European State Aid Law

Dr. Frank Montag; Prof. Dr. iur. Dr. rer. pol. Dres. h.c. Franz Jürgen Säcker

doi:10.5771/9783845258966

Summary

The regulation of state aid belongs to the core areas of European Union law. Without the general prohibition of state subsidies to undertakings competitiveness would be distorted and the benefits of the internal market would be put in jeopardy.

This book deals systematically article-by-article with the basic principles, the proceedings, and the implementation of state aid law as laid down in Articles 107 to 109 TFEU, as well as the general block exemptions regulation (Regulation No. 800/2008) and the Council Regulation (EC) No. 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Art. 93 TEC. Further, this commentary deals in detail with the rules regulating state aid in specific sectors such as telecommunication, postal services, broadcast and television, energy/coal, banking, railroads, road transport, shipping, air traffic/airports, automotive industry, shipbuilding, steel, housing, agriculture, fishery, culture/tourism/sport, health.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2017
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-7389-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-5896-6
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language: English
Pages: 1749
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages I - XXXVIII
1. The Basic Principles of State Aid Law No access
2. 1. 1. Definition of State Aid No access
    2. Exceptions to the General Ban on State Aid No access
    3. Incentives for State Aid Allocation and the Logic of Supranational State Aid Control No access
    4. Appropriate Targeting of State Aid Control No access
  2. 1. Classic Reasons for Market Failure: State Aid as a Tool for Correcting Market Failure No access
    2. Politically Motivated Reasons No access
    3. Politico-economic Reasons No access
  3. 1. State Aid Control in the System of Competition Policy No access
    2. Alternative Organizing of State Aid Control No access
  4. 1. The State Aid Action Plan No access
    2. The Balancing Test No access
    3. State Aid Modernization No access
    4. Economic Approach on the Factual Level No access
    5. Economic Approach on the Justification Level No access
    6. Economic Problems in Assessing the Effect of Aid No access
    7. Individual Case Analyses vs. Per se Rules No access
  5. 1. Extension of the de minimis Regulation No access
    2. General Block Exemption Regulation No access
    3. Rescue and Restructuring Guidelines No access
    4. Community Framework Research and Development and Innovation No access
1. 1. 1. Territorial scope No access
    2. Temporal scope No access
    3. Material scope No access
  2. 1. Special conditions in comparison with Articles 107 et seqq. TFEU No access
    2. Articles 107 et seqq. TFEU as lex specialis in relation to Article 18 TFEU No access
    3. Provisions that apply in parallel with Articles 107 and 108 TFEU No access
    4. EU legal standards with no influence on Articles 107 et seqq. TFEU No access
  3. 1. The development of the WTO anti-subsidy rules No access
    2. The notion of subsidy under the WTO rules No access
    3. Possible measures against subsidies No access
    4. Compatible EU State aid may violate WTO rules No access
2. 1. Preliminary remarks No access
  2. 1. General aspects – The effects doctrine No access
    2. Economic advantage as (non-)cash benefit without adequate consideration No access
  3. 1. General No access
    2. Imputability No access
    3. Burden on State resources No access
  4. 1. ‘Certain undertakings or the production of certain goods’ No access
    2. Selectivity No access
  5. 1. General No access
    2. Requirements for the existence of a distortion of competition No access
  6. 1. General No access
    2. Application in practice No access
3. 1. Purpose No access
  2. 1. Aid with social character No access
    2. Consumer No access
    3. Non-discrimination No access
  3. 1. General comments No access
    2. Natural disasters No access
    3. Other exceptional occurrences No access
  4. 1. The division of Germany No access
    2. Affected areas No access
    3. Disadvantages due to division No access
    4. Necessary compensation No access
    5. Repeal by the Council of the European Union No access
4. 1. 1. Changes due to the Treaty of Lisbon No access
    2. Institutional aspects No access
    3. The legal nature of authorizations No access
    4. How can the Commission decide? No access
    5. Period of time No access
    6. Content and effect of the decision No access
    7. No violation of other provisions of the TFEU by the Commission’s decision No access
    8. The obligation to state reasons No access
    9. Recovery of aid No access
  2. 1. Introduction No access
    2. General assessment principles No access
    3. Specific provisions for exemption No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Implications of the Treaty of Lisbon No access
  3. The SGEI package of the European Commission No access
2. 1. 1. Economic activities No access
    2. Non-economic activities of a purely social nature and those related to State prerogatives No access
    3. Service Monopolies No access
    4. Specific sectors No access
