Digital Services Act: DSA

Prof. Dr. Franz Hofmann LL.M. (Cambridge); Prof. Dr. Benjamin Raue

doi:10.5771/9783748931478

Summary

The Digital Services Act (DSA) creates a completely new European legal framework for digital services. This will have far-reaching consequences for both providers and (commercial) users of digital services. The new CommentaryThe article-by-article commentary is "straight to the point" on the far-reaching provisions of the Regulation, which primarily relate to dealing with illegal content on the internet. The structures and objectives of the regulation are systematically and comprehensibly described, embedded in the context and explained in terms of EU law. It also develops strategic recommendations for the online companies concerned, which are now subject to numerous obligations. The autorsAkadR a.Z. Dr. Max Dregelies | Dr. Karina Grisse, LL.M. (Edinburgh) | Prof. Dr. Franz Hofmann, LL.M. (Cambridge) | Jun.-Prof. Dr. Katharina Kaesling, LL.M. (College of Europe) | Prof. Dr. Christoph Krönke | Prof. Dr. Sarah Legner | Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Marsch, D.I.A.P. (ENA) | Daniela Petermair, LL.M. (WU), B.Sc. (WU) | Prof. Dr. Timo Rademacher, M.Jur. (Oxford) | Prof. Dr. Benjamin Raue

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2024
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8616-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3147-8
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 1253
Product type: Comment

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages II - XXI
1. Franz Hofmann, Benjamin Raue
  1. 1. 1. 1. Regulatory task No access
      2. 2. Directive 2000/31/EC as an obsolete provision No access
      3. 3. Ambitions of a law on digital services No access
    2. 1. 1. Realisation of the internal market No access
      2. 2. Regulation of platforms No access
      3. 3. Consumer and user protection No access
      4. 4. Legal certainty No access
    3. 1. 1. General remarks No access
      2. 2. Liability for illegal third-party content No access
      3. 3. Responsibility for the design of the service No access
    4. IV. Digital Services Act as a general part of internet law No access
    5. 1. 1. Law enforcement on the internet No access
      2. 2. Regulation of systemic risks No access
      3. 3. Transparency and accountability requirements No access
      4. 4. Prohibitions and obligations to act No access
      5. 5. Supervisory mechanisms No access
  2. 1. I. Preliminary works No access
    2. II. Legislative procedure No access
    3. III. Entry into force and application No access
  3. 1. I. Structure No access
    2. II. Chapter I: General provisions No access
    3. III. Chapter II: Liability exemption No access
    4. IV. Chapter III: Diligence obligations No access
    5. V. Chapter IV: Supervision and enforcement No access
    6. VI. Chapter V: Final provisions No access
  4. 1. I. General No access
    2. II. Cross-sectional regulation No access
    3. III. Public law No access
    4. IV. Private law No access
    5. V. Criminal law No access
    6. 1. 1. Liability law No access
      2. 2. Algorithmic law enforcement No access
      3. 3. Transparency obligations No access
      4. 4. Fundamental rights application No access
      5. 5. Self-regulation No access
      6. 6. Regulatory law No access
      7. 7. Law by design No access
  5. 1. I. Relationship to other legal acts of Union law No access
    2. 1. 1. General No access
      2. 2. Conflicting national provisions No access
    3. III. International aspects No access
2. 1. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Regulation of digital services No access
      2. 1. Objectives of the DSA (Art. 1(1)) No access
        2. Regulatory complexes (Art. 1(2)) No access
        3. Direct application No access
      3. III. Legislative procedure No access
    2. 1. I. Promotion of innovation No access
      2. II. Consumer protection No access
      3. III. Protection of society as a whole No access
    3. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. II. Continuity with the Directive 2000/31/EC No access
      3. III. No full immunity No access
    4. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. II. Transparency obligations, duties to act and prohibitions depending on the type, functionality and size of the intermediary No access
      3. III. Consequences of the diligence obligations No access
    5. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. II. Public enforcement No access
    6. 1. I. Full harmonisation No access
      2. 1. National latitude No access
        2. Other regulatory objectives No access
      3. III. Relationship of the DSA to other legal acts of the Union No access
  2. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Legislative procedure No access
    2. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Intermediary service No access
      3. III. Recipients of the service in the Union No access
      4. 1. Offer services in the Union No access
        a) Establishment in the Union No access
        b) Factual connection to the Union No access
      5. V. Continued validity of Art. 3 Directive 2000/31/EC No access
    3. 1. I. Service providers outside the definition of Art. 3 point (g) No access
      2. 1. Other services No access
        2. Requirements for the mediated products or services No access
        3. Integral part of an overall service No access
    4. 1. 1. Collision cases No access
        2. List of legal acts affected No access
      2. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Individual questions No access
      3. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Individual questions No access
      4. 1. Overview No access
        2. Relationship to the InfoSoc Directive 2001/29/EC No access
        3. Relationship to Art. 17 CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        4. Relationship to the Directive 2004/48/EC No access
      5. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Individual questions No access
      6. VI. Regulation on precursors for explosives No access
      7. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Individual questions No access
      8. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Relationship to European unfair competition law No access
      9. IX. Data protection law No access
      10. X. Judicial cooperation in civil matters and private international law No access
      11. XI. Judicial cooperation in criminal matters No access
      12. XII. Appointment of representatives for the purpose of gathering evidence in criminal proceedings No access
    5. E. Other legal acts regulating digital services No access
  3. Franz Hofmann
    1. A. General remarks Franz Hofmann No access
    2. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Service No access
        2. Remuneration No access
        3. Service provided at a distance No access
        4. Service provided by electronic means No access
        5. Service provided at the individual request of a recipient No access
        6. Not an integral part of an overall service No access
      3. III. Individual cases No access
    3. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Individual requirements No access
      3. III. Miscellaneous No access
    4. 1. 1. Consumer definitions in Union law No access
        2. Standards of direct consumer relevance No access
        3. Consumer model No access
      2. II. Legislative procedure No access
      3. 1. Natural person No access
        2. Purpose of activity No access
      4. IV. Individual cases No access
    5. E. Offering services in the Union/Substantial connection (Art. 3 point (d) and (e)) No access
    6. F. Trader (Art. 3 point (f)) No access
    7. 1. 1. Information society services No access
        2. Intermediary role of the services No access
        3. Platform functions No access
      2. II. Mere conduit No access
      3. III. Caching No access
      4. IV. Hosting No access
      5. 1. Enumerative list of intemediary services No access
        a) Search engines as intermediary service No access
        b) Search engines no intermediary services No access
        3. Special case of hyperlinks No access
        4. Traditional intermediaries No access
    8. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Infringing content No access
        a) Cross-jurisdictional approach No access
        b) Legal provision No access
        3. Illegal content online and offline No access
      3. III. Legal contents No access
    9. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Platform activities No access
        2. Ancillary feature or insignificant main feature No access
        3. Abuse provison No access
    10. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Intermediary service No access
        2. Search function No access
        3. Detection function No access
    11. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Distinctions No access
      3. 1. Provision of information No access
        2. Public No access
        3. At the request of the recipient of the service No access
    12. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Contract between trader and consumer No access
        2. Without simultaneous physical presence No access
        3. Organised distance sales or service-provision scheme No access
        4. Exclusive use of means of distance communication No access
      3. III. Individual cases No access
    13. M. Online interface (Art. 3 point (m)) No access
    14. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Details No access
    15. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Details No access
    16. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Details No access
    17. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Details No access
    18. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Information No access
        2. Message of a legal or natural person No access
        3. Display on the online interface of an online platform No access
        4. Remuneration No access
        5. Presentation No access
    19. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Automated functioning No access
        2. Usage by an online platform No access
        3. Effect of the recommender system No access
    20. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Individual requirements No access
    21. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Details No access
    22. V. Persons with disabilities (Art. 3 point (v)) No access
    23. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. 1. Form of communication No access
        2. Sales promotion or promotion of the image of a business No access
        3. Negative criteria No access
    24. X. Turnover (Art. 3 point (x)) No access
3. 1. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Liability privileges as part of the liability constitution on the internet No access
      2. II. Continuity with the Directive 2000/31/EC No access
      3. III. Horizontal regulatory approach No access
    2. 1. 1. Liability for illegal third-party content No access
        2. Liability for own content No access
        3. Criteria for distinction No access
        4. Requirement of distinction No access
      2. 1. Balancing conflicting interests No access
        2. Diversity of dogmatic constructions No access
      3. 1. Duties to assist No access
        2. Risk-increasing behaviour No access
      4. IV. Privatisation of law enforcement No access
      5. 1. Infringer No access
        2. Realisation of rights on the internet No access
        3. Active and passive recipients of the service No access
        4. Intermediaries No access
        5. General remarks No access
      6. 1. Promotion of new business models No access
        2. Effective judicial review No access
        3. User rights No access
        4. Conclusion No access
    3. 1. aa) Overview No access
        bb) Case law No access
        cc) Art. 17 CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        b) Data protection law No access
        c) Unfair competition law No access
        d) Trademark law No access
        aa) Requirements under Union law No access
        bb) National implementation No access
        b) Art. 18 Directive 2000/31/EC No access
        c) Further No access
      2. 1. Liability privileges No access
        2. Prohibition of general monitoring obligations No access
        3. Principle of proportionality No access
        4. Fundamental rights No access
        5. Other principles of Union law No access
    4. 1. I. Liability privileges as a component of intermediary liability No access
      2. 1. Overview No access
        2. Previous case law No access
        3. Business models designed to infringe rights No access
        4. Limits of application of individual liability privileges No access
      3. 1. Regulatory purpose No access
        2. Horizontal regulation No access
        3. Criticism of the liability privileges No access
        4. Liability privileges as an expression of an overarching legal principle No access
    5. 1. I. Indirect responsibility No access
      2. II Accessoriness and subsidiarity No access
      3. III. Configuring the due diligence obligations in accordance with the interests No access
      4. IV. Proceduralisation No access
      5. V. User rights No access
      6. VI. Technology sensitivity No access
    6. F. Relationship to the Directive 2000/31/EC No access
  2. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Purpose of the regulation No access
      3. III. Justification and limitation of liability No access
      4. IV. Relationship to the predecessor regulation No access
      5. V. History No access
    2. 1. I. Passive role No access
      2. 1. Initiating the transmission No access
        2. No selection of addressees No access
        3. No modification or selection of information No access
        4. Actual knowledge of illegal activities or illegal content No access
    3. C. Legal consequence of the liability exemption No access
