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Data Act

An Introduction
Authors:
Publisher:
 2024

Summary

The new Data Act is not only the centrepiece of the new EU data regulation, but probably also the most complex piece within the mosaic created by the EU Data Strategy. The regulation establishes b2b and b2c data access rights, stipulates rules for ‘fair’ data contracts, and tackles b2g data access in exceptional circumstances. The new rules are especially directed at IoT devices, smart contracts, and cloud services. The work offers an introduction to the new rules. Genealogy, structure, and practical consequences of the new Act are laid down – nonetheless with regard to the existing legal framework (e. g. data protection law). The authors’ research is dedicated to European and International Information and Data Law.Dr. Gordian Konstantin Ebner | Prof. Dr. Moritz Hennemann, M.Jur. (Oxon.) | Benedikt Karsten | Gregor Lienemann, LL.M. (Reading) | Marie Wienroeder

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2024
Copyright Year
2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-1342-5
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-1869-1
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language
English
Pages
254
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 14 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. I. Executive Summary 15 - 18
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    1. 1. General Setting and Goals
    2. 2. From a Reaction to Market Failures to a new Market Design
    3. 3. “Contractualisation” of Data (Economy) Law
    4. 4. User Activation
    5. 5. Monetarisation of Data?
    6. 6. Enforcement
      1. Trade Agreements
      2. Union Law
      3. Member States
      4. Outside the Scope of Union Law
    8. 8. Evaluation and Review (Art. 49)
    9. 9. Entry into Force and Application (Art. 50)
    10. 10. Competence
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      1. Material Scope
      2. Personal and Territorial Scope
      3. Virtual Assistants
      1. Contract Law
      2. Unfair Terms Law and Consumer Law
      3. Intellectual Property Law
      4. Data Protection Law
      5. In Particular: Legal Basis According to Art. 6(1)(c) and (3) GDPR
      6. In Particular: Art. 20 GDPR
      7. Data Governance Act
      8. Free Flow of Data-Regulation
      9. Competition Law
      10. Criminal Law / Criminal Procedural Law / Digital Services Act
      11. Product Safety / Accessibility Requirements for Products and Services
      1. Data
      2. Connected Product
      3. Related Service
      4. Definitional References to Other Legal Acts
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      1. Definition of Enterprise
      2. Exemption of Micro and Small Enterprises
      3. Exemption of medium-sized enterprises
      4. Mandatory Nature
      1. Personal Scope
      2. Material Scope
      3. In particular: Derived Data
      4. Mechanisms of Access
      5. Enforcement
      1. Personal Scope
      2. General Requirements for Providing Information
      3. The Different Informational Elements in Detail
      4. The Different Informational Elements of Art. 3(2)
      5. The Different Informational Elements of Art. 3(3)
      6. Waivability
      7. Enforcement
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    1. Definition of User and Data Holder
      1. 1. Data Licence Agreement; Use by the Data Holder (Art. 4(13) and (14))
    3. Data Licence Agreement
    4. Specific Limits of the Use of the Data Holder
    5. Making data available to third parties
    6. De facto-Control by Agreement?
      1. 2. The Right to Access according to Art. 4(1))
    8. Economic Setting and Assumptions
    9. A Remedy for Lack of Data Accessibility-by-Design under Art. 3(1)
    10. Effect of the Right: In-Situ Access, Data Retrieval and / or Usage?
    11. Mandatory Nature of Art. 4; No Circumvention through ‘Dark Patterns’ (Art. 4(4))
    12. Modalities under which Access is Granted as per Art. 4(1)
    13. Data in Scope of the Access Right
      1. 3. Limitations of and Defences to the User’s Right of Access
    15. No ‘Right to Hack’ (Art. 4(11))
    16. Security of the Connected Product (Art. 4(2))
    17. Access to Lawfully Processed Personal Data Only (Art. 4(12))
    18. Trade Secrets (Art. 4(6)-(9))
    19. Restrictions on Onward Usage: Non-Compete (Art. 4(10)) and Sharing with Gatekeepers (Art. 5(3)(c))
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      1. Significant Overlaps Between the Regulatory Architectures of User and Third-Party Access
      2. Eligible Third Parties / Data Recipients (Art. 2(14))
      3. In Particular: Gatekeepers (Art. 5(3))
      4. In Particular: Data Intermediaries
      5. Exemption for the Testing of Products not yet Placed on the Market (Art. 5(2))
      6. Data Protection Law (Art. 5(7)-(8), Art. 5(13))
      7. Trade Secrets (Art. 5(9)-(11))
      8. Implicit (Second) Data License Agreement
      1. Non-Exclusivity
      2. Limited Use / Non-Compete / Security
      3. Passing-On of Data
      4. Erasing Data
      5. Impairing Decision-making
      1. FRAND-System
      2. Scope of Application
      3. Relationship to Art. 13
      4. FRAND Conditions
      5. Terms to the Detriment of the User
      6. Prohibition of Discrimination
      7. Provision Only at the User’s Request
      8. More Information than Necessary
      9. Respect of Trade Secrets
      1. General Provisions
      2. Compensation Factors
      3. Micro, Small, And Medium-Sized Enterprises
      4. Guidelines on the Costs
      5. Exclusion of Compensation
      6. Information