    5. Relativity of the concept No access
    6. Payments to an entity engaged in economic and non-economic activities No access
  2. 1. 1st Altmark criterion: Entrustment with the fulfilment of a clearly defined public service obligation No access
    2. 2nd Altmark-criterion: Ex ante objectivity and transparency No access
    3. 3rd Altmark criterion: Necessity (avoidance of overcompensation) No access
    4. 4th Altmark-criterion: Efficiency No access
  3. 1. Introduction No access
    2. De-minimis-Regulation (EU) No 360/2012 (text) No access
    3. De-minimis-Regulation (EU) No 360/2012 (annotations) No access
3. 1. Purpose of Article 106(2) TFEU within State aid law No access
  2. Scope of applicability – Article 106(2) TFEU beyond the Altmark criteria No access
  3. 1. Overview No access
    2. Role and scope of the SGEI framework No access
    3. Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI) No access
    4. Act of entrustment No access
    5. The Necessity for aid No access
    6. No effects on the development of trade contrary to the Union’s interest (Article 106(2) sentence 2 TFEU) No access
    7. Further requirements of the SGEI framework No access
  4. Principles of procedure (burden of proof and intensity of examination) No access
4. 1. Overview No access
  2. Calculation of costs No access
  3. Revenues to be balanced No access
  4. Reasonable profit No access
  5. Accounting unbundling (Article 5(9)) No access
  6. Efficiency incentives (Article 5(6)) No access
1. 1. 1. General observations No access
    2. Purpose No access
    3. History No access
  2. 1. Scope No access
    2. Excluded aid No access
  3. : Definitions No access
  4. : Conditions for exemption No access
  5. : Notification thresholds No access
  6. : Transparency of aid No access
  7. 1. Previous group exemption regulations No access
    2. Basic rules applicable to both SMEs and large enterprises No access
    3. Ad hoc aid to large enterprises No access
    4. Derogations for tax advantages and socially motivated aid No access
    5. Legal consequences in case of failure to fulfil conditions No access
  8. : Aid intensity and eligible costs No access
  9. : Cumulation No access
  10. : Publication and information No access
2. 1. : Withdrawal of the benefit of the block exemption No access
  2. : Reporting No access
  3. : Monitoring No access
3. 1. 1. 1. : Scope of regional aid No access
      2. : Regional investment aid No access
      3. : Regional operating aid No access
    2. 1. Rationale and purpose of regional aid No access
        Compensation for regional handicaps No access
        Incentive effect No access
        Legal framework No access
        Regional aid and European regional policy No access
        Guidelines on regional State aid for 2014–2020 No access
        Pre Synopses of General Block Exemption Regulations and Guidelines on regional State aid No access
        GBER I to GBER II No access
        GBER II to GBER I No access
        RAG 2007 to RAG 2014 No access
        RAG 2014 to RAG 2014 No access
        Commentary on Articles 13 and 14 of Regulation 800/2008 (GBER I) No access
      2. : Regional investment and employment aid No access
      3. Rationale and purpose of regional aid No access
        Compensation for regional handicaps No access
        Incentive effects No access
        Relevant legislative acts No access
        Support for coordination of the European Commission addressed to the Member States No access
        Sectorial legislation on the specification of Treaty provisions No access
        State Aid Action Plan No access
        Regional aid and European regional policy No access
        Synopsis of Articles 12–14 GBER I and the corresponding provisions of the RAG 2007 No access
        Interdependence of GBER I and RAG 2007 No access
        The RAG 2007 contain the legal basis for the application of the GBER I No access
        Preface No access
        Territorial scope – the national regional aid maps No access
        The material scope of application No access
        Term No access
        Basic general rules No access
        The incentive effect as part of the aid granting based on discretion of the granting authority (without a premature start of the project or activity) No access
        The incentive effect in case of aid granted at the discretion of the authorities after the start of the project (start of the project before authorization, premature start of the measure without impac... No access
        The incentive effect in the context of an approved or exempt aid scheme with no discretionary power No access
        The incentive effect in case of a change in the legal basis No access
        Summary principles No access
        The beneficiaries’ own contribution No access
        Lock-in periods according to the RAG 2007 No access
        The lock-in periods according to the RRIA and GBER I No access
        Additional provisions No access
        Aid intensities No access
        Regional investment and employment aid No access
        Regional operating aid No access
        Regional aid for newly created small enterprises No access
        General principles No access
        Eligible investments No access
        Eligible investment purposes No access
