Health Communication, 32(3), 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1138379 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  348. Nan, X., Xie, B., & Madden, K. (2012). Acceptability of the H1N1 vaccine among older adults: The interplay of message framing and perceived vaccine safety and efficacy. Health Communication, 27(6), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.617243 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  349. Neunzig, W. (2000). Marketing für gebildete und lebenserfahrene Zielgruppen im Verlag Das Beste. In Meyer-Hentschel Management Consulting (Hrsg.), Handbuch Seniorenmarketing (S. 705–724). dfv. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  350. Newell, B. R., Lagnado, D. A., & Shanks, D. R. (2007). Straight choices: The psychology of decision making. Psychology Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  351. Niederdeppe, J. (2014). Conceptual, empirical, and practical issues in developing valid measures of public communication campaign exposure. Communication Methods and Measures, 8(2), 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.903391 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  352. Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference. Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Prentice Hall. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  353. Noar, S. M. (2006). A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here? Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730500461059 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  354. Noar, S. M. (2009). Challenges in evaluating health communication campaigns: Defining the issues. Communication Methods and Measures, 3(1–2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450902809367 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  355. Noh, S. R., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2015). The effects of varying contextual demands on age-related positive gaze preferences. Psychology and Aging, 30(2), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039233 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  356. Notthoff, N., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014). Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036748 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  357. Notthoff, N., Klomp, P., Doerwald, F., & Scheibe, S. (2016). Positive messages enhance older adults’ motivation and recognition memory for physical activity programmes. European Journal of Ageing, 13(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10433-016-0368-1 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  358. Oatley, K. (2002). Emotions and the story worlds of fiction. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, & T. C. Brock (Hrsg.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations (S. 39–69). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  359. Ofstead, C. L., Tucker, S. J., Beebe, T. J., & Poland, G. A. (2008). Influenza vaccination among registered nurses: Information receipt, knowledge, and decision-making at an institution with a multifaceted educational program. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 29(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1086/526431 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  360. O’Keefe, D. J. (2011). Generalizing about the persuasive effects of message variations: The case of gain-framed and loss-framed appeals. In T. Van Haaften, H. Jansen, & J. de Jong (Hrsg.), Bending opinion: Essays on persuasion in the public domain (S. 117–131). Leiden University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  361. O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2006). The advantages of compliance or the disadvantages of noncompliance? A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasive effectiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 30, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2006.11679054 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  362. O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2007). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease prevention behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Health Communication, 12(7), 623–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701615198 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  363. O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2008). Do loss-framed persuasive messages engender greater message processing than do gain-framed messages? A meta-analytic review. Communication Studies, 59(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/0.1080/10510970701849388 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  364. O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2009). The relative persuasiveness of gain-framed and loss-framed messages for encouraging disease detection behaviors: A meta- analytic review. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  365. O’Keefe, D. J., & Nan, X. (2012). The relative persuasiveness of gain- and loss-framed messages for promoting vaccination: A meta-analytic review. Health Communication, 27(8), 776–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.640974 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  366. Organ, D. W. (1974). Social exchange and psychological reactance in a simulated superior-subordinate relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 12(1), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(74)90042-7 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  367. Osberghaus, D. (2017). Prospect theory, mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Journal of Risk Research, 20(7), 909–930. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121907 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  368. Osterhouse, R. A., & Brock, T. C. (1970). Distraction increase yielding to propaganda by inhibiting counterarguing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(4), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029598 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  369. Ownby, R. L., Waldrop-Valverde, D., & Taha, J. (2012). Why is health literacy related to health? An exploration among U.S. National Assessment of Adult Literacy participants 40 years of age and older. Educational Gerontology, 38(11), 776–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2011.645441 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  370. Ozawa, S., Mirelman, A., Stack, M. L., Walker, D. G., & Levine, O. S. (2012). Cost-effectiveness and economic benefits of vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Vaccine, 31(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.103 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  371. Park, S.