    4. 1. I. Transmission of information No access
      2. II. Providing access No access
      3. 1. Overview No access
        2. Automatic, intermediate and transient storage No access
        3. Purpose of storage No access
    5. 1. I. Technical analysis and case-by-case consideration No access
      2. II. Service providers covered No access
    6. F. Rules on the justification of liability (Art. 4(3)) No access
  3. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Purpose of the regulation No access
      3. III. Justification and limitation of liability No access
      4. IV. Relationship to the predecessor regulation No access
      5. V. History of origins No access
    2. 1. I. Passive role No access
      2. 1. No change in the information No access
        2. Observance of the conditions for access to the information No access
        3. Observance of the rules for updating the information No access
        4. Interference with data collection technologies No access
        5. Notice-and-takedown obligation No access
    3. C. Legal consequence of the privileged status No access
    4. 1. I. Transmission of user information in a communication network No access
      2. 1. Automatic temporary storage No access
        2. Temporary storage for a limited period of time No access
      3. III. Privileged purpose No access
    5. 1. I. Technical analysis and case-by-case consideration No access
      2. II. Service providers covered No access
    6. F. Rules for the establishment of liability No access
  4. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Purpose of the regulation No access
      3. III. Justification and limitation of liability No access
      4. IV. Relationship to the predecessor regulation No access
      5. V. History No access
    2. 1. I. Passive role No access
      2. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Authority No access
        3. Control No access
        4. Individual cases No access
      3. III. Liability of online platforms under consumer protection law (Art. 6(3)) No access
      4. IV. Statutory exclusions No access
    3. C. Legal consequence of the privileged status No access
    4. 1. 1. Hosting service No access
        a) External information No access
        b) On behalf of the recipient of the service No access
        3. Individual cases No access
      2. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Knowledge of illegality No access
        3. Investigations on own initiative No access
        aa) Overview No access
        bb) Statement of reasons No access
        cc) Electronic location No access
        dd) Name indication No access
        ee) Declaration on the accuracy of the specifications No access
        b) Formal requirements No access
        c) Eligibility to register No access
        d) Legal consequence of proper notifications No access
        5. Abstract knowledge No access
      3. III. Ought to have known No access
      4. 1. Overview No access
        2. Acting expeditiously No access
        3. Blocking or removal No access
    5. 1. I. Technical analysis and case-by-case consideration No access
      2. II. Service providers covered No access
    6. 1. I. National liability rules No access
      2. II. Special diligence obligations No access
      3. III. Liability regimes under Union law No access
  5. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Background No access
      2. II. Purpose of the regulation No access
      3. III. Relation to previous legal framework No access
      4. IV. History No access
    2. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Relation to previous case law No access
      3. III. Modified Good Samaritan privilege No access
    3. 1. I. Measures on own initiative No access
      2. 1. Investigations with regard to illegal content No access
        2. Other measures with regard to illegal content No access
        a) Requirements of national and Union law No access
        b) Terms and conditions No access
      3. 1. Purpose and systematics No access
        a) Diligent behaviour No access
        b) Good faith No access
    4. D. Protection of user rights No access
  6. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. 1. Overview of the regulatory content No access
        2. Background No access
        3. Practical relevance No access
      2. II. Comparable regulations No access
      3. 1. Art. 15(1) E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC No access
        2. Art. 15(2) E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC No access
    2. 1. I. Two alternatives No access
      2. II. Particular cases No access
    3. 1. 1. Termination of specific infringements No access
        2. Prevention of infringements No access
      2. 1. Similar infringements No access
        2. Infringements by other persons No access
        3. National case law No access
      3. III. Criticism No access
  7. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Regulatory context and object of regulation No access
      2. II. Regulatory purpose No access
      3. 1. Justification of liability No access
        2. Procedural law including enforcement law No access
        3. Legal acts of the Union with mechanisms for action against illegal content No access
        4. Decisions by providers of hosting services No access
      4. IV. Court and authority orders versus claims No access
      5. 1. General remarks No access
        2. Individual cases of court or administrative orders No access
        3. Addressees of the regulation No access
      6. VI. Legislative procedure No access
    2. 1. I. Introduction No access
      2. II. Addressees of the regulation and material scope of application No access
      3. 1. Obligation to provide information on the effect given to the order No access
        2. Without undue delay No access
        3. Information addressee No access
        4. Relevant order No access
      4. 1. Enforcement of the order itself No access
        2. Enforcement of the obligation to provide information No access
    3. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. 1. Specification of the legal basis No access
        2. Statement of reasons No access
        3. Identification of the issuing authority No access
        4. Identification of illegal content No access
        5. Remedies No access
        6. Specifications of the authority to be informed No access
      3. III. Territorial scope No access
      4. IV. Language No access
    4. D. Exchange of information (Art. 9(3) and (4)) No access
    5. E. User information (Art. 9(5)) No access
    6. F. National civil and criminal procedural law (Art. 9(6)) No access
  8. Franz Hofmann
    1. 1. I. Regulatory context and object of regulation No access
      2. II. Parallels of Art. 10 and Art. 9 No access
      3. III. Regulatory purpose No access
      4. IV. Relationship to other regulations No access
      5. V. Legislative procedure No access
    2. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. 1. Information requirements on receipt of the order and effect given to the order No access
        2. Without undue delay No access
        3. Information addressee No access
        4. Relevant order No access
    3. 1. I. General remarks No access
      2. 1. Specification of the legal ground No access
        2. Identification of the issuing authority No access
        3. Identification of the recipient of the service No access
        4. Explanatory statement No access
        5. Remedies No access
        6. Specifications of the authority to be informed No access
      3. III. Limits to the provision of information No access
      4. IV. Language No access
    4. D. Exchange of information (Art. 10(3) and (4)) No access
    5. E. User information (Art. 10(5)) No access
    6. F. National civil and criminal procedural law (Art. 10(6)) No access
4. 1. Benjamin Raue
    1. 1. 1. Overview of the individual diligence obligations No access
        2. Exemption for micro and small enterprises No access
        a) Intermediary services No access
        b) Hosting services and online platforms No access
      2. 1. Transparency and proceduralisation of content moderation No access
        2. Obligations towards public authorities No access
        3. Communication and transparency No access
        4. Consumer and user protection No access
      3. 1. Public or private law No access
        a) Applicable law No access
        b) Contractual obligations No access
        c) Non-contractual obligations No access
      4. IV. Regular evaluation of the diligence obligations No access
    2. 1. I. Overview No access
      2. II. Balancing of interests in the services contract No access
      3. a) Identification of illegal content No access
        b) Obligation of initial assessment No access
        c) Transparent decision No access
        d) Hearing of the affected persons No access
        e) Reconsideration procedure No access
        f) External dispute resolution No access
        g) Legal action before state courts No access
        2. Content contrary to terms and conditions No access
      4. a) Timely No access
        b) Without undue delay No access
        c) Time requirements as relative concepts No access
        d) No time limit in Art. 14 No access
        2. Qualitative diligence requirements No access
      5. V. Public enforcement/competence of state courts to final decision-making No access
      6. VI. Involvement of civil society stakeholders No access
    3. C. The application of fundamental rights by intermediary services No access
    4. 1. I. Oversight and enforcement by public authorities No access
      2. 1. Individual enforcement No access
        2. Collective private law enforcement No access
  2. 1. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        2. Systematics and position within the DSA No access
        3. Relation to other legislative acts of the EU No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Providers of intermediary services No access
        2. Indirect obligation of the competent authorities No access
        1. Designation of a single point of contact No access
        a) Direct, smooth, and efficient communications No access
        b) By electronic means No access
        c) Acknowledgement of the receipt of communications No access
        a) Competent authorities No access
        b) Trusted flaggers and traders No access
        c) Not: recipients of the service No access
        4. Relating to matters covered by this Regulation No access
        1. Publication of information (sent. 1) No access
        2. Easily accessible and up to date (sent. 2) No access
        1. Binding specification of the language No access
        2. Official language of the main establishment No access
        3. Language understood by as many Union citizens as possible No access
        4. Agreement on the language No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    2. Benjamin Raue
      1. I. Telos No access
        1. Norm structure No access
        2. Position within the DSA No access
        3. Relation to other legislative acts of the EU No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of intermediary services No access
        II. Communication partners: recipients of the service No access
        1. Single point of contact No access
        2. Designation No access
        3. Content of the communications No access
        a) Proportionality considerations No access
        aa) By electronic means No access
        bb) Transparency in communications via chatbots No access
        cc) Not based exclusively on automated tools No access
        dd) Choice of the recipient of the service No access
        aa) Directly and rapidly No access
        bb) User-friendly No access
        cc) Efficient No access
        dd) Confirmation of receipt No access
        IV. Information on point of contact (para. 2) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    3. Benjamin Raue
      1. I. Telos No access
        1. Norm structure No access
        2. Position within the DSA No access
        3. Relation to other legislative acts of the EU No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: Providers of intermediary services not established in the Union No access
        1. To designate No access
        2. In writing No access
        3. Legal or natural person No access
        4. In a Member State No access
        5. Physical presence No access
        a) In addition to or instead of the service provider No access
        b) Competent authorities No access
        c) Competence of the legal representative No access
        2. Sufficient resources (sent. 2) No access
        IV. Mandate vis-à-vis private parties No access
        1. Penalties imposed by the authorities No access
        2. Private law enforcement No access
        1. Notification of the Digital Services Coordinator (sent. 1) No access
        2. Publication of the designation (sent. 2) No access
        VII. Designation does not constitute an establishment in the Union (para. 5) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    4. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Expression of entrepreneurial freedom No access
        2. Obligation for transparent restrictions No access
        3. Obligation to balance interests of all parties involved No access
        1. Systematics of the provision No access
        a) Relation to other mechanism of the DSA No access
        b) Legal definitions No access
        a) P2B-Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 No access
        b) Terrorist Content Regulation (EU) 2021/784 No access
        c) Unfair terms Directive 93/13/EEC No access
        4. Relationship to the assessment of terms and conditions under §§ 305 et seqq. BGB No access
        III. The application of fundamental rights by intermediary services No access
        IV. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: Providers of intermediary services No access