        Appropriate forms of assistance No access
        Aid for large investment projects No access
        Terminology No access
        Effects No access
        Exceptions and permissions No access
        About regional operating aid in detail No access
        Duration and reporting No access
        General remarks No access
        Cumulation provisions in RAG 2007 No access
        Provisions on cumulation and block exemption regulations No access
        General remarks No access
        Timely validity No access
        Approved regional map as a requirement for the application No access
        Notification requirements No access
        Appropriate measures No access
        Boundary to aid for environment and training No access
        Boundary to aid for research and development No access
        Transparency No access
        Duration of validity No access
  2. 1. 1. Purpose No access
      2. Factual background No access
      3. History No access
      4. Scope No access
      5. Definition of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) No access
        Autonomy No access
        Preparation of the undertaking’s accounts No access
        Aid intensity and costs eligible for aid No access
        Marketing and processing of agricultural products No access
        Incentive effect No access
    2. : Aid for consultancy in favour of SMEs No access
    3. : Aid to SMEs for participation in fairs No access
    4. : Aid for cooperation costs incurred by SMEs participating in European Territorial Cooperation projects No access
  3. 1. : Risk finance aid No access
    2. : Aid for start-ups No access
    3. : Aid to alternative trading platforms specialised in SMEs No access
    4. 1. State aid rules for risk finance No access
        Revised State aid rules for risk finance No access
      2. Definitions No access
        Risk finance aid (Art. 21) No access
        SME-aid with risk finance elements: aid for start-ups (Art. 22), aid for alternative trading platforms (Art. 23) and aid for scouting costs (Art. 24) No access
      3. Scope, definitions, applicability No access
        Applicability of Article 107(1) TFEU in the field of risk capital. The market economy operator test in the area of public risk finance measures (Section 2.1) No access
        Compatibility assessment of risk finance aid under the Guidelines, based on Art. 107 (3) (c) TFEU (Chapter 3) No access
      4. Cumulation of aid (Art. 8 GBER; Section 3.9 Guidelines) No access
        Evaluation No access
        Transparency (publication and information), reporting and monitoring (Articles 9, 11 and 12 GBER; Sections 3.8 and 5.4 Guidelines) No access
        The Guidelines: Appropriate measures, revision (Sections 5.3, 5.5) No access
      5. Conclusions No access
  4. 1. : Aid for research and development projects No access
    2. : Investment aid for research infrastructures No access
    3. : Aid for innovation clusters No access
    4. : Innovation aid for SMEs No access
    5. : Aid for process and organisational innovation No access
    6. 1. State aid rules for research, development and innovation (R&D&I) No access
        Revised State aid rules for R&D&I No access
      2. Aid for research and development projects (Art. 25 GBER) No access
        Investment aid for research infrastructure – a new objective in R&D&I-aid rules (Art 26 GBER) No access
        Investment aid and operating aid for innovation clusters (Art. 27 GBER) No access
        Innovation aid for SMEs (Art. 28 GBER) No access
        Aid for process and organisational innovation (Art. 29 GBER) No access
        Start-up aid for small and innovative enterprises (Art. 22 (5) GBER) No access
        Specific rules for the agriculture and fisheries sector: Art. 30 GBER; the Agricultural Block Exemption Regulation. R&D-aid in the agricultural sector No access
        Block-exemption of large R&D&I-aid schemes No access
      3. Public financing for research organisations and research infrastructure (Framework Section 2.1) No access
        Indirect state aid to undertakings through public funded research and knowledge dissemination organisations and research infrastructures (Section 2.2 Framework) No access
        State aid through public procurement of R&D-services (Framework Section 2.3) No access
      4. Common assessment principles’ No access
        Compatibility conditions No access
        Evaluation of large R&D&I-aid schemes (Framework Chapter 5) No access
      5. Cumulation of State aid (Art. 8 GBER; Framework Point 4.5.4.1) No access
        Transparency – reporting, publication and information (Art. 9, 11 and 12 of the GBER; Framework Section 4.7 and Chapter 6) No access
      6. Conclusions No access
  5. 1. 1. Purpose No access
      2. Background No access
      3. History No access
      4. Substantive scope of application No access
        Temporal scope of application No access
      5. The existence of State aid No access
        Aid intensity No access
        Incentive effect No access
        Legal consequence No access
      6. Training measures not covered by the GBER No access
  6. 1. 1. Purpose No access
      2. Background No access
      3. History No access
      4. Scope No access
    2. 1. Disadvantaged workers No access