      7. Calculation
      1. Personal Scope
      2. Material Scope
      3. Fees
      4. Certification
      5. Refusing Disputes / International Jurisdiction
      6. Competences of the Settlement Bodies
      7. Rules of Procedure
      8. Annual Activity Reports
      9. Decision Effects / Enforcement / Interplay with Judicial Clarification
      1. Protection Measures
      2. Conditions and Consequences
      3. Altering or Removing Technical Protection by the User and others
      4. Enforcement
      1. The Notion of Smart Contracts
      2. Essential Requirements for Smart Contracts (Art. 36(1))
      3. Declaration of Conformity (Art. 36(2) and (3))
      4. Harmonised Standards (Art. 36(4) and (5))
      5. Common Specifications (Art. 36(6) to (9))
    8. 8. Scope of Obligations
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    1. Personal Scope
    2. Material Scope
    3. Unilaterally Imposed
    4. Mandatory Provisions
    5. Subject Matter of the Contract
    6. Further Aspects
    7. Unfairness
    8. General Unfairness Provision
    9. ‘Black’ List
    10. ‘Grey’ List
    11. Enforcement
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      1. Union and Public Sector Body
      2. Material Scope of the Obligation to Make Data Available
      1. Response to a Public Emergency
      2. Definition of Public Emergency
      3. Fulfilling a Specific Task in the Public Interest
      4. Assessment of the Definitions
      1. Existing Obligations to Make Data Available
      2. The Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Criminal and Administrative Offences
      1. Information To Be Provided
      2. Further requirements
    5. 5. Reuse of the Data Made Available (Art. 17 (3) and (4))
      1. Decline or Seek for Modification
      2. Anonymisation and Pseudonymisation of Personal Data
    7. 7. Obligations of Public Sector Bodies Receiving Data (Art. 19)
    8. 8. Compensation in Cases of Exceptional Need (Art. 20)
    9. 9. Contribution of Research Organisations or Statistical Bodies (Art. 21)
    10. 10. Mutual Assistance and Cross-Border Cooperation (Art. 22)
      1. Relationship between Art. 15 and Art. 6 GDPR
      2. Relationship between Art. 18(5) and Art. 6 GDPR
      3. Relationship between Art. 21 and Art. 6 GDPR
    12. 12. Legal Remedies and Liability
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      1. 1. Surveying the Range of Data Processing Services (Art. 2(8), Art. 31)
    2. The Definition Supplied in Art. 2(8)
    3. In Particular: Cloud Switching Invoked by Consumers
    4. The Role of Data Processing Services in Operationalising Access and Sharing Rights
      1. 2. The Terminology of Customer Activation: Switching, On-Premises Transfers and Multi-Homing (Art. 25(3), Art. 34(1))
      2. 3. Guiding Principles and Legal Status of the Switching-related Rights and Duties
    6. Scope of the Technical Obligations (Art. 24)
    7. Cooperation in Good Faith (Art. 27)
      1. 4. Removing Obstacles to ‘Switchability’ (Art. 23)
      2. 5. Contractual Enablers of Switching (Art. 25)
    9. Form of the Service Agreement (Art. 25(1))
    10. 30-day Transition Period and Other Time Frames
    11. Exit Management through Comprehensive Information (Art. 25(2)(a)-(b))
    12. Effects on Termination of the Contract (Art. 25(2)(c))
    13. Exportable Data and Digital Assets (Art. 25(2)(e)-(f))
    14. Erasure of Data Held by the Source Provider after the Retrieval Period (Art. 25(2)(h))
    15. Interplay with the Digital Content Directive
      1. 6. Transparency Obligations next to the Contract (Art. 26 and 28)
      2. 7. Commercial Enablers of Switching – Reduced Switching Charges (Art. 29)
    17. Key Concepts
    18. The Timeline for Withdrawing Switching Charges (Art. 29(1)-(3))
    19. Monitoring Mechanism (Art. 29(7))
      1. 8. Functional Equivalence across IaaS Environments (Art. 30(1))
    21. Functional Equivalence – A Feasible Concept?
      1. 9. Interoperability Requirements Aimed at Data Processing Services other than IaaS (Art. 30(2)-(5), Art. 35)
    23. Cloud Interoperability in a Nutshell (Art. 2(40), Art. 35(2))
    24. Open Interfaces (Art. 30(2))
    25. Standardisation En Route to Fully Fledged Interoperability (Art. 30(3), Art. 35)
      1. 10. Interoperability Requirements within Data Spaces (Art. 33)
    27. Defining Data Spaces
    28. Art. 33 as an Overarching Rule Governing Data Processing Services?
    29. Essential Requirements for Data Spaces (Art. 33(1)-(2))
    30. Harmonised Standards (Art. 33(3)-(4))
    31. Common Specifications (Art. 33(5)-(10))
    32. Guidelines (Art. 33(11))
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    1. 1. Preventing International and Third-Country Governmental Access and Transfer of Non-Personal Data (Art. 32(1))
    2. 2. Enforcement of Foreign Judgements and Decisions (Art. 32 paras. 2 and 3)
    3. 3. Minimisation and Informational Duty (Art. 32 (4) and (5))
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      1. Jurisdiction concerning Entities within the Scope of the Data Act
    2. 2. Right to Lodge a Complaint with a Competent Authority (Art. 38)
    3. 3. Right to an Effective Judicial Remedy (Art. 39)
    4. 4. Penalties (Art. 40)
    5. 5. Model Contractual Terms (Art. 41)
    6. 6. Role of the European Data Innovation Board (Art. 42)
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    1. 1. Exercise of the Delegation (Art. 45)
    2. 2. Committee Procedure and Implementing Powers (Art. 46 and Rec. 114)
    3. 3. Amendments (Art. 47 and 48)
  14. Data Act Bibliography 249 - 254 Download chapter (PDF)

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