Protecting Muslim Minority Women&#039;s Human Rights at Divorce

Dr. Tone Linn Wærstad

doi:10.5771/9783845282527

Summary

Die Studie untersucht die Notwendigkeit eines effektiven Rechtsschutzes für muslimische Frauen nach der Auflösung einer Ehe. Gerade der Schutz vor Diskriminierung betrifft eine Vielzahl von Rechtsgebieten, die von informellen Streitbeilegungsmechanismen über die öffentliche Verwaltung bis hin zum nationalen und internationalen Privatrecht reichen.

Ausgangspunkt für die rechtliche Analyse sind Daten aus 13 Interviews mit geschiedenen muslimischen Einwanderinnen in Norwegen. Vergleichend werden dabei ebenfalls die Erfahrungen aus Großbritannien und Kanada mit sogenannten Scharia Councils in den Blick genommen.

Tone Linn Wærstad arbeitet als Postdoctor am Institut für Privatrecht der Universität Oslo, Norwegen. Sie forscht zum Familienrecht, zu transnationalen Familienbeziehungen, internationalen Privatrecht, Frauen- und Menschenrechten.

Search publication

Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2017
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-3927-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-8252-7
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Oslo Legal Studies
Volume: 2
Language: English
Pages: 384
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 22
1. 1. 1.1 Aim and research question No access
  2. 1.2 Relevance, identifying and contributing to closing the knowledge gap No access
  3. 1.3 Scope and limitations No access
  4. 1.4 Language, terminology and concepts No access
  5. 1.5 Parts and chapters No access
2. 1. 2.1 General features of the methodology No access
  2. 2.2 Approaching the study of religious laws in Norway through theories of legal pluralism No access
  3. 1. 2.3.1 Introduction No access
    2. 2.3.2 The research design: frame, access and consent, ethics No access
    3. 2.3.3 Bringing forth the voice and visibility of women No access
    4. 2.3.4 Limitations and significance No access
  4. 1. 2.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 2.4.2 Interpretation of international human rights No access
    3. 2.4.3 The international human rights conventions’ monitoring mechanisms No access
    4. 2.4.4 The legal value of treaty bodies’ interpretations No access
    5. 2.4.5 A process oriented approach to international law No access
    6. 2.4.6 The legal relationship between the constitution, ordinary law and international human rights when deciding on protection against discrimination No access
3. 1. 3.1 Introduction: Relevance and challenges in researching Muslim family laws and traditions in relation to women’s protection against discrimination at the dissolution of marriage No access
  2. 3.2 Presentation of Muslim legal sources and principles for interpretation No access
  3. 3.3 Feminist perspectives on Muslim family law No access
  4. 3.4 Sources of Muslim law in this project No access
  5. 3.5 The different modalities of divorce in Muslim laws and traditions No access
  6. 3.6 Muslim divorce laws, customs and women’s lived realities No access
  7. 3.7 Summary No access
4. 1. 4.1 Introduction No access
  2. 4.2 The legal design of discrimination No access
  3. 1. 4.3.1 Introduction No access
    2. 4.3.2 Definition of structural discrimination No access
    3. 4.3.3 The importance of the concept of structural discrimination No access
    4. 4.3.4 The concept of structural discrimination when deciding upon the range of the protection against discrimination No access
    5. 1. 4.3.5.1 Introduction No access
      2. 4.3.5.2 Balancing the right to protection against discrimination against the right to cultural and religious freedom No access
      3. 4.3.5.3 The private/public distinction No access
    6. 4.3.6 Summary No access
  4. 1. 4.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 4.4.2 Addressing intersectional discrimination in domestic and international law No access
    3. 4.4.3 Methodological implications from applying an intersectional perspective No access
  5. 1. 4.5.1 Introduction No access
    2. 4.5.2 The structure of duties under the CEDAW convention No access
    3. 4.5.3 A precautionary approach to securing protection against discrimination No access
5. 1. 5.1 Introduction No access
  2. 5.2 The examination of the CEDAW Committee’s concluding observations to state parties’ reports No access
  3. 1. 5.3.1 Introduction No access
    2. 5.3.2 Legal sources of interpretation No access
    3. 5.3.3 CEDAW article 16, 1, c and h No access
    4. 5.3.4 The CEDAW Committee’s responses to the great variety among state parties’ legal regimes that are discriminatory at the dissolution of marriage No access
    5. 1. 5.3.5.1 Prohibiting formal discrimination No access
    6. 1. 5.3.6.1 The need to bring family codes and personal status laws in line with the convention No access
      2. 5.3.6.2 The need to register marriages and divorces’ No access
    7. 5.3.7 Prohibiting de facto discrimination, ensuring de facto equality No access
    8. 5.3.8 Concluding remarks No access
  4. 1. 5.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 5.4.2 The system of dividing marital property upon divorce as set out in article 16, 1, c and h No access
  5. 1. 5.5.1 Introduction No access
    2. 5.5.2 The demand for one unified family law in line with the convention No access
    3. 5.5.3 A system with separate divorce modalities for women and men No access
    4. 5.5.4 Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms No access
    5. 5.5.5 Gender stereotypes entrenched in the system of partition No access
    6. 5.5.6 The system of mahr; the Muslim bridal gift No access
  6. 1. 5.6.1 Introduction No access
    2. 5.6.2 Minority women’s equality rights at the dissolution of marriage No access
  7. 5.7 Summary and the way forward No access
1. 6 Introduction to women’s equal right to access divorce No access
2. 1. 7.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 7.2.1 Introduction No access
    2. 7.2.2 The duty to mediate and reconcile No access
    3. 7.2.3 Summary No access
  3. 7.3 Comparison Norwegian law and Muslim law regarding mediation and reconciliation No access
  4. 1. 7.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 7.4.2 Relevant human rights questions No access
    3. 7.4.3 Mediation and reconciliation in the informal sphere in Norway: No access
    4. 7.4.4 Practices of mediation and reconciliation in British sharia councils No access
    5. 7.4.5 The precautionary principle that is embedded in the right to equality at the dissolution of marriage No access
  5. 7.5 Summary No access
3. 1. 8.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 8.2.1 Presentation of the further process concerning the Marriage Act section 7 (l) No access
    2. 8.2.2 Presentation of the further process concerning the proposed change in the Immigration Regulations section 23 No access
  3. 8.3 How may a delegation of the talaq divorce remedy discrimination against women? No access
  4. 8.4 Would the proposals fulfil Norwegian human rights obligations? No access
  5. 8.5 Some problematic features of the process seen in light of women’s right to protection against discrimination No access
  6. 8.6 Summary No access
1. 1. 9.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 9.2.1 Introduction No access
    2. 9.2.2 The talaq modality No access
  3. 9.3 Legal questions that arise regarding recognition of talaq divorces in the light of international human rights regulation No access
  4. 1. 9.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 1. 9.4.2.1 Introduction No access
    3. 9.4.3 The result of the foreign rule No access
    4. 9.4.4 The procedural ordre public reservation No access
    5. 9.4.5 The assessment of the ordre public reservation seen in the light of the guarantee of protection against discrimination No access
  5. 1. 9.5.1 Introduction No access
    2. 9.5.2 The attachment criterion No access