      2. Aid intensity and costs susceptible for aid No access
      3. Net gain in employment No access
      4. Worker’s claim to permanent employment (subsection 4) No access
      5. Aid not covered by the Article 32 exemption No access
    3. 1. Disabled workers No access
      2. Aid intensity and costs susceptible for aid No access
      3. Net gain in employment No access
      4. Worker’s claim to permanent occupation No access
      5. Aid not covered by the Article 33 exemption No access
      6. Exemption for cumulation under Article 8(6) No access
    4. : Aid for compensating the additional costs of employing workers with disabilities No access
    5. : Aid for compensating the costs of assistance provided to disadvantaged workers No access
  7. 1. : Investment aid enabling undertakings to go beyond Union standards for environmental protection or to increase the level of environmental protection in the absence of Union standards No access
    2. : Investment aid for early adaptation to future Union standards No access
    3. : Investment aid for energy efficiency measures No access
    4. : Investment aid for energy efficiency projects in buildings No access
    5. : Investment aid for high-efficiency cogeneration No access
    6. : Investment aid for the promotion of energy from renewable sources No access
    7. : Operating aid for the promotion of electricity from renewable sources No access
    8. : Operating aid for the promotion of energy from renewable sources in small scale installations No access
    9. : Aid in the form of reductions in environmental taxes under Directive 2003/96/EC No access
    10. : Investment aid for remediation of contaminated sites No access
    11. : Investment aid for energy efficient district heating and cooling No access
    12. : Investment aid for waste recycling and re-utilisation No access
    13. : Investment aid for energy infrastructure No access
    14. 1. Introduction No access
      2. Common provisions No access
        Specific provisions for aid for environmental protection No access
      3. Common provisions No access
        Special provisions No access
      4. Introduction No access
        Scope of Application No access
        Contents No access
        Special rules applicable to energy-saving measures No access
      5. Introduction No access
        Scope of application No access
        Different types of aid covered by the 2008 Guidelines No access
      6. Introduction No access
        Scope of application No access
        Different types of aid assessed under Article 107(3) lit. c TFEU No access
  8. 1. 1. Introduction No access
      2. Scope of Application No access
      3. Conditions for exemption No access
  9. 1. : Social aid for transport for residents of remote regions No access
  10. 1. 1. Introduction No access
      2. Exemption criteria No access
      3. Evaluation No access
  11. 1. : Aid for culture and heritage conservation No access
    2. : Aid schemes for audiovisual works No access
  12. 1. : Aid for sport and multifunctional recreational infrastructures No access
  13. 1. : Investment aid for local infrastructures No access
4. 1. : Repeal No access
  2. : Transitional provisions No access
  3. 1. : Enterprise No access
    2. : Staff headcount and financial thresholds determining enterprise categories No access
    3. : Types of enterprise taken into consideration in calculating staff numbers and financial amounts No access
    4. : Data used for the staff headcount and the financial amounts and reference period No access
    5. : Staff headcount No access
    6. : Establishing the data of an enterprise No access
1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Contribution to an objective of common interest No access
    2. Need for State intervention No access
    3. Appropriateness of the aid No access
    4. Incentive effect No access
    5. Proportionality – limiting the aid to the minimum No access
    6. Negative effects No access
    7. Transparency No access
  2. 1. General principle No access
    2. Companies forming part of a group No access
    3. Mastering the difficulties by means of own resources No access
  3. 1. Measures under the Commission ‘Temporary Framework’ No access
    2. No ‘firm in difficulty’ on 1 July 2008 No access
  4. Scope of the Guidelines and of special rules No access
  5. The ‘one time, last time’ principle No access
3. 1. 1. Firm in difficulty No access
    2. Cash aid to avoid social hardship No access
    3. No undue adverse spill-over effects No access
    4. Time limit No access
    5. Limitation of the amount No access
  2. 1. Loans and guarantees No access
    2. Interest rates and fees for guarantees No access
  3. Reimbursement of rescue aid or transforming into restructuring aid No access
4. 1. 1. Coherent restructuring plan No access
    2. Return to viability within a reasonable time period No access
  2. 1. Limiting the aid to the minimum/own contribution No access
    2. Measures to limit distortions of competition (previously called ‘compensatory measures’) No access
    3. Implementing the restructuring plan and complying with conditions No access
    4. Hive-off vehicles No access
5. 1. R&R Schemes for SME No access
  2. Temporary restructuring support No access