        1. Governance of contractual relationships No access
        2. Terms and conditions of non-contractual relationships No access
        a) Definition of content moderation (Art. 3 point (t)) No access
        b) Content-related restrictions (accessibility, visibility, demotion, demonetisation and availability) No access
        c) Personal restrictions of the account No access
        d) Service restrictions (suspension or termination of the provision of the service) No access
        a) Policies No access
        b) Procedures and rules of procedure for the internal complaint-handling system No access
        c) Measures and tools No access
        d) Information on termination rights No access
        e) Policy against misuse (Art. 23(4)) No access
        f) Parameters of the recommender system (Art. 27) No access
        3. Obligation to update No access
        aa) Average user perspective No access
        bb) Clear and unambiguous No access
        cc) Intelligible and plain No access
        dd) User-friendly No access
        aa) Easily accessible No access
        bb) Machine-readable No access
        cc) Publicly available No access
        c) Consequences of an infringement No access
        a) Significance of the duty to inform No access
        b) Significant changes No access
        c) Information through appropriate means No access
        a) Primarily directed at minors No access
        b) Predominantly used by minors No access
        c) Explaining the conditions and restrictions No access
        a) Application and enforcement No access
        b) Design and content No access
        2. Restrictions within the meaning of para. 1 No access
        a) Diligent No access
        b) Objective No access
        c) Proportionate No access
        d) (No) prior hearing of the recipient of the service necessary No access
        4. Taking into account the rights and legitimate interests of all parties involved No access
        aa) Significance of the platform No access
        bb) Relevance to fundamental rights in terms of content No access
        cc) Significance of the specific measure No access
        aa) Entrepreneurial freedom No access
        bb) Freedom of expression No access
        1. Addressees: very large online platforms and very large online search engines No access
        2. Summary of the terms and conditions (para. 5) No access
        3. Publication of the terms and conditions in the official languages of the Member States addressed (para. 6) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    5. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Systematics and position within the DSA No access
        b) Relationship with other EU legal acts No access
        c) Relationship with national legislation No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Norm addressees No access
        aa) Clear and easily comprehensible No access
        bb) Language No access
        cc) Publicly available, in an easily accessible manner No access
        dd) Machine-readable No access
        b) Frequency: at least once a year No access
        aa) Content moderation No access
        bb) In the relevant period No access
        a) Orders received (point (a)) No access
        b) Number of reports made according to Art. 16 (point (b)) No access
        c) Moderation at the providers’ own initiative (point (c)) No access
        d) Complaint practice (point (d)) No access
        e) Use of automated means for content moderation (point (e)) No access
        III. Exemption for micro or small enterprises (para. 2) No access
        IV. Implementing acts of the Commission (para. 3) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
  3. 1. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        aa) CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        bb) Regulation (EU) 2021/784 addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online No access
        d) Relationship to provisions of Member State law No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of hosting services No access
        a) Standing No access
        aa) Specific items of information No access
        bb) Presence on the service No access
        cc) Illegal content No access
        aa) Easy to access and user-friendly No access
        bb) Submission by electronic means No access
        a) Sufficiently substantiated explanation (point (a)) No access
        b) Indication of the electronic location (point (b)) No access
        c) Name and e-mail address of the notifying party (point (c)) No access
        d) Confirmation of accuracy and completeness (point (d)) No access
        e) Identification as trusted flagger No access
        f) Optional other specifications No access
        3. Confirmation of receipt of the notice (para. 4) No access
        a) Notices according to Art. 16 No access
        aa) Illegality of the information No access
        bb) Identification by diligent provider of hosting services No access
        cc) Without detailed legal examination No access
        aa) Legal nature No access
        bb) Knowledge or awareness No access
        cc) Time of knowledge No access
        aa) For the purposes of Art. 6 No access
        bb) Extension to other provisions No access
        1. Obligation to process (para. 6) No access
        a) Illegal information present ‘on their services’ No access
        aa) Without undue delay No access
        (1) Nature of the content No access
        (2) Urgency No access
        (3) Circumstances of the individual case No access
        (4) Specification through codes of conduct No access
        cc) Priority processing of notices of trusted flaggers (Art. 22(1)) No access
        aa) Objective No access
        bb) Diligent No access
        cc) Non-arbitrary No access
        dd) Margin of appreciation No access
        (1) Manifestly illegal content No access
        (2) Illegality identified by judgment No access
        d) No prior hearing of the recipient of the service No access
        a) Disable access No access
        b) Removal of content No access
        c) Right of choice of the provider of hosting services No access
        d) Territorial scope of the remedy No access
        e) Other restrictions No access
        4. Reaction to unfounded notice No access
        5. The use of automated means (para. 6 sent. 2) No access
        a) To the notifying party (para. 5) No access
        b) To the recipient of the service affected (Art. 17) No access
        7. Evaluation of the action mechanism No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    2. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Systematics of the provision No access
        aa) Definitions No access
        bb) Relationship to other provisions of the DSA No access
        aa) P2B-Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 No access
        bb) Regulation (EU) 2021/784 No access
        cc) Art. 17 CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        d) Relationship to provisions of German law No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Provider of hosting services No access
        2. Access service providers No access
        3. Caching service providers No access
        II. Scope of application: illegal content and content contrary to terms and conditions No access
        1. Provision of the statement of reasons No access
        a) Active recipients No access
        b) Passive recipients No access
        a) Restriction of the visibility (point (a)) No access
        b) Restriction of monetisation of content (point (b)) No access
        c) Suspension or termination of the provision of the service (point (c)) No access
        d) Suspension or termination of the account (point (d)) No access
        1. Lack of relevant electronic contact details (para. 2 subpara. 1 sent. 1) No access
        2. Deceptive, high-volume commercial content (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        3. Orders according to Art. 9 (para. 5) No access
        4. Exceptions for the prevention, identification, detection, or prosecution of criminal offences No access
        1. Measures taken (point (a)) No access
        2. Facts and circumstances (point (b)) No access
        3. Use of automated means (point (c)) No access
        a) Legal ground (point (d)) No access
        b) Terms and conditions (point (e)) No access
        5. Redress available (point (f)) No access
        1. Electronic provision No access
        2. Precise and specific (paras. 1, 4) No access
        3. Clear and easily comprehensible (paras. 1, 4 sent. 1) No access
        4. Time (para. 2 subpara. 1 sent. 2) No access
        VII. Enforcement No access
    3. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Relationship to the GDPR No access
        b) Relationship to § 3a of former NetzDG No access
        c) Relationship to the Austrian KoPl-G (Communications Platforms Act) No access
        II. Fundamental rights concerns No access
        1. Predecessing regulations No access
        2. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of hosting services No access
        a) Criminal offence No access
        aa) Threat No access
        bb) To life No access
        cc) To the safety of a person No access
        dd) A person or persons No access
        ee) Offences specified in Directive 2011/36/EU, Directive 2011/93/EU and Directive (EU) 2017/541 No access
        c) Realisation stage of the criminal offence No access
        d) Criminal offence committed by a recipient of the service? No access
        a) Awareness of information No access
        b) Suspicion No access
        1. Notification of the suspicion No access
        2. Provision of information No access
        a) Law enforcement or judicial authorities No access
        aa) Member State No access
        bb) Place where the offence takes place No access
        cc) The residence or location of the suspect or victim No access
        c) Member State concerned identifiable (para. 1) No access
        d) Member State concerned not identifiable (para. 2) No access
        IV. Information of the person concerned No access
        V. Enforcement No access
  4. 1. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: Providers of online platforms No access
        1. Micro or small enterprises within the meaning of the SME recommendation No access
        2 Applicability of Art. 24(3) No access
        3. Transition period after loss of status No access
        4. Voluntary compliance No access
        III. Counter-exception for very large online platforms (para. 2) No access
    2. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Systematics of the provision No access
        aa) Relationship to other provisions of the DSA No access
        bb) Legal definitions No access
        cc) References to the provision No access
        aa) P2B-Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 No access
        bb) Regulation (EU) 2021/784 No access
        cc) CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        d) Relationship to provisions of German law No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of online platforms No access
        a) Provision of system (para. 1) No access
        aa) Effective (para. 1) No access
        bb) Easy to access and user-friendly (para. 3) No access
        cc) Enabling sufficiently precise and adequately substantiated complaints (para. 3) No access
        aa) Recipient of the service No access
        bb) Notifying party No access
        b) Time period for appeal No access
        aa) Electronic No access
        bb) Language No access
        cc) No specification of legal provisions or legal explanations necessary (rec. 58) No access
        d) Acknowledgement of receipt No access
        e) Free of charge No access
        a) Notifying Party No access
        aa) Removal, disabling access to or restricting visibility of the information (point (a)) No access
        bb) Suspension or termination of the provision (of the service) (point (b)) No access
        cc) Suspension or termination of recipient of the service’s account (point (c)) No access
        dd) Suspension, termination, or other restriction of monetisation (point (d)) No access
        1. Submission via internal complaint-handling system No access
        a) Time requirements No access
        aa) Diligent No access
        bb) Non-arbitrary No access
        cc) Non-discriminatory No access
        c) (No) hearing of third parties No access
        d) Requirements for human decision makers and use of automated means (para. 6) No access
        a) Legal nature No access
        aa) In favour of the notifying party No access
        bb) In favour of the recipient of the service No access
        cc) Decision-making standard No access
        c) Complaint decision No access
        4. Information of the complainant (para. 5) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    3. Max Dregelies
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Systematics within the DSA No access
        1. Relationship to Directive 2013/11/EU No access
        2. Relationship to P2B-Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 No access
        3. Relationship to CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        4. Relationship to Directive 2010/13/EU No access
      2. 1. Obligation to participate for providers of online platforms No access
        a) Ongoing proceedings No access
        b) Resolved disputes No access
        c) Legal protection No access
        II. No binding decision (para. 2 subpara. 3) No access
        1. Norm-based decision No access
        2. Conflict of laws No access
        a) Resolving No access
        b) Disputes in connection with decisions under Art. 20(1) or unresolved complaints No access
        a) Recipients of the service, notifying individuals or entities No access
        b) Addressed by decisions referred to in Art. 20(1) No access
        3. Legal representation No access
        1. Impartial and independent (para. 3 subpara. 1 point (a)) No access
        a) Financially independent (para. 3 subpara. 1 point (a)) No access
        b) State funding (para. 6) No access
        a) Basic legal knowledge as a minimum standard No access
        b) Particular areas of illegal content No access
        c) GTC No access
        4. Easily accessible and online submission of documents (para. 3 subpara. 1 point (d)) No access
        5. Swift, efficient and cost-effective (para. 3 subpara. 1 point (e)) No access
        a) Certification procedure No access
        b) Application for certification No access
        c) Proof of the requirements No access
        d) Legal protection No access
        a) Naming the areas of competence (para. 3 subpara. 2 point (a)) No access
        b) Naming the possible official language (para. 3 subpara. 2 point (b)) No access
        3. Renewal of the certificate No access
        a) Revocation after prior opportunity to react No access
        b) Investigation No access
        c) Revocation period No access
        5. Notify to the Commission (para. 8) No access
        6. Participation of the Member States (para. 6) No access
        1. Cooperation in good faith (para. 2 subpara. 1) No access
        2. Clear, fair, and publicly accessible procedural rules (para. 3 sent. 1 point f) No access
        3. Duration (para. 4 subpara. 3) No access
        a) Reasonable fee No access
        b) Nominal fee No access
        c) The defeat of the recipient of the service, notifying individual or entity No access
        d) The supplier prevails No access
        e) Partial winning No access
        a) Number of disputes No access
        b) Outcomes of the procedures No access
        c) Average duration No access
        d) Difficulties No access
        e) Additional information (para. 4 subpara. 1 sent. 2) No access
        a) Number of disputes that each certified out-of-court dispute settlement body has received (para. 4 subpara. 2 point (a)) No access
        b) Outcomes and duration (para. 4 subpara. 2 point (b)) No access
        (c) Shortcomings or difficulties in the functioning of the bodies (para. 4 subpara. 2 point (c)) No access
        d) Identification of best practice examples (para. 4 sent. 2 point d) No access
        e) Recommendations for improvement (para. 4 subpara. 2 point (e)) No access
        3. Information and reporting obligations of the service providers (para. 1 subpara. 2) No access
        1. Not binding (para. 2 subpara. 3) No access
        2. Ordinary courts (para. 1 subpara. 3) No access
        X. Directive 2013/11/EU (para. 9) No access
    4. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Systematics of the provision No access
        aa) Definitions No access
        bb) References to the provision No access
        cc) Similar priority mechanism in Art. 86(2) No access
        dd) Relation to the measures against misuse (Art. 23) No access
        c) Relationship with other provisions of Union law No access
        d) Relationship to provisions of German law No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: Providers of online platforms No access
        1. Technical and organisational measures No access
        a) Illegal information No access
        b) In designated area of expertise of the trusted flaggers No access
        c) Through the mechanisms referred to in Art. 16 No access
        a) Processing and deciding without undue delay No access
        b) With priority No access
        aa) Own system of trusted flaggers No access
        bb) Processing of other notices No access
        a) Strict standards No access
        aa) Private entities No access
        bb) Public entities No access
        cc) Establishment in the EU No access
        c) Particular expertise and competence (point (a)) No access
        d) Independence from online platforms (point (b)) No access
        e) Diligent, accurate, and objective notices (point (c)) No access
        a) Applicable procedural law No access
        b) Application No access
        c) Competent coordinator No access
        d) Award of status No access
        e) Refusal of status No access
        f) Re-award of lost status No access
        a) Against a refusal of status No access
        b) Against award of status No access
        1. Applicable procedural law No access
        2. Competence No access
        a) Investigation on its own initiative No access
        b) Information of the digital coordinator about unreliable notifying parties (para. 6 sent. 1) No access
        c) Third party information No access
        a) Investigation after notice by the online platform (para. 6 sent. 2–3) No access
        b) Analogous application to other investigations No access
        5. Hearing of the entity affected (para. 7 sent. 2) No access
        6. Prior warning No access
        7. Revocation of the status (para. 7) No access
        8. Relationship of the suspension and revocation procedure to the measures under Art. 23 No access
        a) Trusted flaggers No access
        b) Online platform No access
        1. Trusted flaggers (para. 3) No access
        2. Digital Services Coordinator (para. 4) No access
        3. Commission (para. 5) No access
        VI. Commission guidelines (para. 8) No access
        VII. Enforcement No access
    5. Benjamin Raue
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Legal nature No access
        1. Norm structure No access
        2. Position within the DSA No access
        1. Further measures against misuse set out in terms and conditions No access
        2. Art. 22 paras. 6–7 (suspension and revocation of the status of trusted flaggers) No access
        3. Art. 17 CDSM Directive (EU) 2019/790 No access
        4. UrhDaG No access
        V. Relevance to fundamental rights No access
        VI. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of online platforms No access
        1. Provision of illegal content No access
        2. By recipients of the service No access
        3. Frequently and manifestly No access
        4. Prior warning No access
        5. Suspension for a reasonable period of time No access
        1. Unfounded notice or complaint No access
        2. By individuals, entities, or complainants No access
        3. Frequently and manifestly No access
        4. Prior warning No access
        5. Suspension of processing for reasonable period of time No access
        a) Frequently No access
        b) Manifestly No access
        a) Corresponding application of Art. 17 paras. 2–4 No access
        b) Statement of reasons No access
        c) Qualitative requirements No access
        d) Time requirements No access
        e) Dispensability No access
        f) Redress against warning No access
        3. Subjective requirements for misuse No access
        a) Suspension No access
        b) Reasonable period of time No access
        5. Statement of reasons for the suspension No access
        1. Case-by-case assessment No access
        2. No duty to investigate and to hear the affected person No access
        3. Timely, diligent and in an objective manner No access
        4. Automated decision-making No access
        aa) Absolute number (point (a)) No access
        bb) Relative proportion (point (b)) No access
        cc) Within a given time frame No access
        b) Gravity and consequences (point (c)) No access
        c) Intentions (point (d)) No access
        VI. Inclusion of misuse policy in terms and conditions (para. 4) No access
        VII. Enforcement No access
    6. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Systematics and position within the DSA No access
        b) Relationship with other EU legal acts No access
        c) Relationship with national legislation No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Providers of online platforms No access
        2. Digital Services Coordinator of establishment No access
        3. Commission No access
        1. Report on out-of-court dispute settlement (para. 1 point (a)) No access
        2. Measures and protection against misuse (para. 1 point (b)) No access
        3. Submission of all decisions referred to in Art. 17 and their statement of reasons to publicly accessible databases (para. 5) No access
        4. Implementing acts of the Commission on details of the reports (para. 6) No access
        1. Publication of the average monthly active recipients of the service (para. 2) No access
        2. Communication to Coordinator and Commission on request (para. 3) No access
        3. Information of Commission about exceeding the threshold for very large platforms (para. 4) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
    7. Benjamin Raue
      1. 1. Protection of the free and informed decision of platform users No access
        a) Entrepreneurial freedom No access
        b) Protection of user interests No access
        3. Significance of Art. 25 No access
        4. Classification as unfair commercial practice No access
        1. Norm structure No access
        2. Position within the DSA No access
        a) UCP Directive and GDPR No access
        b) Other Union acts No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Effectiveness of dark patterns No access
        1. Misleading practices No access
        2. Manipulative practices No access
        1. Insurmountable obstacles No access
        2. Additional effort No access
        3. Psychological pressure No access
      3. I. GDPR No access
        II. UCP Directive No access
        III. Contract law No access
      4. 1. Addressee: provider of an online platform No access
        2. Protected group of persons: recipients of the service No access
        3. Effect on the average user No access
        a) Online interface (Art. 3 point (m)) No access
        b) Design, organise or operate No access
        a) Misleading practices No access
        b) Impairing practices No access
        aa) Free decision No access
        bb) Necessary degree of impairment No access
        cc) Distortion No access
        dd) Impairment No access
        aa) Criterion of disproportionate effort No access
        bb) Socially accepted and frequently used practices No access
        cc) Combination of dark patterns No access
        dd) Legitimate interests in the design No access
        ee) Exploiting structural decision-making weaknesses of the recipients of the service No access
        c) Asymmetry of benefits No access
        7. Subjective requirements No access
        1. Abstract-concrete exception No access
        a) Scope of application of the UCP Directive No access
        b) Remaining scope of application of Art. 25 No access
        a) Scope of application of the GDPR No access
        b) Remaining scope of application of Art. 25 No access
        4. Spill over effect No access
        1. Legal nature and practical significance No access
        2. Framing: giving greater prominence to choices (para. 3 point (a)) No access
        3. Nagging: repeated requests (para. 3 point (b)) No access
        4. Roach motel: asymmetric sign in and sign out (para. 3 point (c)) No access
        a) Standard settings that are very difficult to modify No access
        b) More difficult or time-consuming choices No access
        c) Difficulty in cancelling orders or signing out of online platforms No access
      5. E. Enforcement No access
    8. Karina Grisse
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes during the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees of the provision No access
        a) … that the information is an advertisement (para 1 point (a)) No access
        b) Person on whose behalf the advertisement is presented (para. 1 point (b)) No access
        c) Person who paid for the advertisement (para. 1 point (c)) No access
        aa) Information on the main parameters No access
        bb) Information on possibilities of change No access
        cc) Accessibility of information on parameters No access
        2. Manner of providing information No access
        3. Relation to Art. 27 and Art. 38 No access
        a) Relation to Art. 6 of Directive 2000/31/EC No access
        b) Relation to the UCP Directive 2005/29/EC No access
        c) Relation to national media laws No access
        1. Commercial communications by recipients of the service No access
        2. Provision of a functionality to declare (para. 2 subpara. 1) No access
        3. Disclosure of the declaration through marking in real time (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        4. Relation to other marking obligations for commercial communications No access
        1. Regulatory content No access
        a) Permissibility of data processing and rights of the data subjects under the GDPR Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and the Directive 2002/58/EC No access
        b) Relation to Art. 22 GDPR Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (automated decision-making) No access
        V. Criticism No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
      4. D. Standardisation (Art. 44) No access
      5. E. Codes of conduct (Art. 45, 46) No access
      6. F. Regulation (EU) 2024/900 on the transparency and targeting of political advertising No access
    9. Karina Grisse
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes during the legislative process No access
        III Relation to Art. 26 DSA No access
      2. 1. Online platforms No access
        2. Search engines No access
        II. Recommender systems No access
        1. The main parameters (para. 1 alt. 1 in conjunction with para. 2) No access
        2. Influenceability of the parameters (para. 1 alt. 2) No access
        3. Presentation in plain and intelligible language No access
        4. … in the terms and conditions No access
        5. Criticism/opinion No access
        IV. Functionality for selecting recommendation options (para. 3) No access
      3. I. Art. 5 P2B-Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 No access
        II Art. 7(4a) UCP Directive 2005/29/EC No access
        III. Art. 6a(1)(a) Directive 2011/83/EU No access
        IV. Art. 6(5) Digital Markets Act No access
        V. Media regulation (in Member State law) No access
      4. D. Other duties regarding recommender systems in the DSA No access
      5. E. Enforcement No access
      6. F. Outlook No access
      7. G. Comparative view No access
    10. Karina Grisse
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes during the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees of the provision No access
        II. Measures for the protection of minors (para. 1) No access
        III. Prohibition of personalised advertising based on profiling (para. 2) No access
        IV. No obligation to collect data for age determination (para. 3) No access
        V. Commission Guidelines (para. 4) No access
      3. C. Standards No access
      4. D. Enforcement No access
      5. E. Comparative view No access
  5. 1. Max Dregelies
      1. A. Overview No access
      2. I. Mediation services No access
        II. Distinction from online marketplaces No access
        III. Admissibility of distance contracts No access
      3. C. Necessity of regulation No access
      4. I. Call for greater responsibility No access
        II. Relationship to Art. 6 para. 3 No access
      5. E. Contractual relations No access
    2. Max Dregelies
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Functionally appropriate interpretation No access
        a) Staff headcount, annual turnover, annual balance sheet total No access
        b) Types of companies to be considered No access
        c) Period to be considered No access
        3. Loss of micro or small enterprise status No access
        II. Application to very large online platforms (para. 2) No access
    3. Max Dregelies
      1. 1. Telos No access
        2. Systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressee: online trading venues for consumers No access
        1. Ensuring that service cannot be used until information has been provided No access
        2. No obligation for traders No access
        a) Name, address, telephone number and e-mail address No access
        b) Copy of the identity document No access
        c) Payment account details No access
        d) Register identification code No access
        e) Self-certification No access
        1. Effort required: best forces No access
        2. Subject of inspection: reliable and complete information No access
        3. Liability of the trader for the accuracy (para. 2 subpara. 1 sent. 2) No access
        4. Treatment of existing traders (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        1. Sufficient indication or reason to believe No access
        2. Inaccurate, incomplete or not up to date No access
        3. Correction without delay No access
        4. Legal consequence: suspending service No access
        V. Right to complain (para. 4) No access
        VI. Obligation to store (para. 5) No access
        VII. Duty to disclose information (para. 6) No access
        VIII. Provision of information (para. 7) No access
    4. Max Dregelies
      1. 1. Telos No access
        2. Systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Relationship to Regulation (EU) 2023/988 No access
      2. I. Addressee: providers of online platforms that allow consumers to conclude distance contracts with traders No access
        1. Design and organise No access
        2. Pre-contractual information No access
        3. Compliance No access
        4. Product safety information No access
        5. Economic operators in particular (para. 1 subpara. 2) No access
        a) Identification of the product or service No access
        b) Sign identifying the trader No access
        c) Product safety and conformity marking No access
        1. Obligation to assess before providing the service (para. 3 sent. 1) No access
        2. Obligation to check after provision of the service (para. 3 sent. 2) No access
    5. Max Dregelies
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Relationship to Regulation (EU) 2023/988 No access
      2. I. Addressee: providers of online platforms that allow consumers to conclude distance contracts with traders No access
        a) Knowledge or awareness No access
        b) Extent of knowledge No access
        2. No specific means No access
        III. Offering an unlawful product or service No access
        1. Inform No access
        a) Fact of illegality (point (a)) No access
        b) Identity of the trader (point (b)) No access
        c) Relevant legal redress (point (c)) No access
        3. If contact details are available No access
        a) Purchase No access
        b) Time of knowledge No access
        V. Missing contact details No access
  6. 1. Katharina Kaesling
      1. A. Regulatory approach and rationale Katharina Kaesling No access
      2. B. Harmonisation and the 'Brussels' effect No access
      3. C. Integration of online search engines No access
    2. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Online platform or online search engines No access
        a) Quantitative criterion No access
        b) Focus on the user perspective No access
        c) Natural or legal persons as recipients of the service No access
        (1) Active use of an online platform No access
        (2) Active use of online search engines No access
        bb) Activity as active use of a service No access
        e) Number of persons No access
        f) Recipient of the service No access
        g) In the Union No access
        h) Calculation period No access
        3. Designation No access
        II. Delegated acts for adjusting (para. 2) No access
        III. Delegated acts on the calculation method (para. 3) No access
        IV. Designation as very large online platform or very large online search engines (para. 4) No access
        V. Termination of the designation (para. 5) No access
        VI. Notification obligations, publication of the list and end of obligations (para. 6) No access
    3. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees: providers of VLOPs and VLOSEs No access
        a) Identification No access
        b) Analysis No access
        c) Assessment No access
        a) For the designation as VLOP or VLOSE No access
        b) At least once a year No access
        c) Before deploying functionalities No access
        (a) Illegal content No access
        (b) Spreading No access
        (c) Role of algorithmic systems No access
        (d) Severity and probability No access
        (a) Human dignity No access
        (b) Respect for private and family life No access
        (c) Freedom of expression and information, including freedom and pluralism of the media No access
        (d) Protection of personal data No access
        (e) Non-discriminatory No access
        (f) Rights of the child No access
        (g) Consumer protection No access
        (3) Negative effects on civic discourse, electoral processes and public safety (Art. 34(1)(2)(2)(c)) No access
        (4) Impacts related to gender-based violence, protection of public health and of minors, and adverse consequences for the physical and mental well-being of a person (Art. 34(1)(2)(2)(d)) No access
        (1) System concept No access
        (2) Further systemic risks in the context of sustainability No access
        (3) Dynamics of systemic risks No access
        b) In the Union No access
        c) Design or functioning of the services and connected systems or use of the services No access
        a) Design of the recommender systems and other relevant algorithmic systems (point (a)) No access
        b) Content moderation systems ((b)) No access
        c) Terms and conditions and their enforcement ((c)) No access
        d) Advertising selection and display systems ((d)) No access
        e) Data related practices of the provider ((e)) No access
        2. Manipulation, inauthentic use and automated exploitation (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        3. Locally limited risks and linguistic differences (Art. 34(2)(3)) No access
        IV. Documentation and transmission obligations (para. 3) No access
    4. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Obligation to take risk reduction measures (para. 1 subpara. 1) No access
        aa) Adjusting the user interface No access
        bb) Adjusting the design, features and functioning in other respects No access
        b) Adjusting the terms and conditions and their enforcement (point (b)) No access
        c) Adjusting content moderation procedures (point (c)) No access
        d) Testing and adjusting their algorithmic systems, including their recommender systems (point (d)) No access
        e) Adjusting their advertising systems and the display of advertisements (point (e)) No access
        f) Strengthening internal processes, resources, examination, documentation or oversight of their activities, in particular with regard to detecting systemic risks (point (f)) No access
        g) Starting or adjusting cooperation with trusted flaggers and implementing the decisions of out-of-court dispute settlement bodies (point (g)) No access
        h) Starting or adjusting cooperation with other providers on the basis of codes of conduct or crisis protocols (point (h)) No access
        i) Awareness-raising measures and adjusting the online interface (point (i)) No access
        j) Measures to protect the rights of the child (point (j)) No access
        k) Marking of information that falsely appears to be genuine or truthful. (point (k)) No access
        II. Report of the Board in cooperation with the EU Commission (para. 2) No access
        III. Guidelines No access
    5. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Legislative procedure No access
      2. 1. Precondition: crisis situation (para. 1, 2, rec. 91 sent. 2, 3) No access
        2. Actors No access
        1. Decision-Making by the Commission (paras. 1, 4) No access
        2. Content of the decision (paras. 1, 3) No access
        3. The rights of participation and the possibilities of exerting influence of the Board (paras. 4, 7, 8, 10) No access
        III. Monitoring and supervision by the Commission (paras. 6, 7) No access
        IV. Amendment of the decision (para. 8) No access
        V. Reporting obligation (para. 11) No access
      3. C. Criticism: more hype than substance No access
    6. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Frequency No access
        2. Bearing of costs No access
        3. Scope of the audit No access
        1. Effective, efficient and timely conduct No access
        aa) Access to relevant data and premises No access
        bb) Answering questions No access
        cc) Other formats of assistance and cooperation No access
        b) No obstruction, unduly influence, undermine No access
        a) Confidentiality and secrecy No access
        b) Research and compilation of further information No access
        1. Posts (para. 3 point (a)) No access
        a) Concretisation of independence No access
        aa) Limits for non-audit services No access
        bb) Change of auditing organisations No access
        cc) Limits of the conditions for fees No access
        c) Remaining dependencies No access
        3. Expertise as well as technical competences and capacities (para. 3 point (b)) No access
        4. Objectivity and professional ethics (para. 3 point (c)) No access
        1. Ensuring through VLOPs and VLOSEs (para. 4 sent. 1) No access
        2. Necessary components of the report (para. 4 sent. 2, para. 5) No access
        V. Measures to implement the test results (para. 6) No access
        VI. Transmission of the reports (rec. 93) No access
        VII. Delegated acts for the conduct of the audit (para. 7) No access
    7. Karina Grisse
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes during the legislative process No access
      2. I. Addressees of the provision No access
        II. Relation to Art. 27: Extension and complementation of obligations No access
        III. Profiling-free recommendation option No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
      4. D. Contestation No access
    8. Karina Grisse
      1. I. Norm objectives No access
        II. Changes made during the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. I. Regulatory addressees No access
        aa) Content of the advertisements (point (a)) No access
        bb) Advertiser or financier (point (b) and (c)) No access
        cc) Advertising period (point (d)) No access
        dd) Information on targeted advertising (point (e)) No access
        ee) Commercial communication (point (f)) No access
        ff) Statistics (point (g)) No access
        gg) Additional information on political advertising No access
        b) Exceptions (para. 3 subpara. 1) No access
        c) No personal data of the recipients of the service (para. 1 sent. 2) No access
        d) Accurate information (para. 1 sent. 2) No access
        a) Territorial scope of the advertising repository No access
        b) Provision period (para. 1 sent. 1) No access
        3. Presentation of the information No access
        4. Accessibility No access
        5. Searchability No access
        III. Guideline competence of the Commission (para. 3 subpara. 2) No access
      3. C. Enforcement No access
      4. D. Contestation No access
    9. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Entitlement (para. 1) No access
        2. Reasoned request (para. 1) No access
        3. Subject of access (para. 1) No access
        4. The method of access (para. 1 and para. 7) No access
        5. Use of the data (para. 1, para. 2) No access
        6. Explanation (para. 3) No access
        a) Application to the competent authority (para. 8 subpara. 1) No access
        b) Affiliation to a research organisation (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (a)) No access
        c) Independence from commercial interests (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (b)) No access
        d) Funding of the research (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (c)) No access
        e) Requirements for data security and confidentiality (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (d))‘ No access
        f) Purposes of research actions (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (e)) No access
        g) Earmarking (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (f)) No access
        h) Publication of research results (para. 8 subpara. 1 point (g)) No access
        i) Legal consequence of the existence of the requirements (para. 8 subpara. 1) No access
        2. Reasoned request to a VLOP or VLOSE provider No access
        3. Reaction possibilities of the providers of the VLOPs and VLOSEs (para. 4, 5 and 6) No access
        4. Method of access (para. 4 and 7) No access
        5. No expense allowance No access
        6. Termination of access (para. 10) No access
        7. Specifications on contact and purpose (para. 11) No access
        a) Requesting data access No access
        b) Affiliation with a not for profit entity, organisation or association No access
        c) Independence from commercial interests No access
        d) Funding of the research No access
        e) Data security and confidentiality No access
        f) Research purpose No access
        2. Subject of the access No access
        3. Method of access No access
        IV. Delegated acts (para. 13) No access
    10. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Duty to establish (para. 1 sent. 1) No access
        2. Independence from the operational department (para. 1 sent. 1) No access
        3. Personnel composition of the compliance function (para. 1 sent. 1) No access
        a) Authority No access
        b) Stature No access
        c) Resources No access
        d) Access to the management body No access
        5. Consequences of shortcoming No access
        a) Professional qualification No access
        b) Knowledge No access
        c) Experience No access
        d) Abilities No access
        a) Independent senior manager No access
        b) Position directly below the management body (para. 2 subpara. 3) No access
        c) Removal only with the consent of the management body (para. 2 subpara. 4) No access
        1. Cooperation with authorities (para. 3 point (a)) No access
        a) Identification of systemic risks No access
        b) Reporting of the identified risks No access
        c) Risk mitigation measures No access
        3. Activities in connection with the independent audit pursuant to Art. 37 (para. 3 point (c)) No access
        4. Information and advice to the provider's management and staff (para. 3 point (d)) No access
        5. Monitoring compliance with the obligations arising from the regulation (para. 3 point (e)) No access
        6. Monitoring compliance with any commitments (para. 3 point (f)). No access
        IV. Contact with the head of the compliance function (para. 4) No access
        a) Reference of the regulations to ensure the independence of the compliance function No access
        b) Division of responsibilities No access
        c) Avoidance of conflicts of interest No access
        d) Sound management of identified systemic risks No access
        2. Participation of the management body in risk management (para. 6 and 7) No access
    11. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Timing and frequency of reports (para. 1) No access
        1. Applicability to VLOPs, not VLOSEs No access
        2. Human resources (para. 2 subpara. 1 point (a)) No access
        3. Qualifications, linguistic expertise, training and assistance of persons (para. 2 subpara. 1 point (b)) No access
        4. Indicators of accuracy and related information (para. 2 subpara. 1 point (1) (c)) No access
        5. Language No access
        III. Transparency regarding the number of users (para. 3) No access
        IV. Making reports on the management of systemic risks accessible (para. 4) No access
        V. Handling confidential information (para. 5) No access
    12. Katharina Kaesling
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Charging a supervisory fee to the providers of VLOPs and VLOSEs (para. 1) No access
        II. Costs and supervisory fee (para. 2) No access
        III. Calculation per service (para. 3 subpara. 1) No access
        IV. Implementing acts to define the amount (para. 3 subpara. 2) No access
        V. Delegated acts on methodology and procedures (para. 4) No access
        VI. Principles for implementing acts and delegated acts under Art. 43 (para. 5) No access
        VII. External earmarked revenue (para. 6) No access
        VIII. Reporting (para. 7) No access
  7. 1. Sarah Legner
      1. A. Instruments of self-regulation Sarah Legner No access
      2. I. Ban on cartels No access
        II. Competition rules under the German Act against Restraints of Competition No access
      3. 1. General clause No access
        2. Breach of law under German unfair competition law No access
        1. Product characteristics No access
        2. Compliance with commitments contained in codes of conduct No access
        III. Annex I to the UCP Directive 2005/29/EC No access
        IV. Legal consequences No access
    2. Sarah Legner
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Systematics No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Concept of standards No access
        1. Electronic submission of notices (point (a)) No access
        2. Communication with the recipients of the service (point (b)) No access
        3. Electronic submission of notices by trusted flaggers (point (c)) No access
        4. Advertising repositories and data access (point (d)) No access
        5. Auditing (point (e)) No access
        6. Interoperability of the advertisement repositories (point (f)) No access
        7. Transmission of data (point (g)) No access
        8. Commercial communications (point (h)) No access
        9. Recommender systems (point (i)) No access
        10. Targeted measures to protect minors (point (j)) No access
        III. Standardisation bodies (para. 1) No access
        IV. Supervisory framework (para. 1 and 2) No access
        1. General remarks No access
        2. Specifics No access
    3. Sarah Legner
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Systematics No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Voluntary character No access
        2. Commiting to a code No access
        3. Legal nature No access
        1. Overview No access
        2. Risks resulting from the dissemination of illegal content No access
        3. Other systemic risks No access
        III. Participants (para. 1 and 2) No access
        1. Encouragement (para. 1 and 3) No access
        2. Invitation to participate (para. 2) No access
        3. Monitoring (para. 4) No access
        1. General remarks No access
        2. Specifics No access
    4. Sarah Legner
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Systematics No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Content of codes (para. 1 and 2) No access
        II. Participants (para. 1) No access
        1. Encouragement to develop codes (para. 3) No access
        2. Encouragement to comply with codes (para. 4) No access
        IV. Relation to Art. 45, 47 No access
    5. Sarah Legner
      1. I. Telos No access
        II. Systematics No access
        III. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Content of codes (para. 1 and 2) No access
        II. Participants (para. 1) No access
        1. General remarks No access
        2. Encouragement to develop codes (para. 3) No access
    6. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Crisis situations as a reference point for crisis protocols (para. 1, rec. 91) No access
        1. Providers of (especially very large) online platforms and online search engines as central actors No access
        2. The Commission as coordinator, initiator (on recommendation of the Board) and supervisor No access
        3. Authorities of the Member States, other Union bodies and civil society (para. 3) No access
        1. Measures (para. 2 sent. 2) No access
        2. Other elements (para. 4) No access
        IV. Request for revision by the Commission (para. 5) No access
        V. Normative effects No access
      3. C. Criticism No access
5. 1. 1. Timo Rademacher
      1. A. The national authorities as one important cornerstone for the arrangements of supervision and enforcement of the DSA Timo Rademacher No access
      2. I. Country of origin principle with special competences of the Commission for VLOPs and VLOSEs No access
        II. Compensating the deficits of centralisation through strong supranational mechanisms of composite administration No access
        III. Optional: national composite administrative procedures No access
      3. I. Do we really need to justify the requirement of fully independent authorities? Yes, for democratic reasons and to safeguard Member States' procedural autonomy. No access
        II. The requirement of complete independence may not be based solely on economic or security considerations. No access
        III. Independence may be, but should not be justified based on the authority's power to review the legality of specific contents. No access
        IV. More convincing reason for authorities’ independence: the power to review ‘terms and conditions’ under Art. 14. No access
        V. The Commission’s contradictory role: rule of law and media law deficits as the real motive for independence? No access
    2. Timo Rademacher
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Norm structure No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        c) Distinction of the competence to intervene (Member State of establishment) and the competence to examine and to request action (all Member States with regard to their territory) No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. 1. Designation of a Digital Services Coordinator (para. 2, 3) No access
        a) in that Member State (competence according to the country of origin or according to the country of destination principle?) No access
        b) Supervision and enforcement (in particular: supervision without prior suspicion?) No access
        aa) Provider obligations; also Member State and authorities obligations? No access
        bb) Categories of provider obligations to be supervised and enforced; esp.: no restriction to systematic infringements No access
        cc) Esp.: examination of the lawfulness of specific content No access
        dd) Tasks and provider obligations in detail (catalogue of tasks) No access
        a) Formation of a national and a supranational composite administration; clarifications that the ‘complete independence’ (Art. 50(2)) of authorities does not preclude their obligatory involvement in t... No access
        b) Coordinative tasks No access
        c) Cooperative tasks sensu strictu No access
        d) Cooperative tasks sensu lato No access
        4. Administrative tasks of the Digital Services Coordinators No access
        1. Which ‘specific tasks or sectors’ can be assigned to other competent authorities? No access
        2. Tasks that may not be assigned to another authority No access
        3. Modalities of the assignment, cases of doubt No access
        4. Necessary follow-up to assignments: creation of national coordination and cooperation mechanism (para. 2 subpara. 3) No access
        III. Mechanisms for cooperation with other (not ‘competent’) national authorities and with civil society, academia, and other private stakeholders (para. 2 subpara. 2) No access
        IV. Requirements regarding the internal organisation of Coordinators and other ‘competent authorities’ (para. 4) No access
    3. Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. 1. Procedural law (sent. 1) No access
        2. Resources (sent. 2) No access
        3. Budgetary autonomy (sent. 3) No access
        1. ‘Complete independence’ and ‘free from any external influence’ (sent. 1 and 2) No access
        a) Hierarchical instructions, administrative supervision No access
        b) Supervisory powers of other state bodies (in particular other independent authorities, e.g., for data protection) No access
        c) Informal/factual instructions, requirements regarding the personal independence of the head of the authority No access
        3. No instructions or external influence from private parties No access
        1. Coordination and cooperation (sent. 1) No access
        a) Judicial review No access
        b) Financial and accounting audits No access
        c) Parliamentary control No access
        d) Other governance structures? No access
    4. Timo Rademacher
      1. 1. Telos, norm structure No access
        2. Mere mandate to national legislatures to provide for powers, or direct conferral of powers by Union law itself? No access
        3. Solution: better repeat the wording of Art. 51(1)-(3) to form complete, transparent, and comprehensive legal bases for the use of the powers No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. 1. Conclusive list of powers; conditions common to all powers; discretion No access
        2. Power to require information (point (a)) No access
        3. Inpections, ‘judicial authority’ (point (b)) No access
        4. Questioning powers/interviews (point (c)) No access
        1. Conclusive list of powers; conditions common to all powers; discretion No access
        2. Commitments (point (a)) No access
        3. Orders of cessation and remedies (point (b)) No access
        4. Fines (point (c)) No access
        5. Periodic penalty payments (point (d)) No access
        6. Interim measures (point (e)) No access
        7. Inclusion of other persons as potential addressees of fines and periodic penalty payments (subpara. 2) No access
        1. Action plan (point (a)) No access
        a) Addressees and means of restriction of access No access