    3. 9.5.3 The situation of the individual woman No access
    4. 9.5.4 The Exception in the Foreign Divorce Act section 3 No access
    5. 9.5.5 Parties’ procedural guarantees in cases of recognition of foreign divorces No access
  6. 9.6 Summary of observations so far No access
2. 1. 10.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 10.2.1 Introduction No access
    2. 10.2.2 Participatory observation No access
    3. 10.2.3 Ethical aspects No access
  3. 1. 10.3.1 Introduction No access
    2. 10.3.2 Maya’s story No access
    3. 10.3.3 The procedural guarantee of advance notification before an administrative decision is made No access
    4. 10.3.4 The procedural guarantee to acquaint oneself with the documents in the case No access
    5. 10.3.5 The procedural guarantee to be notified about the administrative decision No access
  4. 1. 10.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 10.4.2 Salma’s story No access
    3. 10.4.3 Other examples No access
    4. 10.4.4 “Invisible” women in the review No access
  5. 1. 10.5.1 Introduction No access
    2. 10.5.2 The requirements of the right to a fair trial No access
  6. 10.6 The focus upon attachment in the understanding of the ordre public reservation in the Foreign Divorce Act section 2 No access
  7. 10.7 Summary No access
1. 1. 11.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 11.2.1 Separate property regimes No access
    2. 11.2.2 Rights and duties within marriage for men and women and the importance of non-financial contributions No access
    3. 11.2.3 Contractual negotiations prior to the wedding or during the marriage No access
    4. 11.2.4 Mahr No access
    5. 11.2.5 Private ordering of the partition No access
  3. 1. 11.3.1 Traditional Muslim marital property regime within marriage and at its dissolution No access
    2. 11.3.2 Contractual regulation of marital property No access
  4. 1. 11.4.1 Overview of the regulation of property relations between the spouses under Norwegian law No access
    2. 1. 11.4.2.1 Introduction No access
      2. 11.4.2.2 Duty to provide support for the family No access
      3. 11.4.2.3 Acquisition of joint ownership to assets by contribution in the home and care of the family No access
    3. 11.4.3 Limits upon contractual freedom between the spouses I: Concerning types of contract. No access
    4. 11.4.4 Limits upon contractual freedom between spouses II: demands for reasonableness. No access
    5. 1. 11.4.5.1 The access to a contract that makes an exception to the spousal joint ownership rule No access
      2. 11.4.5.2 The regulation of mahr No access
    6. 11.4.6 The possibilities for faith-based arbitration in Norwegian law No access
  5. 1. 11.5.1 Introduction No access
    2. 11.5.2 The principle of domicile and the immutability of the matrimonial property No access
    3. 11.5.3 Internal mandatory rules that make exceptions to the choice of law rules No access
    4. 11.5.4 Choice of law rules regarding matrimonial property when the wife has enabled the husband to acquire assets that are for personal use for the couple No access
    5. 11.5.5 Questions related to disputes over mahr that have attachment to foreign jurisdictions No access
    6. 1. 11.5.6.1 Introduction No access
      2. 11.5.6.2 The principle of attachment No access
    7. 1. 11.5.7.1 Introduction No access
      2. 11.5.7.2 The legal status of party autonomy to choice of law regarding the matrimonial property regime No access
      3. 11.5.7.3 Legal arguments concerning party autonomy No access
      4. 11.5.7.4 Legal political arguments concerning party autonomy No access
      5. 11.5.7.5 The concerns of the weaker party in the marriage No access
      6. 11.5.7.6 How would a system of party autonomy supplemented with interpretative rules /rules of censorship affect Muslim minority women? No access
      7. 11.5.7.7 Do the legal political arguments imply that there has been a shift towards party autonomy in Norway? No access
  6. 11.6 Summary No access
2. 1. 12.1 Introduction No access
  2. 12.2 Who are affected by these issues? No access
  3. 12.3 Relevant human rights’ regulation regarding rights to cultural and religious freedom and women’s right to protection against discrimination No access
  4. 1. 12.4.1 Introduction No access
    2. 12.4.2 Requirements concerning the parties No access
    3. 12.4.3 Requirements concerning the arbitrator (muhakkam) No access
    4. 1. 12.4.4.1 The contract of tahkim No access
      2. 12.4.4.2 The conduct and judging of the arbitrators No access
      3. 12.4.4.3 The subject matter of arbitration (tahkim) No access
    5. 12.4.5 The substantive law regarding partition of assets in Muslim family law No access
    6. 12.4.6 Summary No access
  5. 12.5 Overview of the law of arbitration in Ontario prior to the “sharia” controversy No access
  6. 1. 12.6.1 Introduction No access
    2. 12.6.2 What rules may be chosen to govern arbitration? No access
    3. 12.6.3 Safeguards and judicial review of arbitral agreements and awards No access
    4. 12.6.4 Summary No access
  7. 1. 12.7.1 Presentation of the Ontario Arbitration process No access
    2. 1. 12.7.2.1 Introduction No access
      2. 12.7.2.2 The fear that women would be forced to partake in faith-based arbitration No access
      3. 12.7.2.3 The fear that women would be exposed to discriminatory norms in the arbitration tribunals No access
      4. 12.7.2.4 Concluding remarks regarding Marion Boyd’s report No access
    3. 12.7.3 Phase 2: The ban of faith-based arbitration No access
  8. 1. 12.8.1 Introduction No access
    2. 12.8.2 Requirement of voluntariness No access
    3. 1. 12.8.3.1 Introduction No access
      2. 12.8.3.2 Procedure and consequences of faith-based arbitration brought in for judicial review in Norway No access
      3. 12.8.3.3 Actual effects of formal and informal law No access
      4. 12.8.3.4 How to handle risk for discrimination in arbitration procedures No access
    4. 12.8.4 The effects of racism underpinning the ban upon faith-based arbitration No access
  9. 12.9 Summary No access
1. 1. 13.1 Introduction No access
  2. 1. 13.2.1 Understanding how Muslim family laws may actually impact upon women’s rights situation No access
    2. 13.2.2 Ways of improving approaches to fulfil women’s rights at the dissolution of marriage No access
  3. 1. 13.3.1 Introduction No access
    2. 13.3.2 Integrating international human rights law in the application and interpretation of national law No access
    3. 13.3.3 Developments concerning private international law No access
    4. 13.3.4 The private law concept of freedom of contract and party autonomy No access
  4. 13.4 Policy implications No access
  5. 13.5 Recommendations for future research No access
  6. 13.6 Conclusion No access
14 References No access Pages 357 - 384

Bibliography (269 entries)

Abbate, Lindsay L. 2002. “What God Has Joined “Let” Man Put Asunder: Ireland's Struggle between Canon and Common Law Relating to Divorce.” Emory International Law Review. Fall, 2002, Vol. 16 (2), p.583–637. Open Google Scholar
Abu Dawud, Sunan [n.d.]. Kitab al-talaq [Divorce], Book 13, Hadith Number 2178. Open Google Scholar
Ahmed, K.N. 1972. The Muslim Law of Divorce. Islamic Research Insitute. Islamabad. Open Google Scholar
Alexy, Robert 2002. A Theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Ali, S.M and A. Whitehouse 1991. Oh! Canada: Whose land, whose dream? Toronto: Canadian Society of Muslims. Open Google Scholar
Ali, Shaheen Sardar 1993. An Analysis of the Trends of the Superior Courts of Pakistan in Matters relating to Marriage, Dower, Divorce. Working Paper for the Women and Law project, Women Living Under Muslim Laws. Open Google Scholar
Ali, Shaheen Sardar 1997. “Women's Human Rights in Islam: Towards a Theoretical Framework.” Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law. Vol. 4 (1) pp. 117 -152. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/221129898X00062