  3. Restructuring of undertakings entrusted with a SGEI No access
6. 1. Duty to notify No access
  2. Accelerated procedure No access
  3. Implementation and amendments to the restructuring plan No access
  4. Reporting to the Commission No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. General Principles No access
    2. Scope of Application No access
    3. Adequate and Market-Customary remuneration No access
    4. Time and Criteria of Evaluation No access
  3. The Commission’s Scope of Control of Investment Decisions by the State No access
  4. Scope of Judicial Control of Commission’s Decisions No access
2. 1. Public Undertakings No access
  2. Financial Transfers No access
  3. Public Undertakings and EU State Aid Law No access
  4. Transparency Directive No access
3. 1. General No access
  2. 1. XXIIIrd Competition Policy Report of the Commission (Privatisation Guidelines) No access
    2. The Commission’s Land Sales Communication No access
    3. The Commission’s Guidance Paper No access
  3. 1. Stock Exchange Sale No access
    2. Tender procedure No access
    3. Expert opinions to determine market value No access
    4. Presumption of State aid if the purchase terms are not market terms No access
    5. (Partial) compensation of costs arising from structural disadvantages of (formerly) State owned undertakings No access
  4. Approval of State aid in connection with privatisations No access
  5. 1. Calculation of the amount of unlawful State aid No access
    2. Determining the aid beneficiary/the recovery debtor No access
    3. State aid and warranty clauses/‘Reps and warranties’ No access
4. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Background No access
    2. Legal nature and temporal scope of application No access
    3. Forms of guarantees caught by the Notice No access
    4. Existence of aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU No access
    5. Quantification of the aid element No access
    6. Compatibility with the internal market of State aid in the form of guarantees No access
  3. Notice on the notion of State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU No access
  4. 1. Special rules which are unrelated to the financial and economic crisis No access
    2. Special rules in the economic and financial crisis No access
  5. 1. Aid to the borrower No access
    2. Aid to the lender No access
    3. Residex No access
5. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Scope of application No access
    3. Exclusion of State aid elements No access
    4. Potential distortion of competition and trade No access
    5. Notification obligation and risk of voidness No access
    6. Criteria of authorization No access
  3. Notice on the notion of State aid pursuant to Article 107(1) TFEU No access
  4. State aid assessment of real estate transactions outside of the Land Sale Communication No access
  5. State aid by tax benefits No access
  6. Property aid in the EEA No access
6. 1. 1. Background and purpose No access
    2. Forms, Hermes cover No access
    3. Definitions No access
    4. System No access
  2. 1. Foreign trade law and export aid No access
    2. Aid for intra-Union exports and exports outside the Union No access
  3. 1. Until 2012: 1997 Communication on short-term export-credit insurance No access
    2. Since 2013: The 2012 Communication on the application of State aid law to short-term export-credit insurances No access
    3. Export aid in guidelines and BERs No access
  4. 1. Advantage No access
    2. Selectivity No access
    3. Distortion of competition and effect on trade No access
  5. 1. General No access
    2. Authorization pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) TFEU No access
  6. Outlook No access
1. 1. No exception for tax measures from the State aid prohibition No access
  2. Assessment principles No access
  3. Forms of tax concessions No access
  4. Specific considerations relating to parafiscal charges No access
2. 1. Attribution of tax measures in principle No access
  2. Budgetary effect threshold for special burdens and sparing subsidies No access
  3. General causation threshold of budgetary effect No access
  4. Attribution of parafiscal charges to the State No access
3. 1. Focus and challenges of selectivity assessment No access
  2. Assessing the selective character of tax provisions No access
4. 1. Tax concessions No access
  2. Parafiscal financing No access
5. Recipients of aid: Undertakings No access
6. Harmfulness: Distortion of competition, effect on trade and compatibility No access
7. 1. General No access
  2. Hypothetication – Effects of an aid-relevant use of revenue No access
  3. Effects of asymmetrical burdens No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Traditional broadband networks No access
    2. NGA networks No access
    3. Aid to ultra-fast broadband networks No access
    4. Evaluation No access
  3. 1. Article 107(1) TFEU: Presence of aid No access
    2. Article 106(2) TFEU: Services of general economic interest No access
    3. Article 107 (2) and (3) TFEU: Compatibility with the internal market No access
    4. Assessment No access
  4. Further decisions in the telecommunications sector No access
2. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Presence of an advantage No access
    2. Selectivity No access
    3. Aid granted through State resources No access
    4. Distortion of competition and effect on trade No access
  3. 1. Services of general economic interest No access
    2. Exceptions No access
  4. Compatibility with the internal market No access
  5. Outlook No access
3. 1. Overview of the State aid policy in the broadcasting sector No access
  2. 1. Classification as State aid No access
    2. New or existing aid No access
  3. 1. Overview No access
    2. Article 106(2) TFEU No access
  4. Conclusions No access
4. 1. General remarks No access
  2. 1. Existence of State aid No access
    2. Compatibility No access
  3. 1. State aid for private consumers No access
    2. State aid for undertakings No access
  4. 1. Potential State aid in emission trading systems No access
    2. Possible compatibility No access
  5. Nuclear power No access
  6. 1. General remarks No access
    2. Competence No access
    3. Applicable law No access
5. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Institutional liability and guarantor liability No access
    2. Capital injections No access
    3. Restructuring cases No access
    4. Banco di Sicilia and Sicilcassa No access
    5. Bankgesellschaft Berlin No access
  3. 1. The financial crisis No access
    2. The new legal framework for State aid control No access
    3. Commission decisions No access
    4. Assessment No access
6. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Transport policy No access
    2. The concept of ‘transport’ No access
    3. Liberalization No access
  3. 1. Primary law No access
    2. Implementation in secondary legislation No access
  4. 1. Road transport infrastructure No access
    2. Traffic information systems No access
    3. Aid to SMEs No access
    4. Environmental protection No access
    5. Freight transport by road No access
    6. Block Exemption Regulations No access
    7. Investment aid No access
    8. Operating aid No access
7. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Transport by rail in Europe No access
  3. 1. Article 106(2) TFEU and Altmark No access
    2. Article 93 TFEU No access
    3. Regulation No 1192/69 No access
    4. Compensation for the discharge of public service obligations in the public passenger transport sector (Regulation No 1370/2007) No access
  4. 1. Railway infrastructure funding (chapter 2 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    2. Aid for the purchase and renewal of rolling stock (chapter 3 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    3. Aid for debt cancellation (chapter 4 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    4. Aid for restructuring railway undertakings – restructuring a ‘freight’ division (chapter 5 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    5. Aid for transport coordination (chapter 6 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    6. State guarantees for railway undertakings (chapter 7 of the Railway Guidelines) No access
    7. Freight transport by rail No access
    8. De minimis Regulation No access
8. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Inland waterway transport and State aid rules No access
  3. Case-law and decision-making practice No access
9. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Public financing of infrastructure and equipment which is not caught by Article 107(1) TFEU No access
    2. Regulation No 1191/69 No access
    3. Regulation No 1107/70 No access
    4. Regulation 1370/2007 and direct application of Article 93 TFEU No access
    5. Regulations (EU) No 733/2013 and No 994/98 No access
  3. 1. Decision-making practice pursuant to Article 93 TFEU No access
    2. Authorization pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) TFEU No access
10. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Legal classification and economic context No access
    2. General principles of Maritime Transport Guidelines No access
    3. Scope of the Maritime Transport Guidelines No access
    4. Flagging requirements No access
    5. Eligibility for approval of certain aids No access
    6. Compensation for public service obligations No access
    7. Ceiling No access
  3. Aid within the framework of the ‘Marco Polo’ programme No access
  4. 1. Port aid No access
    2. Aid for other maritime transport infrastructures No access
    3. Guidelines for state aid in the port sector? No access
11. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Scope No access
    2. Definition of shipbuilding No access
    3. Specific rules No access
    4. Notification requirements No access
12. Automotive Sector No access
13. 1. Introduction No access
  2. The notion of steel in State aid cases No access
  3. 1. Closure aid No access
    2. The general prohibition of rescue and restructuring aid No access
    3. Special restructuring regimes for new Member States No access
    4. Special regimes for current and potential candidate countries No access
  4. 1. Regional aid No access
    2. Environmental aid No access
    3. Crisis aid under the Temporary Framework No access
  5. Conclusion No access
14. 1. 1. Fundamentals and economic significance No access
    2. Subsidy programmes No access
    3. Subsidization of Social Housing Development No access
  2. 1. Services of general economic interest and the ban on State aid No access
    2. The Altmark Trans Decision of the ECJ No access
    3. Social housing development as service of general economic interest No access
    4. Conclusions No access
15. 1. General No access
  2. The notion of State aid term in the sectors of culture, sports and tourism No access
  3. Origin of Article 107(3) lit. d TFEU No access
  4. Scope of Article 107(3) lit. d TFEU No access
  5. Culture No access
  6. State aids for the promotion of heritage conservation and Art 53 GBER No access
  7. Sports and Art 55 GBER No access
  8. Tourism No access
  9. Prospect No access
1. 1. General No access
  2. Procedure between the Commission and the Member State No access
  3. Different types of procedure No access
2. 1. 1. Notification obligation No access
    2. Content and form of the notification No access
    3. Preliminary examination No access
    4. Conclusion of the preliminary examination No access
    5. Simplified procedure No access
  2. 1. Unlawful aid No access
    2. Misuse of aid No access
  3. 1. Ongoing examinations No access
    2. Appropriate measures No access
3. 1. General No access
  2. Opening decision and further procedures No access
  3. Requests for information No access
  4. 1. Timing of the final decision No access
    2. Types of decision No access
  5. Exceptional authorisation by the Council No access
  6. Referral to the ECJ (Article 108(2) subpara. 2 TFEU) No access
4. The Commission’s internal procedure No access
5. 1. 1. Purpose of the standstill obligation No access
    2. Granting of aid No access
  2. 1. Aid types No access
    2. Temporal scope No access
  3. Consequences of a violation of the standstill obligation No access
6. 1. Introduction No access
  2. 1. Duty of national courts to protect concerned parties No access
    2. Clarification by the CELF case law No access
  3. 1. Principles No access
    2. Types of actions No access
1. Preliminary note to Article 1 No access
2. 1. 1. General No access
    2. 1. Aid (lit. a) No access
      2. Existing aid (lit. b) No access
      3. New aid (lit. c) No access
      4. Aid schemes and individual aid (lit. d and e) No access
      5. Unlawful aid (lit. f) No access
      6. Misuse of aid (lit. g) No access
      7. Interested parties (lit. h) No access
3. 1. 1. General No access
    2. 1. Proposals for the granting of new aid No access
      2. Not stipulated otherwise No access
    3. Timely notification No access
    4. Complete notification No access
  2. : Standstill clause No access
  3. 1. General No access
    2. Scope of the preliminary examination No access
    3. 1. Non-aid decision No access
      2. Decision not to raise objections No access
      3. Decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure No access
    4. Time limits for decisions No access
  4. 1. General No access
    2. Request for information No access
    3. Reminder with additional time limit for providing information No access
    4. Assumption of revocation of the notification No access
    5. Declaration of completeness of the notification No access
  5. 1. General No access
    2. Content of the opening decision No access
    3. 1. Time limit for statement No access
      2. Submission of the statements to the Member State No access
      3. Consideration of the statements No access
  6. a: Request for information made to other sources No access
  7. b: Fines and periodic penalty payments No access
  8. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Completion of the formal investigation procedure by decision No access
      2. Member States’ right to comment on market information No access
      3. Implementation of decisions pursuant to Article 7 No access
      4. Infringement against a condition or obligation No access
      5. Duration of the formal proceedings No access
  9. 1. Withdrawal of notification No access
    2. Closure of the formal investigation procedure No access
  10. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. 1. Revocation of a decision No access
      2. Incorrect information No access
      3. Opportunity to submit comments No access
      4. Opening of the formal investigation procedure No access
      5. Other cases of the revocation of a decision No access
4. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Obligation to examine No access
      2. Request for information to the Member State concerned No access
      3. Request for information to third parties No access
      4. Information injunction No access
      5. Legal consequences of an infringement of the information injunction No access
  2. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Suspension injunction No access
      2. Recovery injunction No access
  3. 1. Non-compliance with an injunction No access
    2. Referral of the matter to the Court of Justice No access
  4. 1. Decisions of the Commission on unlawful aid No access
    2. No time-limits for unlawful aid No access
  5. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Two-Step-Procedure No access
      2. Recovery decision No access
      3. Contrary to a general principle of Community law No access
      4. Recovery interests No access
      5. Recovery in accordance with the procedures under national law of the Member State concerned No access
      6. Practical effectiveness of the recovery No access
  6. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Deadline for recovery No access
      2. Interruption of the deadline No access
      3. Existing aid after prescription No access
      4. Application on old cases No access
  7. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Limitation period No access
      2. Interruption of the limitation period No access
  8. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Limitation period No access
      2. Interruption of the limitation period No access
5. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Misuse of aid No access
      2. Applicable provisions No access
      3. Without prejudice to Article 23 No access
6. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. On-going monitoring of existing aid schemes No access
      2. Request for information by the Commission No access
      3. Preliminary view on compatibility No access
  2. 1. View on the compatibility with the internal market No access
    2. Proposal of appropriate measures No access
  3. 1. Acceptance of the proposed measures No access
    2. Rejection of the proposed measures No access
    3. Counter proposal of the Member State No access
7. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Limited procedural rights of interested parties No access
      2. Right to submit comments No access
      3. Right to report an infringement against State aid law No access
      4. Right to request a copy of the decision No access
      5. Access to documents pursuant to Regulation 1049/2001 No access
8. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Legal requirements for Article 20a-inquiries No access
      2. Investigative tools No access
      3. Publication of a report No access
      4. Use in further State aid proceedings No access
9. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Form and content of annual reports No access
      2. Transmission and publication of the annual report No access
      3. Legal Status of annual reports No access
  2. 1. Purpose of the Provision No access
    2. History of the Provision No access
    3. 1. Serious doubts with regard to compliance with a decision No access
      2. Opportunity to submit comments No access
      3. Shall allow on-site monitoring No access
      4. Monitoring powers of the Commission No access
      5. Carrying out of an on-site inspection No access
  3. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. 1. Non-compliance with a decision No access
      2. Non-compliance with a judgment of the Court of Justice No access
    3. Application of the Deggendorf-jurisprudence No access
10. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. History of the provision No access
    3. 1. Cooperation on initiative of a national court No access
      2. Cooperation on initiative of the Commission No access
11. 1. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. 1. No disclosure of confidential information No access
      2. Information covered by professional secrecy No access
      3. Confidential information of the Member State No access
      4. Procedural implementation No access
  2. : Addressee of decisions No access
  3. 1. Purpose of the provision No access
    2. 1. Publication of a summary of the decision No access
      2. Publication of the complete decision No access
      3. Publication of Article 6 b decisions No access
      4. Publication of a notice No access
      5. Publication of decisions of the Council No access
  4. : Implementing provisions No access
  5. : Advisory Committee on State aid No access
  6. : Consultation of the Committee No access
  7. : Entry into force No access
1. Introduction/Scope of application No access
2. Topics of implementing regulations No access
3. 1. Implementing regulations in the transportation field No access
  2. Enabling Regulation for Block Exemption Regulations No access
  3. Procedural Regulation No access
4. 1. Article 103 TFEU No access
  2. Article 106(3) TFEU No access
  3. Article 107(3)(e) TFEU No access
  4. Article 108(2) subpara. 3 TFEU No access
1. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Distribution of competences in State aid cases and organization of the EU-Courts No access
  3. 1. Background No access
    2. Written procedure No access
    3. Oral procedure No access
    4. Judgment No access
  4. 1. Main proceedings No access
    2. Appeals No access
    3. Expedited procedure and interim relief No access
2. 1. Overview No access
  2. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Admissibility No access
    3. Merits No access
    4. Judgment No access
  3. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Admissibility No access
    3. Merits No access
    4. Judgment No access
  4. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Admissibility No access
    3. Merits No access
    4. Judgment No access
  5. 1. Introduction No access
    2. Admissibility No access
    3. Decision and effects No access
3. 1. Introduction No access
  2. Admissibility No access
  3. Merits No access
  4. Decision No access
  5. Interim relief in appeal procedures No access
Index No access Pages 1718 - 1749