        b) Conditions for the restriction of access No access
        c) Request procedure (competent: the Coordinator/the ‘competent authority’) No access
        d) Order procedure (competent: the judicial authority) No access
        e) Renewal procedure (competent: the Coordinator/the ‘competent authority’) No access
        f) Repetition procedure (competent: the Coordinator/the ‘competent authority’) No access
        IV. Without prejudice to Section 3 (para. 4) No access
        V. Exercise of powers (para. 5) No access
        VI. Regulatory mandate (para. 6) No access
    5. Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. I. Member States must provide for the penalties under Art. 51(2) point (c), (d) No access
        II. Mandate to provide for further penalties outside the scope of application of Art. 51(2) point (c), (d)? No access
    6. Timo Rademacher
      1. 1. Telos No access
        a) Structure of Art. 53 No access
        b) Position within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. 1. Recipients of the service and mandated bodies No access
        2. Do other entities/persons which are not mentioned in Art. 53 have standing? No access
        II. Addressee of the complaint No access
        1. General remarks, burden of substantiation No access
        2. Esp.: complaints against illegal online content No access
        3. Esp.: complaint against the violation of VLOPs and VLOSE-specific obligations pursuant to Art. 34 et seqq. No access
        1. Assessment of admissibility, discretion in prioritising complaints No access
        2. Transmission to the ‘competent authority’ within the national composite administration (var. 1) No access
        3. Assessment of the merits and discretion to take action if the Coordinator themself is competent under Art. 56, 51 (var. 2) No access
        4. Assessment of the merits; transmission to the competent Member State in the EU composite administration (var. 3) No access
        5. Assessment of the merits; transmission to the Commission, if exclusively competent (var. 4) No access
        1. Right to be heard and to be informed No access
        2. Judicial review No access
        3. Costs No access
        4. Processing of personal data No access
    7. Benjamin Raue
      1. I. Overview No access
        1. Claim for damages No access
        2. Injunctive relief No access
        3. Private law provision No access
        a) Classification of the provision No access
        b) Binding specification of the basis of liability No access
        c) Reference to further liability requirements of the applicable national law No access
        d) Binding specification of the compensable damage No access
        e) Supplementary damage positions of the applicable national law No access
        1. Position within the DSA No access
        a) (Quasi) contractual claim for damages No access
        b) Relationship to other legal bases for damages or other contractual claims No access
        c) Relationship to the exclusion of liability in Art. 6 No access
        d) Further damages No access
        IV. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Recipient of the service No access
        II. Providers of intermediary services No access
        1. EU law No access
        a) Complementary application of the law applicable to the obligation No access
        aa) Contractual obligations No access
        bb) Non-contractual obligations No access
        cc) Comparison of favourability according to Art. 3 Directive 2000/31/EC No access
        aa) Contractual liability (Art. 54 in conjunction with §§ 280(1), 241 BGB) No access
        bb) Non-contractual liability (Art. 54 in conjunction with §§ 280 or 823(2) BGB) No access
        1. Infringement against obligations of the DSA No access
        2. Restriction to user-related obligations No access
        V. Due to the infringement (causality) No access
        VI. Fault/illegality No access
        a) In accordance with EU law No access
        b) In accordance with national law No access
        c) Compensation principle No access
        d) Differentiation between damages and losses No access
        a) Bodily harm, property damage and financial loss No access
        b) Intangible damage No access
        a) Lost profits No access
        b) Financing costs No access
        c) Legal costs / loss of receivables No access
        4. Put-back claims No access
        5. Interest No access
        VIII. Contributory negligence No access
        IX. Burden of proof, discretion to estimate damages No access
    8. Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences between the language versions No access
      2. I. Report on the activities of the Coordinator (para. 1) No access
        II. Report on orders pursuant to Art. 9, 10 (para. 2) No access
        III. Inclusion of the activities of other ‘competent authorities’ (para. 3) No access
  2. 1. Timo Rademacher, Nikolaus Marsch
      1. A. The european composite administration for digital services Timo Rademacher/Nikolaus Marsch No access
      2. I. Horizontal centralisation (Art. 56 paras. 1, 4, 6, 7) No access
        II. Vertical centralisation (Art. 56 paras. 2–4, 6, 7) No access
      3. I. Administrative cooperation (Art. 57–60 and Art. 61–63) No access
        II. Organisational dimension: the European Board for Digital Services (Art. 61–63) No access
        1. Mutual assistance (Art. 57) and joint investigations (Art. 60) as necessary follow-ups of horizontal centralisation No access
        2. ‘Cross-border cooperation’ at the request of a coordinator (Art. 58(1) in conjunction with paras. 3–5) and competence of ‘non-competent’ coordinators to take investigative measures (Art. 60(4) sent... No access
        3. Comply or explain obligations (Art. 63(2)), cross-border cooperation (Art. 58 paras. 2–5) and referrals to the Commission (Art. 59) as elements of a soft vertical centralisation No access
      4. I. Findings and reasons No access
        1. Judicial review No access
        2. Legitimacy No access
    2. Timo Rademacher
      1. 1. Distribution of competences according to the one stop shop principle No access
        2. Art. 56 only defines the competent authorities for the powers provided for in Art. 51, 65 et seqq. (so-called competence to intervene) No access
        3. Art. 56 does not limit other Coordinators powers to review provider activities in their respective Member States and to request action be taken by the competent Coordinator (so-called competence to... No access
        4. Art. 56 does not define which national or EU law regulates the legality or illegality of online content No access
        5. Systematic position of Art. 56 within the DSA No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences between the language versions No access
      2. 1. Principle: the place of the provider’s main establishment is decisive (para. 1) No access
        2. If no main establishment in the EU exists: The establishment or residence of the legal representative of the provider is decisive (para. 6). No access
        3. ‘Fallback‘ competence: The competence to intervene in the case of complete absence of an establishment in the EU (para. 7) No access
        1. The Commission’s exclusive competence to intervene (para. 2) No access
        2. Shared competence of the Commission and national authorities (para. 3, 4) No access
        III. Duty to act in close cooperation (para. 5) No access
        IV. Special competences No access
    3. Timo Rademacher
      1. 1. Telos No access
        2. Systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences between the language versions No access
      2. I. Close cooperation and mutual assistance (para. 1). No access
        II. Power to request investigate measures of the Coordinator of establishment (para. 2) No access
        III. Obligations of the requested Coordinator (para. 3) No access
    4. Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences between the language versions No access
      2. I. The coordinator of destination’s power to request action (para. 1) No access
        II. The power of the Board to request action (para. 2) No access
        III. Common requirements for a request to take action (para. 3) No access
        IV. The obligations and powers of the Coordinator of establishment (paras. 4, 5) No access
    5. Nikolaus Marsch, Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. Scope of application, necessity of a request and the right to request No access
        2. Admissibility: five cases No access
        3. Discretionary decision of the Board No access
        4. Obligation to state reasons No access
        1. The concept of referral: a right to comment, but no transfer of competence No access
        2. Procedure: consultation of the coordinator of establishment No access
        3. Decision-making standard and content No access
        4. Evaluation deadline No access
        5. End of the referral procedure under Art. 59 in the case of shared competences due to the exercise of competence under Art. 56(3) by the Commission No access
        III. The Decision by the coordinator of establishment: the obligation to take utmost account of the request and time limit for decision (para. 3 subpara. 2) No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
    6. Nikolaus Marsch, Timo Rademacher
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Comparison with Art. 62 GDPR No access
      2. 1. Scope of application, competence, participants and examples No access
        2. Distinction from and interlocking with mutual assistance pursuant to Art. 57 No access
        1. Initiative of the coordinator of establishment (para. 1 point (a)) No access
        2. Initiative of the Board upon request of at least three coordinators (paras. 1 point (b), and 3 point (c)) No access
        1. Eligibility to participate (para. 2 subpara. 1 sent. 1) No access
        2. Loyal cooperation and own powers of investigation of the coordinators of destination (para. 4) No access
        3. Time and final report (para. 2 subpara. 1 sent. 2, rec. 130 sent. 5) No access
        IV. Legal consequences (para. 2 subparas. 2 and 3 points (a)–(b)) No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
  3. 1. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Establishment of the Board as an independent advisory group (para. 1) No access
        II. Objectives of the Board (para. 2) No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
    2. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Members of the Board and other meeting participants (para. 1) No access
        II. The Commission as chairperson and secretariat (paras. 2 and 4) No access
        III. Voting (para. 3) No access
        IV. Assistance, cooperation, coordination and consultation (paras. 5 and 6) No access
        V. Rules of procedure (para. 7) No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
    3. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. 1. General (‘catch-all’-)clause on tasks and restricted set of measures (half sent. 1) No access
        2. Promoting cooperation between coordinators and Commission (point (a)) No access
        3. Analysis of the audit reports of the VLOPs and VLOSEs (point (b)) No access
        4. The dispute resolution by influencing the coordinator of establishment and the general right to issue an opinion (point (c)) No access
        5. Advising the Commission on the supervision of VLOPs and VLOSEs (point (d)) No access
        6. Promotion of tools of co-regulation (point (e)) No access
        1. Comply or explain as the core of (further-reaching) substantive obligations to take (utmost) account of the request No access
        2. Prerequisites: addressees and subject of the obligation to consider; place of the statement of reasons No access
        3. Legal consequences: formal but qualified obligation to consider the opinions of the Board No access
        4. Consequences of violations No access
        5. Judicial review against opinions, recommendations and requests of the Board No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
  4. 1. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. The Commission as supervisor of digital platforms No access
        II. Objects of the Commission’s supervision No access
        III. Subjects of the Commission's supervision No access
      2. 1. Investigative powers (Art. 67–69) No access
        2. Procedural order powers (Art. 70–72) No access
        3. Sanctioning and procedure–ending powers (Art. 73–76, Art. 82(1) and (2)) No access
        4. Limits to the powers in the formal proceedings No access
        1. Sovereign instruments No access
        2. Regulated self-regulation No access
      3. I. Powers of intervention of the Commission No access
        II. Unilateral and reciprocal information obligations No access
        III. Compliance obligations of Member State authorities No access
        IV. Powers of intervention of Member State authorities No access
      4. D. Assessment of the supervision concept No access
    2. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. B. Mandate to develop expertise and capabilities (para. 1) No access
      3. C. Assessment of systemic and emerging issues (para. 2 and 3) No access
      4. D. Support obligation of the Member States (para. 4) No access
    3. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Indications of a concrete infringement No access
        II. Investigation ex officio or after request (sent. 2) No access
        III. Preliminary investigation powers No access
        IV. Discretion No access
      3. C. Material requirements for a request for examination (para. 2) No access
      4. D. Formal requirements for a request for examination (para. 3) No access
    4. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Provider of a very large platform or search engine No access
        II. Possible qualified infringements No access
        III. ‘Suspicion’ of infringements No access
        IV. Discretion of the Commission No access