-Y. (2012). The effects of message framing and risk perceptions for HPV vaccine campaigns: Focus on the role of regulatory fit. Health Marketing Quarterly, 29(4), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/07359683.2012.732847 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  372. Pashler, H. (1998). The psychology of attention. MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  373. Penningroth, S. L., & Scott, W. D. (2012). Age-related differences in goals: Testing predictions from selection, optimization, and compensation theory and socioemotional selectivity theory. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 74(2), 87–111. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.74.2.a Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  374. Penţa, M. A., & Băban, A. (2018). Message framing in vaccine communication: A systematic review of published literature. Health Communication, 33(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1266574 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  375. Peter, C. (2013). Quo vadis Fallbeispielforschung? In O. Jandura, A. Fahr, & H.-B. Brosius (Hrsg.), Theorieanpassungen in der digitalen Medienwelt (S. 123–140). Nomos. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  376. Peter, C. (2017). Fallbeispiele in der Gesundheitskommunikation. In M. Hastall & C. Rossmann (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Gesundheitskommunikation (S. 1–12). Springer VS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  377. Peter, C., & Brosius, H.-B. (2010). Grenzen der Wirksamkeit von Fallbeispielen? Publizistik, 55(3), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-010-0091-4 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  378. Peter, C., Rossmann, C., & Keyling, T. (2014). Exemplification 2.0. Journal of Media Psychology, 26(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000103 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  379. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Effects of forewarning of persuasive intent and involvement on cognitive responses and persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(2), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727900500209 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  380. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Hrsg.), Advances in experimental social psychology (S. 123–205). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  381. Petty, R. E., Wells, G. L., & Brock, T. C. (1976). Distraction can enhance or reduce yielding to propaganda: Thought disruption versus effort justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(5), 874–884. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.874 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  382. Pfister, T. (2012). Mit Fallbeispielen und Furchtappellen zu erfolgreichen Gesundheitsbotschaften? Dissertation an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  383. Piguet, O., Connally, E., Krendl, A. C., Huot, J. R., & Corkin, S. (2008). False memory in aging: Effects of emotional valence on word recognition accuracy. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.307 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  384. Population Reference Bureau (2020). Countries with the oldest population in the world. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.prb.org/countries-with-the-oldest-populations/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  385. Pott, E. (2016). Präventiver Erhalt von Gesundheit und Aktivität im Alter. In S. Pohlmann (Hrsg.), Alter und Prävention (S. 65–83). Springer VS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  386. Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L., & Zani, B. (2012). Influenza vaccination: The persuasiveness of messages among people aged 65 years and older. Health Communication, 27(5), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.606523 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  387. Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (2020). Covid19-Krankenhausentlastungsgesetz. Kliniken und Praxen werden gestärkt. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/coronavirus/covid19-krankenhaus-gesetz-1733614 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  388. Quick, B. L. (2012). What is the best measure of psychological reactance? An empirical test of two measures. Health Communication, 27(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.567446 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  389. Quick, B. L., & Bates, B. R. (2010). The use of gain- or loss-frame messages and efficacy appeals to dissuade excessive alcohol consumption among college students: A test of psychological reactance theory. Journal of Health Communication, 15(6), 603–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.499593 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  390. Quick, B. L., Kam, J. A., Morgan, S. E., Montero Liberona, C. A., & Smith, R. A. (2015). Prospect theory, discrete emotions, and freedom threats: An extension of psychological reactance theory: Psychological reactance. Journal of Communication, 65(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12134 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  391. Quick, B. L., & Kim, D. K. (2009). Examining reactance and reactance restoration with South Korean adolescents: A test of psychological reactance within a collectivist culture. Communication Research, 36(6), 765–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650290346797 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  392. Quick, B. L., & Stephenson, M. T. (2007). Further evidence that psychological reactance can be modeled as a combination of anger and negative cognitions. Communication Research, 34(3), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650207300427 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  393. Quick, B. L., & Stephenson, M. T. (2008). Examining the role of trait reactance and sensation seeking on perceived threat, state reactance, and reactance restoration. Human Communication Research, 34(3), 448–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00328.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  394. Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: A meta-analytic review. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01443.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  395. Rains, S. A., & Turner, M. M. (2007). Psychological reactance and persuasive health communication: A test and extension of the Intertwined Model. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00298.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  396. Ratcliff, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Krakow, M., & Crossley, K. (2019). Loss/gain framing, dose, and reactance: A message experiment. Risk Analysis, 39(12), 2640–2652. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13379 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  397. Reed, A. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2012). The theory behind the age-related positivity effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00339 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  398. Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035194 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  399. Reimann, H., & Reimann, H. (1994). Einleitung: Gerontologie—Objektbereich und Trends. In H. Reimann & H. Reimann (Hrsg.), Das Alter: Einführung in die Gerontologie (S. 1–27). Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  400. Reinhardt, A., Weber, W., & Rossmann, C. (2017). Effects of exemplars and base-rate information on online physician rating sites. Studies in Communication | Media, 6(4), 420–443. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2017-4-420 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  401. Reinhart, A. M., Marshall, H. M., Feeley, T. H., & Tutzauer, F. (2007). The persuasive effects of message framing in organ donation: The mediating role of psychological reactance. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 229–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750701397098 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  402. Robert Koch-Institut (2018). Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut – 2018/2019. Epidemiologisches Bulletin, 34, 335–382. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  403. Robert Koch-Institut (2019). Impfquoten bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland. Epidemiologisches Bulletin, 44, 457–472. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  404. Robert Koch-Institut (2020). Ständige Impfkommission (STIKO). Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Kommissionen/STIKO/stiko_inhalt.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  405. Robert Koch-Institut (2021). Täglicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19), Stand: 21.1.2021. Zuletzt angerufen am 22.1.2021 von https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Situationsberichte/Jan_2021/2021-01-21-de.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  406. Roberts, M. E., Peters, E., Ferketich, A. K., & Klein, E. G. (2016). The age-related positivity effect and tobacco warning labels. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 2(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.18001/TRS.2.2.8 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  407. Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. Motivation Science, 4(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  408. Rosenblatt, P. C. (1966). Persuasion as a function of varying amounts of distraction. Psychonomic Science, 5(2), 85–86. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328292 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  409. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (2009). Artifacts in behavioral research. Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  410. Rossmann, C. (2017). Content effects: Health campaign communication. In P. Rössler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. van Zoonen (Hrsg.), International encyclopedia of media effects (S. 187–197). John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  411. Rossmann, C., Hastall, M. R., & Baumann, E. (2014). Kommunikationswissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Gesundheitskommunikation. In K. Hurrelmann & E. Baumann (Hrsg.), Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation (S. 81–95). Hans Huber. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  412. Rossmann, C., & Pfister, T. (2008). Zum Einfluss von Fallbeispielen und furchterregenden Bildern auf die Wirksamkeit von Gesundheitsflyern zum Thema Adipositas. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 56(3–4), 368–391. https://doi.org/10.5771/1615-634x-2008-3-4-368 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  413. Rossmann, C., & Ziegler, L. (2013). Gesundheitskommunikation: Medienwirkungen im Gesundheitsbereich. In W. Schweiger & A. Fahr (Hrsg.), Handbuch Medienwirkungsforschung (S. 207–226). Springer VS. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  414. Rothman, A. J., Bartels, R. D., Wlaschin, J., & Salovey, P. (2006). The strategic use of gain- and loss-framed messages to promote healthy behavior: How theory can inform practice. Journal of Communication, 56, 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00290.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  415. Rothman, A. J., Martino, S. C., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Salovey, P. (1999). The systematic influence of gain-and loss-framed messages on interest in and use of different types of health behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(11), 1355–1369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299259003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  416. Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  417. Rothman, A. J., Salovey, P., Antone, C., Keough, K., & Martin, C. (1993). The influence of message framing on intentions to perform health behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 408–433. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1993.1019 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  418. Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  419. Sadowski, C. A. (2011). Providing health information to older adults. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000316 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  420. Salthouse, T. (2012). Consequences of age-related cognitive declines. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100328 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  421. Sandberg, T., & Conner, M. (2008). Anticipated regret as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 589–606. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466607X258704 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  422. Sava, A.-A., Krolak-Salmon, P., Delphin-Combe, F., Cloarec, M., & Chainay, H. (2017). Memory for faces with emotional expressions in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy older participants: Positivity effect is not only due to familiarity. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition, 24(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1143444 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  423. Schank, R. C., & Berman, T. R. (2002). The pervasive role of stories in knowledge and action. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange, & T. C. Brock (Hrsg.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations (S. 287–313). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  424. Schiavo, R. (2014). Health communication: From theory to practice. Jossey-Bass. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  425. Schlagman, S., Schulz, J., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2006). A content analysis of involuntary autobiographical memories: Examining the positivity effect in old age. Memory, 14(2), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210544000024 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  426. Schwarz, N., Frey, D., & Kumpf, M. (1980). Interactive effects of writing and reading a persuasive essay on attitude change and selective exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90032-3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  427. Seitz, H. H., Gibson, L., Skubisz, C., Forquer, H., Mello, S., Schapira, M. M., Armstrong, K., & Cappella, J. N. (2016). Effects of a risk-based online mammography intervention on accuracy of perceived risk and mammography intentions. Patient Education and Counseling, 99(10), 1647–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.05.005 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  428. Shamaskin, A. M., Mikels, J. A., & Reed, A. E. (2010). Getting the message across: Age differences in the positive and negative framing of health care messages. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 746–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018431 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  429. Shen, F., Sheer, V. C., & Li, R. (2015). Impact of narratives on persuasion in health communication: A meta-analysis. Journal of Advertising, 44(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1018467 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  430. Shen, L. (2010). Mitigating psychological reactance: The role of message-induced empathy in persuasion. Human Communication Research, 36(3), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01381.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  431. Shen, L. (2011). The effectiveness of empathy- versus fear-arousing antismoking PSAs. Health Communication, 26(5), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.552480 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  432. Shen, L. (2015). Antecedents to psychological reactance: The impact of threat, message frame, and choice. Health Communication, 30(10), 975–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.910882 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  433. Shoham, V., Trost, S. E., & Rohrbaugh, M. J. (2004). From state to trait and back again: Reactance theory goes clinical. In R. A. Wright, J. Greenberg, & S. S. Brehm (Hrsg.), Motivational analyses of social behavior: Building on Jack Brehm’s contributions to psychology (S. 167–185). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  434. Sittenthaler, S., Traut-Mattausch, E., Steindl, C., & Jonas, E. (2015). Salzburger State Reactance Scale (SSR Scale): Validation of a scale measuring state reactance. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 223(4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000227 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  435. Slater, M. D. (2002a). Involvement as goal-directed strategic processing: Extending the elaboration likelihood model. In J. P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Hrsg.), The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice (S. 175–194). SAGE. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  436. Slater, M. D. (2002b). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/12.2.173 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  437. Smith, A. D. (1996). Memory. In J. Birren & W. Schaie (Hrsg.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (S. 236–250). Academic Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  438. Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., Manstead, A. S. R., Louis, W. R., Kotterman, D., & Wolfs, J. (2007). Interaction effects in the theory of planned behavior: The interplay of self-identity and past behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(11), 2726–2750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00278.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  439. Smith, T. S., Isaak, M. I., Senette, C. G., & Abadie, B. G. (2011). Effects of cell-phone and text-message distractions on true and false recognition. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0129 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  440. So, J., Kuang, K., & Cho, H. (2019). Information seeking upon exposure to risk messages: Predictors, outcomes, and mediating roles of health information seeking. Communication Research, 46(5), 663–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216679536 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  441. Spaniol, J., Voss, A., & L Grady, C. (2009). Aging and emotional memory: Cognitive mechanisms underlying the positivity effect. Psychology and Aging, 23, 859–872. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014218 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  442. Spear, N. E., & Riccio, D. C. (1994). Memory: Phenomena and principles. Allyn and Bacon. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  443. Spence, A., & Pidgeon, N. (2010). Framing and communicating climate change: The effects of distance and outcome frame manipulations. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 656–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.002 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  444. Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., Westerman, D., Lin, X., Harris, C. J., Sellnow, T. L., & Sellnow-Richmond, D. D. (2015). Exemplification effects: Responses to perceptions of risk. Journal of Risk Research, 20(5), 590–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100658 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  445. Spielman, L. A., Pratto, F., & Bargh, J. A. (1988). Automatic affect: Are one’s moods, attitudes, evaluations, and emotions out of control? American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276488031003003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  446. Spinelli, A., & Pellino, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives on an unfolding crisis. British Journal of Surgery, 107(7), 785–787. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11627 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  447. Statista (2021). Todesfälle mit Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Deutschland nach Alter und Geschlecht. Zuletzt abgerufen am 22.1.2021 von https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1104173/umfrage/todesfaelle-aufgrund-des-coronavirus-in-deutschland-nach-geschlecht/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  448. Statistisches Bundesamt (2019). Bevölkerung im Wandel: Annahmen und Ergebnisse der 14. koordinierten Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung. Destatis. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  449. Steele, R., Lo, A., Secombe, C., & Wong, Y. K. (2009). Elderly persons’ perception and acceptance of using wireless sensor networks to assist healthcare. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78(12), 788–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2009.08.001 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  450. Steindl, C., Jonas, E., Sittenthaler, S., Traut-Mattausch, E., & Greenberg, J. (2015). Understanding psychological reactance. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 223(4), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000222 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  451. Stephenson, M. T. (2003). Examining adolescents’ responses to antimarijuana PSAs. Human Communication Research, 29(3), 343–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00843.x Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  452. Sukalla, F., Wagner, A. M., & Rackow, I. (2017). Dispelling fears and myths of organ donation: How narratives that include information reduce ambivalence and reactance. International Journal of Communication, 11, 5027–5047. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  453. Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. In J. M. Metzger & A. J. Flanagin (Hrsg.), Digital media, youth, and credibility (S. 72–100). MIT Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  454. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  455. Tal-Or, N., & Cohen, J. (2010). Understanding audience involvement: Conceptualizing and manipulating identification and transportation. Poetics, 38(4), 402–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2010.05.004 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  456. The Nielsen Company (2017). The Nielsen comparable metrics report Q2 2017. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/q2-2017-comparable-metrics-report.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  457. Theidel, U., Kuhlmann, A., & Braem, A. (2013). Pneumococcal vaccination rates in adults in Germany. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online, 110(44), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0743 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  458. Tobii pro/insight (2019). Earning attention. How to optimize attention to your TV ads. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.rbr.com/wp-content/uploads/earning-attention.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  459. Turner, A. M., Osterhage, K. P., Taylor, J. O., Hartzler, A. L., & Demiris, G. (2018). A closer look at health information seeking by older adults and involved family and friends: Design considerations for health information technologies. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2018, 1036–1045. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  460. Turvey, C. L., Carney, C., Arndt, S., Wallace, R. B., & Herzog, R. (1999). Conjugal loss and syndromal depression in a sample of elders aged 70 years or older. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(10), 1596–1601. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.10.1596 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  461. Tversky, A., & Fox, C. (1995). Weighing risk and uncertainty. Psychological Review, 102, 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.269 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  462. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  463. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  464. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the graming of decisions. The Journal of Business, 59(4), 251–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-74919-3_4 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  465. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  466. UNICEF UK (2019). UNICEF launches #vaccineswork campaign to inspire support for vaccines. Zuletzt abgerufen am 21.5.2020 von https://www.unicef.org.uk/press-releases/unicef-launches-vaccineswork-campaign-to-inspire-support-for-vaccines/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  467. United Nations (2017). World Population Ageing. UN. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  468. Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  469. Valente, T. W. (2002). Evaluating health promotion programs. Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  470. van Laer, T., de Ruyter, K., Visconti, L. M., & Wetzels, M. (2014). The extended transportation-imagery model: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of consumers’ narrative transportation. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), 797–817. https://doi.org/10.1086/673383 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  471. van ’t Jagt, R. K., Hoeks, J. C. J., Jansen, C. J. M., de Winter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2016). Comprehensibility of health-related documents for older adults with different levels of health literacy: A systematic review. Journal of Health Communication, 21(2), 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1049306 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217
  472. van ’t Riet, J., Cox, A. D., Cox, D., Zimet, G. D., de Bruijn, G.-J., van den Putte, B., de Vries, H., Werrij, M. Q., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2014). Does perceived risk influence the effects of message framing? A new investigation of a widely held notion. Psychology & Health, 29(8), 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.896916 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/9783748925217

Similar publications

from the series "Gesundheitskommunikation | Health Communication"
Cover of book: „Mensch Opa, du bist noch so fit!“
Monograph No access
Paula Stehr, Constanze Rossmann, Johanna Geppert, Hanna Lütke Lanfer, Tabea Kremer
„Mensch Opa, du bist noch so fit!“
Cover of book: Gesundheitskommunikation und Digitalisierung
Edited Book No access
Anja Kalch, Anna Wagner
Gesundheitskommunikation und Digitalisierung
Cover of book: Evidenzbasierte | evidenzinformierte Gesundheitskommunikation
Edited Book Full access
Paula Stehr, Dorothee Heinemeier, Constanze Rossmann
Evidenzbasierte | evidenzinformierte Gesundheitskommunikation
Cover of book: Medienhype 'Hirndoping'?
Monograph No access
Markus Schäfer
Medienhype 'Hirndoping'?
Cover of book: Gesundheitskommunikation als transdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld
Edited Book No access
Claudia Lampert, Michael Grimm
Gesundheitskommunikation als transdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via your Institution (SSO, Shibboleth, OpenAthens)
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex