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Taking Age Equality Seriously: The Example of Mandatory Retirement

A Comparative Legal Analysis between Norway and Germany in Light of Council Directive 2000/78/EC
Authors:
Series:
Oslo Legal Studies, Volume 1
Publisher:
 2016

Summary

Mandatory retirement is highly debated at the national, European and international level. The reasons for this are twofold: first, from a socio-political angle, that is, in view of an increasing pressure on the financial stability of the pension systems due to the demographic change, there is a need to review the existing mandatory retirement provisions critically. Second, from a legal perspective the protection against age discrimination has been considerably strengthened both in human rights and European Union law, in particular in Council Directive 2000/78/EC. Against this background, this book examines the compatibility of selected provisions on mandatory retirement in Norwegian and German law with the prohibition against age discrimination as manifested in the directive. In addition, an interdisciplinary method is employed. Empirical findings and theory on the ageing process as well as the labour market are considered to test the integrity of arguments that are typically used for the justification of mandatory retirement provisions. Finally flexible solutions to replace absolute age limits are discussed.

Bibliographic data

Edition
1/2016
Copyright Year
2016
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-3059-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7207-8
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Oslo Legal Studies
Volume
1
Language
English
Pages
424
Product Type
Monograph

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 26
      1. 1.1 Taking age equality seriously: The thesis in a nutshell No access
        1. 1.2.1 Challenges of an ageing society No access
        2. 1.2.2 Key objective of the research: Provisions on mandatory retirement No access
        3. 1.2.3 Employees subject to mandatory retirement No access
      3. 1.3 Basic concepts: Age equality, ageism, age discrimination and mandatory retirement No access
        1. 1.4.1 Recent developments in Norway No access
        2. 1.4.2 Recent developments in Germany No access
      5. 1.5 Structure of the thesis No access
      1. 2.1 Interdisciplinary approach No access
        1. 2.2.1 Why choose a comparative approach? No access
        2. 2.2.2 Why choose a legal comparison between Norway and Germany? No access
        3. 2.2.3 How to undertake a legal comparative analysis: The chosen method of comparison No access
        4. 2.2.4 The standard of comparison: Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
      3. 2.3 Linguistic and terminological challenges No access
      4. 2.4 The legal system in Norway and Germany: Methodological and institutional overview No access
      1. 3.1 Mandatory retirement versus pensionable age No access
      2. 3.2 General versus special mandatory retirement age limits No access
      3. 3.3 Absolute versus relative mandatory retirement age limits No access
      1. 4.1 Introduction No access
      2. 4.2 Defining ageism No access
      3. 4.3 Intermediate conclusion No access
      1. 5.1 Age equality and age discrimination No access
      2. 5.2 Age equality among whom? No access
        1. 5.3.1 Equality of opportunities versus equality of results No access
        2. 5.3.2 Age equality in employment as a question of choice No access
        3. 5.3.3 Age equality in employment as a question of dignity No access
        4. 5.3.4 Age equality in employment as a question of participation and social inclusion No access
      4. 5.4 Limitations to the concept of age equality No access
      5. 5.5 Intermediate conclusion No access
      1. 6.1 Introduction No access
      2. 6.2 The many faces of age and ageing No access
        1. 6.3.1 Ageing as a process of decline No access
        2. 6.3.2 Ageing as a process of success No access
        3. 6.3.3 Ageing as a process of continuity No access
        4. 6.3.4 Ageing as a process of growth in wisdom and maturity No access
        5. 6.3.5 Recent studies: The decline of capabilities with age – a myth? No access
      4. 6.4 Intermediate conclusion No access
      1. 7.1 Introduction No access
      2. 7.2 Employment and unemployment rates of older workers No access
      3. 7.3 The labour-force participation of older workers No access
      4. 7.4 The exit age from the labour market No access