        V. Legal protection against decisions of the Commission or its failure to act No access
      3. C. Legal consequences of the initiation of proceedings (para. 2) No access
      4. I. Right of the Commission to issue instructions to the Coordinators No access
        II. External relations: execution of instructions by the Coordinators No access
        1. Possible shortcomings of the instruction act No access
        2. Possible shortcomings of the requested support measure No access
      5. E. Obligation to take utmost account of the request (para. 4) No access
    5. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Investigation and sanctioning of possible infringements No access
        II. Necessity of the information for the specific investigation No access
        III. Addressees of a request for information No access
        IV. Permissible subject and scope of a request for information No access
        V. Reasonable period of information No access
        VI. Discretion No access
      3. I. Form of action and procedure No access
        II. Form and transmission of the request No access
        1. Purpose of the request No access
        2. Requested information No access
        3. Period No access
        4. Notes and instructions No access
      4. I. Persons obliged to provide information No access
        II. Form of the information No access
        III. Content and limits of the obligation to provide information No access
      5. I. Sanctions No access
        II. Judicial review No access
      6. I. Obligation of the Coordinators to provide information (para. 5) No access
        II. Notification of the Commission to the Coordinators (para. 6) No access
    6. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Investigation and sanctioning of possible infringements No access
        II. Addressees of the interview No access
        III. Consent after proper instruction No access
        IV. Interview and recording No access
        V. Discretion No access
      3. C. Involvement of Member State bodies (para. 2) No access
    7. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Investigation and sanctioning of possible infringements No access
        II. Necessity of the inspection for the specific investigation No access
        III. Addressees of an inspection No access
        IV. Premises No access
        V. Discretion No access
      3. I. Right of entry (point (a)) No access
        II. Right of examination (point (b)) No access
        III. Right to make copies (point (c)) No access
        IV. Right of access and explanation on technical entities (point (d) and para. 5) No access
        V. Right to seal premises and records (point (e)) No access
        VI. Right to ask questions (point (f) and point (g)) No access
      4. D. Involvement of auditors and experts as well as national authorities (para. 3) No access
      5. I. Form of action and procedure No access
        II. Formal requirements No access
        1. Subject and purpose of the inspection No access
        2. Date of the beginning of the inspection No access
        3. Notes and instructions No access
      6. I. Sanctions No access
        II. Judicial review No access
      7. G. General assistance provided to the Commission by the Digital Services Coordinator and others (para. 7) No access
      8. H. Assistance to the Commission in case of opposition (para. 8–10) No access
    8. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Ongoing proceedings under Art. 66 No access
        II. Prima facie finding of an infringement No access
        III. Urgency due to the risk of serious damage for the recipients of the service No access
        IV. Addressees No access
        V. Procedure and form No access
      3. I. Discretion of the Commission to order interim measures No access
        II. Period of time and limitation (para. 2) No access
      4. I. Sanctions No access
        II. Judicial review No access
    9. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Ongoing proceedings No access
        II. Offer of commitments No access
        III. Ensuring compliance with the relevant provisions of the DSA No access
        IV. Formal requirements No access
        V. Discretion of the Commission No access
        VI. Binding declaration and discontinuation of the proceedings No access
      3. C. Reopening of the proceedings (para. 2) No access
      4. D. Sanctions and judicial review No access
    10. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Ongoing proceedings No access
        II. Necessity of the monitoring action No access
        III. Addressees of a monitoring action No access
        IV. Discretion of the Commission No access
      3. C. Regulatory actions (para. 1 sent. 2 and 3 as well as para. 2) No access
      4. D. Sanctions and judicial review No access
    11. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Non-compliance with the requirements No access
        II. Circle of addressees No access
      3. I. Transmission of the preliminary findings No access
        II. Right to be heard No access
        III. Passing of decisions No access
      4. D. Content of the decision (para. 1 and 3) No access
      5. E. Transmission of measures (para. 4) No access
      6. F. Discontinuation of the proceedings by decision (para. 5) No access
      7. G. Publication No access
    12. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Investigation proceedings of the Commission No access
        II. Eligible addressees of a fine No access
        a) Infringement against relevant provisions of the DSA (point (a)) No access
        b) Infringement against interim measures (point (b)) No access
        c) Infringement against commitments (point (c)) No access
        a) Incorrect, incomplete or misleading response to a request for information (point (a)) No access
        b) Failure to reply to a request for information by decision (point (b)) No access
        c) Failure to correct, complete or clarify employee information (point (c)) No access
        d) Refusal to submit to an inspection (point (d)) No access
        e) Non-compliance with monitoring measures (point (e)) No access
        f) Failure to comply with the conditions for access to the file (lit (f)) No access
        IV. Fault No access
        V. Maximum amounts of fines No access
      3. C. Transmission of the preliminary findings (para. 3) No access
      4. I. Discretion of the Commission and discretionary limits No access
        II. Calculation criteria No access
      5. E. Publication and legal consequences No access
    13. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. B. Requirements for the activation of the system (para. 1) No access
      3. I. Request for the preparation of an action plan No access
        1. Requirements for the action plan (para. 2) No access
        2. Transmission No access
      4. 1. Opinion of the Board No access
        2. Approval decision of the Commission No access
        II. Monitoring the action plan (subpara. 1 sent. 3–5 and subpara. 2) No access
      5. 1. Failure of the provider (point (a)) No access
        2. Rejection of the action plan (point (b)) No access
        3. Practically insufficient action plan (point (c)) No access
        4. Procedure in the event of non-compliance with the action plan No access
        II. Legal consequence: discretion of the Commission to take ‘necessary measures’ No access
    14. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. General remarks No access
        II. Non–compliance with procedural decisions (Art. 76(1) point (a) and (b)) No access
        III. Non-compliance with decisions on the merits (Art. 76(1) point (c)–(e)) No access
      3. I. Threat and imposition of periodic penalty payments No access
        1. Discretion of the Commission and discretionary limits No access
        2. Criteria for the calculation of the periodic penalty payment No access
        III. Determination of the final amount of the periodic penalty payment by means of a separate decision No access
        IV. Enforcement of the determination decision No access
      4. D. Publication No access
    15. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Differences in the language versions No access
      2. I. Beginning and duration of the limitation period for prosecution (paras. 1 and 2) No access
        II. Interruption of the limitation period for prosecution (para. 3 and 4) No access
        III. Suspension of the limitation period for prosecution (para. 5) No access
        IV. Legal consequences of the limitation period for prosecution No access
    16. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Beginning and duration of the limitation period for enforcement (para. 1 and 2) No access
        II. Interruption of the limitation period for enforcement (para. 3 and 4) No access
        III. Suspension of the limitation period for enforcement (para. 5) No access
        IV. Legal consequences of the limitation period for enforcement No access
    17. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Requirements for the right to be heard (para. 1) No access
        II. Conduct of the hearing (para. 2) No access
        III. Consequences, remedies and relevance of hearing errors (para. 3) No access
      3. I. Importance of the access to the file No access
        II. Requirements of the right of access to the file No access
        III. Consequences and notability of errors No access
      4. I. Content and scope of the restriction of use No access
        II. Circle of addressees No access
        III. Legal consequences of the restriction of use No access
    18. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Scope of the obligation to publish (sent. 1) No access
        II. Contents of decisions subject to publication (sent. 2) No access
      3. C. Protection of persons affected by publication (para. 2) No access
      4. D. Modalities of publication No access
    19. Christoph Krönke, Daniela Petermair
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Competences and procedures No access
        II. Competences of the ECJ and the CJEU No access
    20. Christoph Krönke
      1. I. Norm objectives and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Conduct of proceedings pursuant to Art. 66 et seqq. No access
        II. Exhaustion of the powers No access
        III. Persistence of the infringement No access
        IV. Causation of serious harm No access
        V. Ultima ratio No access
        VI. Request of the Coordinator of establishment No access
        VII. Hearing of the parties by the Commission (para. 1 subpara. 2) No access
        VIII. Observations of the Commission vis-à-vis the judicial authorities (para. 2) No access
      3. 1. Addressees of the prohibition: national courts No access
        2. Subject-matter of the prohibition: decisions of the Commission No access
        3. Inadmissible decision-making behaviour No access
        II. Procedural reaction options (sent. 3 and 4) No access
        III. Penalties No access
    21. Christoph Krönke
      1. A. Power of the Commission (para. 1) No access
      2. B. Procedure (para. 2) No access
  5. 1. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Obligors No access
        1. Four cumulative conditions No access
        2. The worthiness of protection of information and the cessation of the interest in maintaining secrecy No access
        3. Balancing with conflicting interests No access
        III. Judicial review, liability and penalties under public service law No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
    2. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
        III. Information systems in Union law – the usage of the Internal Market Information System by the European Data Protection Board as a model No access
      2. I. Practical establishment and maintenance of the system by the Commission (para. 1) No access
        II. The obligation to use (para. 2) No access
        III. The obligation to adopt an implementing act as legal ground (para. 3) No access
      3. C. Conclusion No access
    3. Nikolaus Marsch
      1. I. Telos and systematics No access
        II. Changes in the legislative process No access
      2. I. Continuation of Directive (EU) 2020/1828 No access
        II. Assignment for the management of rights No access
        1. Institution, organisation or association No access
        2. Not-for-profit basis (point (a)) No access
        3. Proper foundation (point (b)) No access
        4. Statutory objective (point (c)) No access
        1. Addressee No access
        2. Complaints No access
        3. With priority and without undue delay No access
  6. 1. Christoph Krönke
      1. A. Powers of the Commission (para. 1 and 2) No access
      2. B. Revocation of the delegation (para. 3) No access
      3. C. Procedure (para. 4–6) No access
    2. Article 88 Committee procedure No access Pages 1213 - 1214 Christoph Krönke
6. 1. Franz Hofmann
    1. A. General No access
    2. B. Amendment of the E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC No access
    3. C. References to the E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC No access
  2. Article 90 Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828 No access Pages 1215 - 1216 Franz Hofmann
  3. Franz Hofmann
    1. A. General remarks No access
    2. 1. I. Reporting date until 18.2.2027 No access
      2. 1. Special report No access
        a) Obligation to assess the DSA No access
        b) Content requirements No access
        c) Miscellaneous No access
      3. III. Assessment of the functioning of the Board and the application of Art. 43 No access
  4. Article 92 Anticipated application to providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines Anticipated application to providers of VLOP and of VLOSE No access Pages 1219 - 1220 Franz Hofmann
  5. Franz Hofmann
    1. A. General remarks No access
    2. B. Entry into force No access
    3. C. Temporal applicability of the DSA No access
Index No access Pages 1223 - 1253