The Rise of the Ni‘matullāhī Order: Shi&#039;ite Sufi Masters against Islamic Fundamentalism in 19th-Century Persia

Reza Tabandeh

doi:10.24415/9789400604124

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2021
Copyright Year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-90-8728-367-4
ISBN-Online: 978-94-006-0412-4
Publisher: Leiden University Press, Leiden
Series: Iranian Studies Series
Language: English
Pages: 323
Product Type: Monograph

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1. Table of Contents
2. Acknowledgements
3. System of Transliteration
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1. The Rise of the Safavids and the Establishment of Shi’ism in Iran
2. 1. The Political Milieu
  2. The Religious Milieu
  3. The Literary and Intellectual Milieu
  4. The Mystical Milieu: The Sufis and Their Orders
  5. The Niʿmatullāhī Order
  6. The Dhahabī Order
  7. The Naqshbandī Order
  8. The Qādirī Order
  9. The Ahl-i Ḥaqq Order
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1. 1. Theosophical Sufism
2. The Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Timurid and Turkemen Persia
3. Shi‘ism and Sufism in Safavid Iran
4. 1. The Importation of Shiʿite Clerics from Lebanon
  2. Qalandars and Libertinism
  3. The Qizilbāsh and the Safavid Monarchs
  4. The School of Isfahan
  5. Clerical Opposition to Sufism in Safavid Persia
5. 1. The Afsharid Dynasty (1148-1163/1736-1796)
  2. Karīm Khān Zand
  3. ʿAlī Murād Khān (r. 1195-1199/1781-1785)
6. The Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Qājār Iran: Āqā Muḥammad Khān (r. 1195-1211/1782-1798)
7. Conclusion
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1. Introduction
2. 1. Shiraz and Karīm Khān Zand
  2. Isfahan and ʿAlī Murād Khān
  3. Tehran, Kirmān, Mashhad and Hirāt
  4. Najaf, Karbalā and Kirmānshāh
  5. From Popular Mysticism to Elitist Sufism
3. The Anti-Sufi Movement of the Shiʿite Uṣūlī Scholars
4. The Niʿmatullāhī Sufi Order and Nūr ʿAlī Shāh
5. The Niʿmatullāhī Sufi Order and Muẓaffar ʿAlī Shāh
6. Conclusion
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1. The Socio-Political Situation of Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia
2. Religious Opposition to Sufism in Early 19th-Century Persia
3. Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh: Preacher and Mystic
4. Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh and the Polemics of Henry Martyn
5. 1. Henry Martyn’s Confrontation with Shiʿite Clerics
  2. Refutations (jawābīyya) of Henry Martyn’s tracts
6. Mullā Muḥammad Riḍā Hamadānī
7. Mīrzā Abū al-Qāsim (Sukūt)
8. Alī Nūrī (d. 1245/1830)
9. Mullā Aḥmad Narāqī (d. 1245/1829)
10. Abū al-Qāsim Qumī (d. 1231/1816)
11. 1. The Unity of Religions
  2. Miracles
  3. The Qur’ān as Miracle
  4. Islamic Canon Law
  5. Shiʿism
  6. Intercession (shifā‘at) in Christianity and Shiʿism
  7. The ‘People of the Book’
12. Conclusion
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1. Introduction
2. The Life of Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh
3. Imitation (taqlīd)
4. The ‘Divine Faculty’ (quwwa qudsīyya)
5. 1. Vocal Dhikr (dhikr-i jalī) vs. Silent Dhikr (dhikr-i khafī)
  2. Dhikr with Permission (dhikr ba ijāza)
6. Majdhūb’s Views about Shiʿite Extremism (ghuluww)
7. Contemplative Vigilance (murāqaba)
8. The Spiritual Heart (qalb)
9. The Unity of Being (waḥdat al-wujūd)
10. Heterodox and Orthodox Theories of the waḥdat al-wujūd
11. The Heterodox School of the Unity of Being
12. 1. Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta’aluh)
13. The Theory of Theophany (tajallī)
14. Two Types of Theophany
15. The Theory of Divine Light
16. Spiritual Disclosure (kashf)
17. Creation
18. The Spiritual Leaders: The Shiʿite Imāms
19. The Gnostics (‘urafā’)
20. Annihilation and Subsistence (fanā’ and baqā’)
21. Muslim Sects and Heretical Sufism
22. 1. Shiʿite Heretics
  2. Shiʿite Sufism
23. Sunni Sufism
24. Heretical Sufism
25. Incarnationism (ḥulūl) and Unificationism (ittiḥād)
26. Nuqṭawīyya
27. Wāṣilīyya (Mystics United with God)
28. ‘Ushshāqīyya (The Lovers)
29. Tanāsukhīyya (Transmigration and Reincarnation)
30. Conclusion
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1. Introduction
2. 1. Disclosure of Gnosis (Kashf al-ma‘ārif)
  2. The Meadow of Travel (Rīyāḍ al-Sīyāḥa)
  3. The Walled Garden of Travel (Ḥadā’iq al-Sīyāḥa)
  4. The Garden of Travel (Bustān al-Sīyāḥa)
3. Mast ʿAlī Shāh’s Mystical Theology and Sufism
4. 1. Uṣūlīs and Akhbārīs
5. Sufi Apologetics
6. The Unity of Being (waḥdat al-wujūd)
7. The Perfect Man (insān-i kāmil)
8. Sainthood (wilāyat) and Prophethood (nubuwwat)
9. Divine Unity (tawḥīd)
10. Vision of God (ru’yā allah)
11. Knowledge (ʿilm)
12. The Divine Faculty (quwwa qudsīyya)
13. Imitation (taqlīd)
14. The Spiritual Path (ṭarīqat)
15. Master and Guide
16. The Muslims and the Faithful (mu’min)
17. The Tried and Tested Faithful Believer (mu’min mumtaḥan)
18. Authentic Sufis (ṣūfīyya ḥaqqa)
19. The School of Illumination (ishrāq)
20. Intuitive Philosophy (dhawq-i ta’aluh)
21. Sufism and Pseudo-Sufism
22. Imitators of Sufis (mutishabihān)
23. Upright Sufi Lookalikes (mutishabihāni muḥiq) resume
24. The False Sufi lookalikes (mutishabihān-i mubṭil)
25. The Naqshbandī Order
26. Mast Ali Shāh and Jurist-Sufi Conflict in Qājār Iran
27. Conclusion
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1. Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Niʿmatullāhī Order
2. Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Defence of Sufism
3. Mast ʿAlī Shāh’s Intellectual Contribution to the Defence of Sufism
4. Ḥusayn ʿAlī Shāh, Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh and Mast ʿAlī Shāh and Their Battle with Islamic Fundamentalists
AfterwordPages 209 - 210 Download chapter (PDF)
NotesPages 211 - 270 Download chapter (PDF)
BibliographyPages 271 - 280 Download chapter (PDF)
IndexPages 281 - 308 Download chapter (PDF)