      5. 7.5 The demographic challenge in Norway and Germany No access
    8. 8 Implications of the gerontological, demographical and statistical findings of the labour market for the analysis of mandatory retirement No access
      1. 9.1 Introduction No access
      2. 9.2 Charter of the United Nations No access
      3. 9.3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights No access
        1. 9.4.1 Protection against age discrimination in the ICESCR and ICCPR No access
        2. 9.4.2 The right to work and free choice of employment in the ICESCR and ICCPR No access
        1. 9.5.1 The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (ILO No. 111) and Employment Policy Convention (ILO No. 122) No access
        2. 9.5.2 Termination of Employment at the Initiative of the Employer Convention (ILO No. 158) and recommendation No. 166 of 1982 No access
        1. 9.6.1 The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms No access
        2. 9.6.2 The European Social Charter No access
          1. 9.7.1.1 International Plan of Action on Ageing No access
          2. 9.7.1.2 UN Principles for Older Persons No access
          3. 9.7.1.3 Proclamation on Ageing No access
          4. 9.7.1.4 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing No access
        2. 9.7.2 ILO soft law mechanisms No access
        3. 9.7.3 Council of Europe soft law mechanisms No access
      8. 9.8 Intermediate conclusion No access
      9. 9.9 De lege ferenda: The need for their ‘own’ human rights instrument No access
      1. 10.1 EU primary law No access
        1. 10.2.1 Material and personal scope of Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
          1. 10.2.2.1 Direct age discrimination No access
          2. 10.2.2.2 Indirect age discrimination No access
          3. 10.2.2.3 Age discrimination plus X: The case of multiple discrimination No access
        3. 10.2.3 Mandatory retirement: An example of direct age discrimination No access
        1. 10.3.1 Exception according to Art. 2 No. 5 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        2. 10.3.2 Justification according to Art. 4 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        3. 10.3.3 Justification according to Art. 6 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        4. 10.3.4 Positive action according to Art. 7 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        5. 10.3.5 Proportionality test: General considerations No access
        6. 10.3.6 Intermediate conclusion No access
      1. 11.1 Introduction No access
      2. 11.2 Implementation of Dir. 2000/78/EC into Norwegian law No access
        1. 11.3.1 The Working Environment Act No access
        2. 11.3.2 Prohibition against age discrimination on the constitutional level No access
      4. 11.4 Implementation of Dir. 2000/78/EC into German law No access
        1. 11.5.1 General Act on Equal Treatment No access
        2. 11.5.2 Prohibition against age discrimination on the constitutional level No access
      6. 11.6 Intermediate conclusion No access
      1. 12.1 Applicability of Dir. 2000/78/EC to provisions on mandatory retirement No access
      2. 12.2 Standard of scrutiny No access
        1. 12.3.1 Introduction No access
          1. 12.3.2.1 Decline of capabilities and maintaining dignity No access
          2. 12.3.2.2 Sufficient financial stability due to pension eligibility No access
        3. 12.3.3 Justification patterns related to the employer No access
        4. 12.3.4 Justification patterns related to third parties No access
      1. 13.1 Introduction No access
        1. 13.2.1 Introduction No access
        2. 13.2.2 Authorisations and licences No access
        3. 13.2.3 The student licence, turnus licence and licence for medical practitioners above the age of 75 No access
        4. 13.2.4 Expiration of authorisation at the age of 75: The age limit in § 54 (1) s. 1 hlspl. No access
        5. 13.2.5 The age limit for practising as a general practitioner in the fastlege system No access
        6. 13.2.6 Critics to the age limit in § 54 (1) s. 1 hlspl. No access
        1. 13.3.1 Scope of Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        2. 13.3.2 Direct age discrimination No access
            1. 13.3.3.1.1 Securing the patients’ health and the public health No access
            2. 13.3.3.1.2 Financial stability of the national health system No access
            3. 13.3.3.1.3 Fair distribution of employment opportunities among generations No access
            4. 13.3.3.1.4 Intermediate conclusion No access
            1. 13.3.3.2.1 Necessity and appropriateness No access
            2. 13.3.3.2.2 Proportionality stricto sensu No access
          3. 13.3.3.3 Justification according to Art. 4 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
          4. 13.3.3.4 Justification according to Art. 7 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        4. 13.3.4 Intermediate conclusion No access
      4. 13.4 Further examples of mandatory retirement in the Norwegian health sector No access
        1. 13.5.1 Introduction No access
        2. 13.5.2 Authorisation No access
        3. 13.5.3 Withdrawal and expiration of authorisation No access
        4. 13.5.4 Obligation to undertake advanced training No access
      6. 13.6 Compatibility of § 95 (7) SGB V with Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
      7. 13.7 Critical analysis of the de lege lata status quo in Germany No access
      8. 13.8 Final discussion, comparison and conclusion No access
      1. 14.1 Introduction No access
        1. 14.2.1 Mandatory retirement age limit No access
        2. 14.2.2 Exceptions to the age limit: Extensions per fixed-term employment contracts No access
        3. 14.2.3 Further employment under pensjonistvilkår/pensioner’s terms and affiliation to the university as professor emeritus No access
        1. 14.3.1 Mandatory retirement age limit No access
        2. 14.3.2 Exceptions to the age limit: Extensions per fixed-term employment contracts No access
        3. 14.3.3 Emeritus regulations No access
        1. 14.4.1 The scope of Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        2. 14.4.2 Direct age discrimination No access
            1. 14.4.3.1.1 Intergenerational equity argument: Balanced age structure No access
            2. 14.4.3.1.2 Mental and physical decline of abilities due to the ageing process No access
            3. 14.4.3.1.3 Saving costs No access
            1. 14.4.3.2.1 Necessity and suitability No access
            2. 14.4.3.2.2 Intermediate result No access
          3. 14.4.3.3 Justification according to Art. 4 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
          4. 14.4.3.4 Justification according to Art. 7 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
      5. 14.5 Final discussion, comparison and conclusion No access
      1. 15.1 Introduction No access
        1. 15.2.1 International legal framework No access
        2. 15.2.2 The legal framework on the EU level No access
        3. 15.2.3 De lege lata situation in Norway and Germany No access
        4. 15.2.4 Intermediate conclusion No access
        1. 15.3.1 Scope of Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
        2. 15.3.2 Direct age discrimination No access
            1. 15.3.3.1.1 Security: Ensuring air safety as a legitimate aim No access
            2. 15.3.3.1.2 Promotion of younger employees No access
            3. 15.3.3.1.3 Dignity of the employee No access
              1. 15.3.3.2.1.1 Medical and psychological testing as an alternative to mandatory retirement No access
              2. 15.3.3.2.1.2 Engagement of ‘60+’ pilots in a multi-person cockpit crew as an alternative to mandatory retirement No access
            2. 15.3.3.2.2 Intermediate conclusion No access
          3. 15.3.3.3 Justification according to Art. 4 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
          4. 15.3.3.4 Justification according to Art. 6 No. 1 Dir. 2000/78/EC No access
          5. 15.3.3.5 Proportionality test: Balancing of interests No access
      4. 15.4 Final conclusion No access
      1. 16.1 Introduction No access
        1. 16.2.1 Enabling employees to extend their working life: Workability, employability and flexicurity No access
        2. 16.2.2 Attitudes towards extending working life No access
        3. 16.2.3 Flexible pathways from working life to retirement No access
        1. 16.3.1 Introduction No access
        2. 16.3.2 De lege ferenda considerations as regards mandatory retirement for physicians No access
        3. 16.3.3 De lege ferenda considerations as regards mandatory retirement for professors No access
        4. 16.3.4 De lege ferenda considerations as regards mandatory retirement for pilots No access
    2. 17 Final remarks and key findings No access
  6. List of laws, preparatory work, official documents etc. No access 385 - 393
  7. Table of Cases No access 394 - 400
  8. Bibliography No access 401 - 424

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