Ali, Shaheen Sardar 2000. Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal Before Allah, Unequal Before Man? Kluwer Law International. The Hague. London. Boston. Open Google Scholar
Ali, Shaheen Sardar 2013. “Authority and authencity: Sharia councils, Muslim women’s rights, and the English courts” Child and Family Law Quarterly Vol 25(2), pp. 113–137. Open Google Scholar
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf 1934. The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary. Published online at http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16955/pg16955.html Open Google Scholar
al-Shafi’i, al-Imam Muhammad b. Idris 1987. al-Risala fi usul-al-fiqh. Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence. Translated by Majid Khadduri. The Islamic Texts Society. Cambridge Open Google Scholar
al-Shawkani, Muhammed bin Ali bin Muhammad. Irshad al-futhul ila tahqiq al-haqq min ‘ilm al-usul. Dar al-fikr. N.d, n.p. Open Google Scholar
Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah 1989. al-fiqh al-Islami wa ‘Adillatuhu. Dar al-Fiqr, Damascus 1989, Vol. 6. Open Google Scholar
An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. 2008. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England. Open Google Scholar
An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. 1987. “The Rights of Women and International Law in the Muslim Context.” Whittier Law Review. Vol. 9 (3), pp.491–516 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/761944
Ansari, Zafar Ishaq 1972. “Islamic Juristic Terminology before Shafi’i. A Semantic Analysis with Special Reference to Kufa.” Arabica, Vol. 3, pp. 255–300. Open Google Scholar
Arshad, Raffia 2010. Islamic Family Law. Sweet & Maxwell. Thomson Reuters. London. Open Google Scholar
Arvidsson, Matilda 2011. Facing the Unknown/Defacing the Known – Mahr in Swedish Courts. In Mehdi R. and Nielsen J. (eds.). Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Augdahl, Per 1973. Rettskilder. H.Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard). Oslo. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(73)80196-5
Bamforth, Nicolas, Maleiha Malik, and Colm O’Cinneide 2008. Discrimination Law: Theory and Context: Text and Materials. Sweet & Maxwell. London. Open Google Scholar
Bakht, Natasha. 2006. “Were Muslim Barbarians Really Knocking on the Gates of Ontario?: The Religious Arbitration Controversy—Another Perspective.” In Ottawa Law Review, 40th Anniversary, 2006. Open Google Scholar
Bano, Samia 2004. Complexity, Difference and ‘Muslim Personal Law’: Rethinking the Relationship between Shariah Councils and South Asian Muslim Women in Britain. University of Warwick, Department of Law. Open Google Scholar
Bano, Samia 2011. Muslim Marriage and Mahr: The Experiences of British Muslim Women. In Mehdi R. and Nielsen J. (eds.). Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Bano, Samia 2012. An exploratory study of Shariah councils in England with respect to family law. University of Reading. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1057/9781137283856_8
Bano, Samia 2007. “Muslim Family Justice and Human Rights: The Experience of British Muslim Women” (Winter 2007). Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 1 (4). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/15564900701238575
Bar, Ludwig Von 1862. Theorie und Praxis der internationalen Privatrechts. I. Scientia Verlag. 1862. Open Google Scholar
Bartlett, Kathrine T. 1990. “Feminist Legal Methods.” Harvard Law Review. Vol. 103 (4), pp. 829–888. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/1341478
Bekkedal, Tarjei 2012. “Felles prosjekt; om sameie i ekteskaps- og samboerforhold.” Jussens Venner. Vol. 47, p. 159–183. Open Google Scholar
Benda-Beckmann, Frantz von 2002. “Who’s Afraid of Legal Pluralism?” Journal of legal pluralism and unofficial law. Vol. 34 (47), pp. 37 -82 Open Google Scholar
Benda-Beckmann et al. 2005. Mobile People, Mobile Law: Expanding Legal Relations in a Contracting World. Ashgate. Hants. Burlington. (Comment: places correct?) Open Google Scholar
Bentzon, Agnete Weis et al. 1998. Pursuing Grounded Theory in Law: South-North Experiences in Developing Women’s Law. Mond Books. Harare. Tano, Aschehoug.Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Berg, B. H. (ed.) 2006. Voldgiftsloven med kommentarer. Gyldendal akademisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Blake, Susan, Julie Brown and Stuart Sime (eds.) 2011. A Practical Approach to Alternative Dispute Resolution. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Blois, Matthijs de 2010. “Religious law versus secular law: The example of the get refusal in Dutch, English and Israeli law.” Utrecht Law Review. Vol. 6 (2). Open Google Scholar
Bogdan, Michael, 2007. “Något om den kollisionsrettsliga behandlingen av islamisk morgongåva (MAHR) i Rett og toleranse.” Festskrift til Helge Johan Thue. Gyldendal Akademisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Bowen, John 2012. Blaming Islam. MIT Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139045988.008
Boyd, M. 2004. Dispute Resolution in Family Law: Protecting Choice, Promoting Inclusion. http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/about/pubs/boyd/fullreport.pdf Open Google Scholar
Bredal, Anja 2005. Vi er jo en familie: Arrangerte ekteskap, autonomi og fellesskap blant unge norsk-asiater. Unipax. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Bredal, Anja and Tone Linn Wærstad 2014. Gift, men ugift: Om utenomrettslige religiøse vigsler. Institutt for samfunnsforskning rapport 2014:06. Open Google Scholar
Bull, Kirsti Strøm 1992. Ugift samliv. Tano. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Bull, Kirsti Strøm 1993a. Avtaler mellom ektefeller. Tano. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Bull, Kirsti Strøm 1993b. “Lovvalg i saker om økonomiske forhold mellom ektefeller.” Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. Vol. 106 (5), pp. 525–542. Open Google Scholar
Bunt, G. 1998. “Decision-Making Concerns in British Islamic Environments.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Vol. 9 (1), pp.103–113. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/09596419808721141
Bunting, A. 2009. Family law's legal pluralism: private 'opting-out' in Canada and South Africa. In Breton et al (eds.) Multijuralism: Manifestations, Causes, and Consequences, Ashgate. Open Google Scholar
Calitz, K. B. 2009. “The Liability of Employers for the Harassment of Employees by Non-Employees.” Stellenbosch law review. Vol. 20 (3), pp. 407–425. Open Google Scholar
Carrol, L and H. Kapoor 1996. Talaq-i-Tafwid. The Muslim Woman’s Contractual Access to Divorce. Women Living under Muslim Laws Readers and Compilation Series. Open Google Scholar
Charlesworth, Hillary, Christine Chinkin and Shelley Wright 1991. “Feminist Approaches to International Law.” The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 85 (4), pp. 613–645. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/2203269
Charlesworth Hillary, Christine Chinkin 2000.The boundaries of international law: A feminist analysis. Juris Publishing. Manchester University Press. Manchester. Open Google Scholar
Charsley Katharine 2012. Marriage, Migration and Transnational Social Spaces: A View from the UK. In Charsley, Katharine (ed.) Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond. Open Google Scholar
Chaudary Muhammad 1999. Justice in Practice: Legal Ethnography of a Pakistani Punjabi Village. Oxford University Press. Karachi. Open Google Scholar
Christensen, Camilla 2011. Mahr in Danish Law. In Mehdi R. and Nielsen J. (eds.) Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Cook, Rebecca (ed.) 1994. Human Rights of Women. National and International Perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.9783/9780812201666
Cordes et al. 2010. Hovedlinjer i internasjonal privatrett. Cappelen akademisk forlag. Open Google Scholar
Craig, Ronald 2007. Systemic Discrimination in Employment and the Promotion of Ethnic Equality. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden. Boston. Open Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum. 1989, pp. 139–167. Open Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams 2000 a. The Intersectionality of Race and Gender. Unpublished, November 8, 2000. The article is part of a collection of articles published in connection with the Conference ”Human Rights at the Interface”, Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo, December 2000. Open Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams 2000. Background Paper for the Expert Meeting on Gender related Aspects of Race Discrimination. November 21–24, 2000, Zagreb Croatia. Published in Bamforth, Nicolas, Maleiha Malik, and Colm O’Cinneide 2008. Discrimination Law: Theory and Context: Text and Materials. Sweet & Maxwell. London. Open Google Scholar
Cook, Rebecca J. and Cusack, Simone 2010. Gender Stereotyping: Transnational Legal Perspectives. PENN. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.9783/9780812205923
Cusack, S. 2013. The CEDAW as a legal framework for transnational discourses on gender stereotyping. In Hellum, A. and Aasen, H. S. (eds.) Women’s Human Rights: CEDAW in International, Regional and National Law. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540841.007
Dahl, Tove Stang et al. 1975. Juss og juks: en arbeidsbok i likestilling. Pax. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Dahl, Tove Stang (ed.) 1985. Kvinnerett I. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø. Open Google Scholar
Dahl, Tove Stang 1989. Taking women as starting point. Working Papers in Women’s Law no. 4. Department of Public and International Law. University of Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Danielsen, Svend and Peter Lødrup 1988. “Det nordiske samarbeidet på familierettens område.” Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap. Vol. 101, pp. 565–586. Open Google Scholar
Daugstad, Gunlaug 2008. Ekteskap over landegrensene. Ekteskapsmønster og transnasjonale familieetableringar i perioden 1990–2007. Rapporter. Statistisk sentralbyrå. Open Google Scholar
De Carli, Eli F. 2008. Muslimske kvinner, haltende ekteskap og skilsmisse – prosessen rundt politiske initiativ til lovendringer. Norsk tidsskrift for migrasjonsforskning, 9 (1), pp. 5–26 Open Google Scholar
The Directorate of Integration and Diversity (IMDi) (2013). A Transnational Open Google Scholar
Approach: The work against forced marriage and female genital mutilation Open Google Scholar
at four Norwegian foreign service mission. http://www.imdi.no/Documents/Rapporter/Paa_tvers_av_landegrenser_eng.pdf Open Google Scholar
Doi, A. R. I. 1984. Sharia: The Islamic law. Ta Ha Publishers. London. Open Google Scholar
Doublet, D. R. 1995. Rett, vitenskap og fornuft. Et systemteoretisk perspektiv på den rettslige argumentasjons verdimessige forutsetninger. Alma Ater. Bergen. Open Google Scholar
Egge-Hoveid, Kristin (2014). Kontantstøtte blant innvandrere. Fortsatt nedgang i kontantstøtten. Artikler, published May 2, 2014. Statistisk sentralbyrå.. Open Google Scholar
Eggen, Nora S. 2001. “Islamsk rettskildelære. ” Institutt for offentlig retts skriftserie. Nr. 1/2001. Open Google Scholar
El Alami, Dawoud S. 2000. The Marriage Contract in Islamic Law. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. Graham and Trotman. London, Dordrecht, Boston. Open Google Scholar
Emon, A. 2006. “Islamic Law and the Canadian Mosaic: Politics, Jurisprudence, and Multicultural Accomodation.” Singapore Journal of Legal Studies. 2006, pp. 331–355. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.947149
Eng, Svein 2007. Rettsfilosofi. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Engle, Karen 1992. “International Human Rights Law and Feminism: Where Discourses Meet.” In Michigan Journal of International Law. Vol. 13 (3), pp. 517–610. Open Google Scholar
Enright, Máiréad 2013. “The beginning of the sharpness: Loyalty, citizenship and Muslim divorce practice”. International Journal of Law in Context. 2013, Vol. 9 (3), pp. 295–317. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1744552313000141
Esposito, John L. 1982. Women in Muslim Family Law. Syracuse University Press. New York. Open Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 2001. Women in Muslim Family Law. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse. New York. Open Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. (ed.) 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Fastvold, Marianne and Anne Hellum 1988. “Money and Work in Marriage: Women’s Perspectives on Family Law.” In Institutt for offentlig retts skriftserie, nummer 6: 1988. Institutt for offentlig rett. Universitetet i Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Fisher, Elizabeth 2007. Risk Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism. Hart Publishing. Oxford. Portland Oregon. Open Google Scholar
Fleischer, Carl August 1968. Grunnlovens grenser: for lovregulert fastsetting av erstatning ved ekspropriasjon, — særlig ved verdistigning som ikke skyldes grunneiers innsats. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Fournier, McDougall, Lichtsztral 2012. Secular Rights and Religious Wrongs? Family Law, Religion and Women in Israel. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law, Vol. 18 (2), pp. 333–362. Open Google Scholar
Fournier, P. 2010. Muslim Marriage in Western Courts: Lost in Transplantation. Ashgate. Farnham. Burlington. Open Google Scholar
Francois-Cerrah, Myriam 2014. “Why banning Sharia courts would harm British Muslim women.” The Daily Telegraph, 18th July 2014. Open Google Scholar
Frantzen, Torstein 2002. Arveoppgjør ved internasjonale ekteskap: Studier av norsk internasjonal privatrett med særlig vekt på gjenlevende ektefelles rettsstilling. Fagbokforlaget. Bergen. Open Google Scholar
Fredman, Sandra 2002. Discrimination Law. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Fredman, Sandra 2008. Human Rights Transformed: Positive Rights and Positive Duties. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272761.003.0009
Fredman, Sandra 2009. Positive rights and positive duties: Addressing intersectionality. In Schiek, Dagmar and Victoria Chege (eds.) European Union Non-Discrimination Law: Comparative perspectives on multidimensional equality law. Routledge. Cavendish. London and New York. Open Google Scholar
Fredman, Sandra 2014. Engendering socio-economic rights. In Hellum Anne and Henriette S. Aaasen (eds.) Women’s Human Rights: CEDAW in International, Regional and National Law. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Open Google Scholar
Freeman, Marsha 1995. The Human Rights of Women in the Family. In Peters and Volpers (eds.) Women’s Rights: Human Rights. Routledge, New York. Open Google Scholar
Fredriksen, K. J. 2011. Mahr (dower) as a Bargaining Tool in a European Context: a Comparison of Dutch and Norwegian Judicial Decisions. In Mehdi R. and J. Nielsen (eds.) Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Freeman, Marsha A. 2009. “Reservations to CEDAW: An Analysis for UNICEF: A Discussion Paper.” Policy and Practice December 2009. UNICEF. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.18356/26b2aa25-en
Giertsen, Johan 1995. “Uskifte og lovvalg”. Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap.Vol. 108, pp. 261–324. Open Google Scholar
Gihl, Torsten 1945. “Kvalifikationsproblemet inom den internationella privaträtten.” Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Bankföreningen. Vol. 77. Stockholm. Open Google Scholar
Gihl, Torsten 1951. Den internationella privaträttens historia och allmänna principer. Norstedt. Stockholm. Open Google Scholar
Giunchi, Elisa (ed.) 2014. Muslim Family Law in Western Courts. Routledge. London and New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.4324/9781315796369-1
Griffiths, John 1986. “What Is Legal Pluralism?” Journal of legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. 1986, pp. 1–56. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387
Griffiths, Anne O. 1997. In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. London. Open Google Scholar
Griffiths, Anne 2011. “Pursuing Legal Pluralism: The Power of Paradigms in a Global World”. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. Vol. 64, 2011, pp. 173–202. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2011.10756674
Grillo, Ralph 2012. In the Shadow of the Law. In Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Groenman et al. 1997. Het Vrouwenverdrag in Nederland anno 1997, Den Haag: Ministerie van SZW 1997. Open Google Scholar
Graver, Hans Petter 2007. Alminnelig forvaltningsrett. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Hacker, Daphna 2008. “A legal field in action: the case of divorce arrangements in Israel.” International Journal of Law in Context. Vol. 4 (1), pp.1–33. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1017/S1744552308001018
Hallaq, W.B, (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Open Google Scholar
Hasan, A. 1994. The Early Development of Islamic Jurisprudence. Adam Publishers & Distributors. Delhi. Open Google Scholar
Hanski, R. and M. Scheinin (eds.) 2003. Leading Cases of the Human Rights Committee. Turku : Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University. Open Google Scholar
Hauge, Katrine Broch 2014. Erstatningsnivået ved tvangsovertaking av fallrettar: Analyse av salsverdierstatning og kompensasjonsnorma ved etablering av bruksordningar i lys av ei idealnorm. Dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, 18th December 2014. [Unpublished]. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/8067.4303
Hellum, Anne 1999. Women’s Human Rights and Legal Pluralism in Africa: Mixed Norms and Identities in Infertility Management in Zimbabwe. Mond Books. Tano Aschehoug. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Hellum, Anne 2006 a. “Rettferdighet og frihet: Tove Stang Dahls forfatterskap i et nøtteskall.” Prosa Faglitterært tidsskrift. Vol. 12, pp. 16–19. Open Google Scholar
Hellum, Anne 2006 b. Menneskerettigheter, pluralisme, kompleksitet og integrasjon.In Fauchald, Ole Kristian, Henning Jakhelln and Aslak Syse (eds.) dog Fred er ej det Bedste: Festskrift til Carl August Fleischer. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Hellum et al. (eds.) 2011. From Transnational Relations to Transnational Laws: Northern European Laws at the Crossroads. Ashgate. Surrey. Burlington. Open Google Scholar
Hellum, Anne and Kirsten Ketscher (eds.) 2008. Diskriminerings- og likestillingsrett. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1026380
Hellum (2014). Vern mot sammensatt diskriminering etter internasjonale menneskerettigheter og norsk rett: Kvinner i krysset mellom kjønn og etnisitet. In Hellum, Anne and Julia Köhler-Olsen (eds.) : Like rettigheter – ulike liv: Rettslig kompleksitet I kvinne- barne- og innvandrerperspektiv. Gyldendal Juridisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Henriksen, Kristin, Lars Østby, and Dag Ellingsen 2011. Immigration and immigrants 2010. Statistical Analyses. 122/2011. Statistisk sentralbyrå. Open Google Scholar
Higgins, Rosalyn 1994. Problems & Process: International Law and How We Use it. Clarendon Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Higgins, Rosalyn 2009. Themes and Theories: Selected Essays, Speeches, and Writings in International Law. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Holden, L. 2012. Interpreting Women’s Right of Divorce in Present Day Islamic Family Laws. In Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Holmøy, Vera and Peter Lødrup 2001. Ekteskapsloven: og enkelte andre lover med kommentarer. Gyldendal Akademisk. Oslo Open Google Scholar
Holtmaat, Rikki 2004. Towards Different Law and Public Policy: The significance of Article 5a CEDAW for the elimination of structural gender discrimination. Ministerie van Soziale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid. The Hague. Open Google Scholar
Holtmaat, Rikki 2014. The CEDAW: a holistic approach to women’s equality and freedom. In Hellum Anne and Henriette S. Aaasen (eds.) Women’s Human Rights: CEDAW in International, Regional and National Law. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Open Google Scholar
Høgberg, Benedikte Moltumyr 2010. Forbud mot tilbakevirkende lover. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Ikdahl, Ingunn 2010. Securing women’s homes: The dynamics of women’s human rights at the international level and in Tanzania. Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, No. 31. Open Google Scholar
Ikdahl, Ingunn 2015. Noter til “Konvensjon om avskaffelse av alle former for diskriminering av kvinner”. Gyldendal rettsdata. Open Google Scholar
Ikdahl, Ingunn 2013. Et lærestykke: Kvinneretten og internasjonaliseringen in Bull, Kirsti Strøm and Marit Halvorsen (eds.) Det juridiske fakultet gjennom 200 år: Kontinuitet og fornyelse. Dreyers forlag A/S. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
International Law Association 2004. Report of the Seventy-First Conference (Berlin). London 2004. Open Google Scholar
Jänterä-Jareborg, Maarit 1989. Partsautonomi och efterlevande makes rättsställning. Iustus Förlag. Uppsala. Open Google Scholar
Jones-Pauly, Christina 2008. Marriage Contracts of Muslims in the Diaspora: Problems in the Recognition of Mahr Contracts in German Law. In Quraishi, Asifa and Frank E. Vogel, (eds.) The Islamic Marriage Contract: Case studies in Islamic Family Law. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Open Google Scholar
Joseph, Norma Baumel 2011. “Civil Jurisdiction and Religious Accord: Bruker v. Marcowitz in the Supreme Court of Canada”. Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. Vol. 40 (3), pp. 318–336. Open Google Scholar
Joseph, Sarah, Jenny Schultz and Melissa Castan 2004. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials and Commentary. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/3216728
Jørgensen et al. (eds.) 2003. Nye retlige design: Dansk ret under konkurrence. Jurist- og Økonomiforbundets Forlag. København. Open Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Stine 2007. Etniske minoritetskvinders sociale rettigheder: Arbejdsmarked, seksualitet og uddannelse. Jurist- og Økonomiforbundets Forlag. København. Open Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Martin Bak 2012. Danish Regulations on Marriage Migration: Policy Understandings of Transnational Marriages. In Charsley, Katharine (ed.) Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond. Open Google Scholar
Kamali, Mohammad H. 1991. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Text Society. Cambridge. Open Google Scholar
Kamali, Mohammad H. 2008. Shari’ah Law: An Introduction. Oneworld Publications. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Kaur, Lavleen 2005. Frihetens pris. Hovedoppgave i kriminologi. Universitetet i Oslo. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Kayed, Camilla 1999. Rett, religion og byråkrati. En studie av skilsmisse blant muslimer i Norge. Hovedoppgave i sosialantropologi, Universitetet i Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Ketscher, Kirsten 2000 a. “Mod en argumentativ ret.” Jussens venner. Vol. 35 (5 – 6), pp. 272–287. Open Google Scholar
Ketscher, Kirsten 2000 b. “Nogle Utviklingslinjer i kvinderetten.” In Numhauser-Henning, Anne (ed.) 2000. Festskrift til Anna Christensen. Juristforlaget, Lund 2000. Open Google Scholar
Ketscher, Kirsten 2008. Diskrimineringsforbud – nogle generelle overvejelser. In Hellum and Ketscher (eds.) Diskriminerings- og likestillingsrett. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1026380
Ketscher, Kirsten 2014. Socialret: Principper, rettigheder, verdier. Thomson. København. Open Google Scholar
Kierulf, Anine 2009. ”Rettsstatens overnasjonale vending: den andre prøvingsretten”. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift 2009, pp. 256–270. Open Google Scholar
Kjønstad, Asbjørn 1984. “Husmorsameiet og rettsutviklingen.” Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap, 1984, pp. 554–586 Open Google Scholar
Kolrud et al. 2007. Voldgiftsloven: Kommentarutgave. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Korteweg, Anna C. and Jennifer A. Selby (eds.) 2012. Debating Sharia: Islam, Gender Politics and Family Law Arbitration 2012. University of Toronto Press. Toronto, Buffalo, London. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.R245-08
Krivenko, Ekaterina Yahyaoui 2009. Women, Islam and International Law within the Context of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against [sic] Women. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden. Open Google Scholar
Kruiniger, P. 2012. Article 16 of the Women’s Convention and the Status of Muslim Women at Divorce. In Westendorp, Ingrid (ed.) The Women’s Convention Turned 30: Achievements, Setbacks and Prospects. Intersentia. Cambridge. Antwerp. Portland. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2066576
Lacey, Nicola 2004. Feminist Legal Theory and the Rights of Women. In Knop, Karen (ed.) Gender and Human Rights. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260911.003.0002
Larsen, Lena 2011. Islamsk rettstenkning i møte med dagliglivets utfordringer : fatwaer som løsningsforslag for muslimske kvinner i Vest-Europa. Doctoral dissertation, Det humanistiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Larsson, Göran (ed.) 2009. Islam in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Routledge. London and New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.4324/9780203879115
Lau, Martin 2006. The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden. Boston. Open Google Scholar
Lidén Hilde (2005). Transnasjonale serieekteskap: Art, omfang og kompleksitet. Rapport 2005:11. Institutt for samfunnsforskning. Open Google Scholar
Lidén Hilde, Anja Bredal, Liza Reisel (2014). Transnasjonal oppvekst:Om lengre utenlandsopphold blant barn og unge med innvandrerbakgrunn. Rapport (2014:005) Oslo: Institutt for samfunnsforskning Open Google Scholar
Liversage, Anika and Tina Gudrun Jensen 2011. Paralelle retsopfattelser i Danmark. Et kvalitativt studie av privatretlige praksissser. Det nationale forskningscenter for velfærd. København. Open Google Scholar
Lundgaard, Hans Petter 2000. Gaarders innføring i internasjonal privatrett: ved Hans Petter Lundgaard. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Lødrup, Peter and Tone Sverdrup 2011. Familieretten. Peter Lødrup and Tone Sverdrup. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Løvdal, L. 2008. “Private International Law, Muslim Laws and Gender Equality.” Kvinnerettslig skriftserie 78:2008. Open Google Scholar
MacFarlane, Julie 2012 a. Understanding Trends in American Muslim Divorce and Marriage: A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities. ISPU. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753918.003.0008
MacFarlane, Julie 2012 b. Islamic divorce in North America : a shari'a path in a secular society. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753918.003.0008
Masud, Muhammad Khalid 2012. Interpreting Divorce Laws in Pakistan: Debates on Shari’a and Gender Equality in 2008. In Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Matheson, William og Geir Woxholth 1990. Lovavdelingens uttalelser 1976–1988 Brev 28.4.1982, saksnummer 1233/82 E FAG/BN tr. Trykket i Juridisk forlag AS. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Meidell, Andreas 1999. “Standardvilkår som uniforme regler for internasjonale kontrakter: En introduksjon.” Jussens venner. Vol. 34, pp. 399–413. Open Google Scholar
Meidell, Andreas 2002. “Anasjonal kontraktsrett – «Lex Mercatoria».” In Krüger et al. Nybrott og odling – festskrift til Nils Nygaard på 70-årsdagen 3. april 2002. Fagbokforlaget. Bergen. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, Rubya 2001. Gender and Property Law in Pakistan: Resources and Discourses. DJØF Publishing. København. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, Rubya. 2003. “Danish law and the practice of mahr among Muslim Pakistanis in Denmark.” International Journal of the Sociology and the Law. Vol. 31 (2003) 115–129. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, Rubya 1994. The Islamization of the Laws in Pakistan. Curzen Press, UK. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, Rubya and Jørgen Nielsen (eds.) 2011. Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, Rubya 2012. Interpreting Women’s Right to Divorce in Present Day Islamic Family Laws: Trans-National and Cross-Cultural Developments in the Law of Divorce. In Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) 2012. Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) 2012. Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law 2011. Merriam-Webster Incorporated. Springfield, Massachusetts. Open Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle 1988. “Legal Pluralism.” Law and Society Review. Vol. 22 (5), pp. 869–896. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.2307/3053638
Merry, Sally Engle 2013. “McGill Convocation Address: Legal Pluralism in Practice.” McGill Law Journal. Vol. 59, 2013, pp. 1–8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.7202/1018983ar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 1996. The Delegated Right to Divorce: Law and Practice in Morocco and Iran. In Carrol, L and H. Kapoor 1996. Talaq-i-Tafwid. The Muslim Woman’s Contractual Access to Divorce. Women Living under Muslim Laws Readers and Compilation Series. Open Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 2000 a. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. I.B. Tauris. London. New York. Open Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 2000 b. Marriage on Trial: A study of Islamic Family Law. I.B. Tauris Publishers. London. New York. Open Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini 2004. A Woman’s Right to Terminate the Marriage Contract. The Case of Iran. In Qureshi, A. (ed.) The Islamic Marriage Contract. Harvard University Press, pp. 1–22. Open Google Scholar
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba et al. 2014. Gender and Equality in Muslim Family Law: Justice and Ethics in the Islamic Legal Tradition. I.B.Tauris. London. New York. Open Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk 2000. Law as Process: An Anthropological Approach (1978). LIT. International African Institute. James Currey. Haburg. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Moore, Kathleen M. 2010. The Unfamiliar Abode: Islamic law in the United States and Britain. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387810.003.0001
Moors, A. 2011. Mahr Meanings — Dower Dealings: Reflections from Palestine. In Mehdi R. and J.Nielsen (eds.) Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Moss, Giuditta Cordero 1999. International Commercial Arbitration: Party Autonomy and Mandatory Rules. Tano. Aschoug. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Mulla, D.F. 1996. D.F Mulla’s Principles of Mahomedan Law. Pakistan Edition edited by Dr. M.A.Mannan. P.L.D. Publishers. Lahore. Open Google Scholar
Mumtaz & Associates 2015. Divorce Laws in Pakistan. http://www.ma-law.org.pk/Divorce_Laws_Divorce_Lawyer_in_Karachi_divorce_Lawyer_in_Lahore_divorce_law_firms_in_Pakistan.html. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.3362/9780855988135.001
Nader, Laura 2002. The Life of the Law: Anthropological Projects. University of California Press. Berkely. Los Angeles. London. Open Google Scholar
Nasir, J. J. A. 2009. The Islamic Law of Personal Status. Brill. Leiden. Boston. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004172739.i-227
Nasir, J. J. A. 2009. The Status of Women under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation. Brill. Leiden. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004172739.i-227
Nesvik, Marie 2014. Forelesningsnotater i internasjonal privatrett: Person-,familie- og arverett (et tillegg til Helge J. Thues bok). Institutt for privatrett. Skriftserie, 195. Open Google Scholar
Newcomb, Rachel 2012. Justice for Everyone? Implementation of Morocco’s 2004 Mudawana Reforms. In Mehdi, R. et al. (eds.) 2012. Interpreting Divorce Laws in Islam. DJØF Publishing. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Nowak, M. 2005. UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: ICCPR Commentary, 2nd Edition, N.P.Engel, Kehl. Open Google Scholar
Nyamu, Celestine I. 2000. “How Should Human Rights and Development Respond to Cultural Legitimization of Gender Hierarchy in Developing Countries?” Harvard International Law Journal. Vol. 41 (2), pp. 381–418. Open Google Scholar
Olsen, Henrik Palmer 2005. Magtfordeling: En analyse av magtfordelingslæren med særligt henblik på den lovgivende magt. Jurist- og Økonomiforbundets Forlag. København. Open Google Scholar
Otto, Jan Michiel (ed.) 2010. Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Leiden University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5117/9789087280574
Pearl, David 1987. “South Asian Immigrant Communities and English Family Law 1971–1987.” New Community. Vol. 14 (1–2), pp.161–169. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1987.9976042
Pearl, D and W. Menski 1998. Muslim Family Law. Third Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Open Google Scholar
Pelto Perti J and Gretel H. Pelto 1999. Anthropological Research: The Structure of Inquiry. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne. Open Google Scholar
Poulter, Sebastian M. 1998. Ethnicity, law and Human Rights. Clarendon Press. Oxford Open Google Scholar
Raday, F. 2003. “Culture, Religion and Gender.” International Journal of Constitutional Law. Oct, 2003. Vol. 1 (4), pp.663–715 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/icon/1.4.663
Razack, Sherene 2004. “Imperilled Muslim Women, Dangerous Muslim Men and Civilised Europeans: Legal and Social Responses to Forced Marriages.” Feminist Legal Studies Vol. 12, pp. 129–174. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1023/B:FEST.0000043305.66172.92
Razack, S. 2007 a. “The Sharia Law Debate in Ontario, The Modernity/Premodernity Distinction in Legal Efforts to Protect Women from Culture”. Feminist Legal Studies. Vol. 15 (1) pp. 3–32. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/s10691-006-9050-x
Razack, Sherene 2007 b. Casting out: the eviction of Muslims from Western law and politics. University of Toronto Press. Toronto, Buffalo, London. Open Google Scholar
Red Cross Oslo 2008-2011. Røde Kors-telefonen om tvangsekteskap og kjønnslemlestelse 815 55 201. Rapport om kjønnslemlestelse for perioden 2008-2011. https://www.rodekors.no/Global/DK/DK-Oslo/Dokumenter/120925_%C3%85rsrapport%20om%20kj%C3%B8nnslemlestelse%20for%20perioden%202008%20-%202011%20_web.pdf Open Google Scholar
Red Cross Oslo 2012. Røde Kors-telefonen om tvangsekteskap og kjønnslemlestelse 815 55 201. Rapport for 2012. https://www.rodekors.no/Global/DK/DK-Oslo/Dokumenter/130218_RK-telefonen_rapport2012_TRYKKFIL.pdf Open Google Scholar
Rehof, Lars A. 1993. Guide to the Travaux Preparatoires of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Dordrecht. Boston. London. Open Google Scholar
Reinhart, A.K. 1983.” Islamic Law and Islamic Ethics.” The Journal of Religious Ethics. Vol. 11 (2), pp. 186–203. Open Google Scholar
Reinharz, Shulamit (1983). Experiential analysis: a contribution to feminist research. In Gloria Bowles & Renate Duelli (eds.) Klein Theories of Women's Studies (pp. 162–192). Routledge and Kegan Paul. London. Open Google Scholar
Reinharz, Shulamit (1992). Feminist methods in social research. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Roald, Anne Sofie 2001. Women in Islam: The Western Experience. Routledge. London and New York. Open Google Scholar
Roald, Anne Sofie 2005. Er muslimske kvinner undertrykt? Pax. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Ross, Alf 1959. Om ret og retfærdighet: en indførelse i den analytiske retsfilosofi. Nyt Nordisk Forlag. København. Open Google Scholar
Rutten, Susan (2011). The struggle of Embedding the Islamic Mahr in a Western Legal System. In Mehdi R. and J.Nielsen (eds.) Embedding Mahr in the European Legal System. DJØF Publishing, Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Sadeleer, Nicolas de (ed.) 2007. Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Approaches from the Nordic Countries, EU and USA. Earthscan. London. Sterling, VA. Open Google Scholar
Saif, Mohammed Ali 2003. Information regarding divorce [in Pakistan]. Report given to the Royal Norwegian Embassy Islamabad. 9th september 2003. Unpublished. Open Google Scholar
Sandberg, Russel et al. 2012. “Britain’s Religious Tribunals: ‘Joint Governance’ in Practice.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, (2012), pp. 1–29. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqs031
Sandnes, Torild (2014) Familieinnvandring og ekteskapsmønster 1990–2012.Rapporter 2014/11. Statistisk sentralbyrå. Open Google Scholar
Shah, Niaz A. 2006. Women, the Koran and International Human Rights Law: The Experience of Pakistan. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden, Boston. Open Google Scholar
Shah, Prakash 2010. Between God and the Sultana? Legal pluralism in the British Muslim Diaspora. In Nielsen, Jørgen S. and Lisbet Christoffersen (eds.) Shari’a as Discourse: Legal Traditions and the Encounter with Europe. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 117–139. Open Google Scholar
Shaheed, Farida 1997. Interface of Culture, Custom and Law: Implications for Women and Activism. In Mehdi, Rubya and Farida Shaheed (eds.) Women’s Law in Legal Education and Practice in Pakistan: North South Cooperation. New Social Science Monograph. Copenhagen. Open Google Scholar
Shaheed, Farida 2010. “Contested Identities: gendered politics, gendered religion in Pakistan.” Third World Quarterly. Vol. 31 (6), pp. 851–867. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.502710
Shah-Kazemi, Sonia N. 2001. Untying the Knot: Muslim Women, Divorce and the Shariah. The Nuffield Foundation. London. Open Google Scholar
Schiek, Dagmar 2009. From European Union non-discrimination law towards multidimensional equality law for Europe. In Schiek, Dagmar and Victoria Chege (eds.) European Union Non-Discrimination Law: Comparative perspectives on multidimensional equality law. Routledge. Cavendish. London and New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.4324/9780203892626
Schmidt, Torben Svenné 1990. International person-, familie-, og arveret. Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag. København. Open Google Scholar
Schiratzki, Johanna 2001. Muslimsk familjerett — I svenskt perspektiv. Norstedts Juridik. Stockholm. Open Google Scholar
Schostak, John 2006. Interviewing and Representation in Qualitative Research. Open University Press. Birkshire. Open Google Scholar
Shue, Henry 1980. Basic rights: subsistence, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy. Princeton University Press. Princeton, N.J. Open Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Haroon 2006. Being Muslim: A Groundwork Guide. Groundwood Books. House of Anasi Press. Toronto. Berkely. Open Google Scholar
Sjåfjell, Beate 2009. Towards a Sustainable EU Company Law: A Normative Analysis of the Objectives of EU Law, with the Takeover Directive as a Test Case. Kluwer Law International. Alphen aan den Rijn. Open Google Scholar
Skarning, Nicolay 2001. Kontraktsrett i Norge, Skottland og England: en praktisk håndbok. Juristforbundets Forlag. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Stojanovic, Srdjan 1983. Die Parteiautonomie und der international Entscheidungseinklang unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Internationalen Ehegüterrechts. Zurich. Open Google Scholar
Statistics Norway 2014. Population statistics 2014, Statistics Bank, accessed 27th May 2014: Table 01451: Population by immigrant category, country background, sex, age and marital status. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1007/BF02972661
Statistics Norway (2013), Registerbased employment statistics. 2012, 4th. quarter. Statistics Norway. Open Google Scholar
Stanley, Liz & Sue Wise 1990. Method, methodology and epistemology in feminist research processes. In Stanley, Liz (ed.) Feminist praxis (pp.20–60). London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
Stanley, Liz & Sue Wise 1993. Breaking out again. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
Steiner, Henry J. et al. 2008. International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals. Text and Materials. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Open Google Scholar
Strand, Vibeke Blaker 2011. Diskrimineringsvernets rekkevidde i møte med religionsutøvelse. Doktoravhandling forsvart ved Det juridiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo. Nr. 46. Open Google Scholar
Strand, Vibeke Blaker 2012. Diskrimineringsvern og religionsutøvelse: Hvor langt rekker individvernet? Gyldendal Juridisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Strand, Vibeke Blaker 2015. «Ikke kun en Grunnlov på papiret – Barns menneskerettigheter er styrket». Morgenbladet, 20 February,2015. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722731.003.0012
Storhaug, Hege 2003. Feminin integrering: Utfordringer i et fleretnisk samfunn. Kolofon forlag. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Sverdrup, Tone 1997. Stiftelse av sameie i ekteskap og ugift samliv. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Taj, Farhat 2013. Legal Pluralism, Human rights and Islam in Norway: Making Norwegian Law Available, Acceptable and Accessible to Women in a Multicultural Setting. Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo No. 58. Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. 2013 Open Google Scholar
Tamahana, Brian Z. 2001. A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society. Oxford Univeristy Press. Oxford Open Google Scholar
The Muslim Institute 2008. Muslim Marriage Contract. http://muslimmarriagecontract.org/MuslimMarriageContract.html. Open Google Scholar
Thorbjørnsrud (2003). Det muliges kunst: En utredning om mulige tiltak for å sikre alle «like, religiøse som lovmessige retter til skilsmisse». Rapport. Institutt for kulturstudier Universitetet i Oslo [n.d.]. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/aid/publikasjoner/horing/2003/vilkar_familiegjenforening/thorbjornsrud_kulturstudier.pdf?id=2237427. Open Google Scholar
Thue, Helge J. 1997. “Formuesordningen i internasjonale ekteskap”. Lov og rett, 1997, pp. 34–54. Open Google Scholar
Thue, Helge Johan 2002. Internasjonal privatrett: personrett, familierett og arverett. Gyldendal akademisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Thue, Helge Johan 1983. Samliv og sameie: Husarbeid og sammenblandet økonomi som grunnlag for sameie mellom ektefeller og mellom parter i avtalt samliv. Tanum-Norli. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Tronstad, Kristian 2007. Fordelingen av økonomiske ressurser mellom kvinner og menn. Rapporter 1/2007 Statistisk sentralbyrå. Open Google Scholar
Tronstad, Kristian Rose (2008) “Religion. Chapter 8”. In Levekår blant innvandrere Open Google Scholar
i Norge 2005/2006. Rapporter 2008/5. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB) Open Google Scholar
Trouwborst, A. 2006. Precautionary Rights and Duties of States. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Leiden. Boston. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004152120.i-352
Ruud, Morten and Geir Ulfstein 2006. Innføring i folkerett. Universitetsforlaget. Oslo. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e165
Ulfstein, Geir 2009. “Menneskerettslige overvåkningsorganer: betydningen i folkeretten og norsk rett.” In Aune et al. (eds.) Arbeid og rett: Festskrift til Henning Jakhellns 70 års dag. Cappelen akademisk forlag. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Ulfstein, Geir 2012. “Den rettslige betydningen av avgjørelser fra menneskerettslige konvensjonsorganer. ” Lov og Rett. Vol. 51 (9), pp. 552–570. Open Google Scholar
Vanderlinden, Jacques 1989. “Return to Legal Pluralism: Twenty Years Later.” Journal of Legal Pluralism. Vol. 28. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1989.10756411
Voigt, Christina 2009. Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law: Resolving Conflicts between Climate Measures and WTO Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden. Open Google Scholar
Warraich, Sohail Akbar and Cassandra Balchin 2006. Recognizing the Unrecognized: Inter-Country Cases and Muslim Marriages & Divorces in Britain. A Policy Research by Women Living Under Muslim Laws. WLUML Publications. Open Google Scholar
Welchman, Lynn 2007. Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of Textual Development and Advocacy. Amsterdam University Press. Amsterdam. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5117/9789053569740
Wente, Margaret 2004. “Life under Sharia, in Canada?” Globe and Mail, 29 May 2004. Open Google Scholar
WLUML, 2006. Knowing our Rights. Women, family, laws and customs in the Muslim world. WLUML. London Open Google Scholar
Woodman, Gordon R. 1999. The Idea of Legal Pluralism. In Baudouin et al. (eds.) Legal Pluralism in the Arab World. Kluwer Law International. The Hague. Open Google Scholar
Woxholth, Geir 2013. Voldgift. Gyldendal Juridisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Wray, Helena 2012. Any Time, Any Place, Anywhere: Entry Clearance, Marriage Migration and the Border. In Charsley, Katharine (ed.) Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond. Routledge. New York. London. Open Google Scholar
Wærstad, Tone Linn (2006). Retten til ikke å bli diskriminert ved skilsmisse. En rettsantropologisk studie av skilte muslimske innvandrerkvinner i Norge. Kvinnerettslig skriftserie 64. Universitetet i Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Wærstad, Tone Linn (2014). Hvordan bør voldgift basert på religiøs rett behandles i norsk rett? Lærdommer fra Canada sett i lys av diskrimineringsvernet. In Hellum, Anne and Julia Köhler-Olsen (eds.): Like rettigheter – ulike liv: Rettslig kompleksitet i kvinne- barne- og innvandrerperspektiv. Gyldendal Juridisk. Oslo. Open Google Scholar
Wærstad (2016): Harmonising Human Rights Law and Private International Law through the Ordre Public Reservation: the example of the Norwegian Regulation of the Recognition of Foreign Divorces. Oslo Law Review, 2016, Issue 1, 51-71. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5617/oslaw3947
Yilmaz, I. 2001. “Law as Chameleon: The Question of Incorporation of Muslim Personal Law into English Law.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. Vol. 21 (2), pp. 297–308. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1080/1360200120092879
Zahraa, Mahdi and Nora A. Hak 2006. Tahkim (Arbitration) in Islamic Law within the Context of Family Disputes. 20 Arab Law Quarterly. Vol. (20), pp. 2–42. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.1163/026805506777525447
Zee, Machtel 2013 a. “What happens at Sharia councils? Part Two: The most liberal one.” Leiden Law Blog at http://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/what-happens-at-sharia-councils-part-two-the-most-liberal-one. Open Google Scholar
Zee, Machtel 2013 b. “The legal status and future of Sharia councils.” Leiden Law Blog at http://leidenlawblog.nl/articles/the-legal-status-and-future-of-sharia-councils. Open Google Scholar