Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare

Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz; Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb

doi:10.5771/9783748924999

Summary

Data are considered to be key for the functioning of the data economy as well as for pursuing multiple public interest concerns. Against this backdrop this book strives to device new data access rules for future legislation. To do so, the contributions first explain the justification for such rules from an economic and more general policy perspective. Then, building on the constitutional foundations and existing access regimes, they explore the potential of various fields of the law (competition and contract law, data protection and consumer law, sector-specific regulation) as a basis for the future legal framework. The book also addresses the need to coordinate data access rules with intellectual property rights and to integrate these rules as one of multiple measures in larger data governance systems. Finally, the book discusses the enforcement of the Government’s interest in using privately held data as well as potential data access rights of the users of connected devices.The authorsProf. Dr. Josef Drexl, LL.M. (UC Berkeley); Prof. Dr. Thomas Fetzer, LL.M. (Vanderbilt); Prof. Dr. Michael Grünberger, , LL.M. (NYU); Jörg Hoffmann; Prof. Dr. Ruth Janal, LL.M. (New South Wales); Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kerber; Christine Lambrecht; Prof. Dr. Matthias Leistner, LL.M. (Cambridge); Bertin Martens, Ph.D.; Prof. Dr. Axel Metzger, LL.M. (Harvard); Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze; Dr. Heiko Richter, LL.M. (Columbia); Prof. Dr. Heike Schweitzer, LL.M. (Yale); Prof. Dr. Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider; Prof. Dr. Indra Spiecker gen. Döhmann, LL.M. (Georgetown Univ.) und Robert Welker.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2021
Copyright Year: 2021
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-8081-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-2499-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 574
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 6 Download chapter (PDF)
Special Address of the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer ProtectionPages 7 - 10
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Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare – An introductionPages 11 - 24
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1. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Data as a non-rivalrous although partially excludable good
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    2. II. Data as a capital good with increasing returns to scale and scope
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    3. III. Data as general-purpose but context-dependent input
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    4. IV. Empirical evidence of the spillover social and economic benefits of data access and sharing
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Violations of agreed terms and of expectations in data re-use
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      2. 2. Loss of control over data and the role of consent
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    2. II. Incentivising data sharing in light of positive externalities and the risk of ‘free riding’
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. ‘Ownership’ of personal data
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      2. 2. Contractual arrangements and the role of contract guidelines and model contracts for data sharing
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  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. Authors:
        a) (Ad hoc) downloads
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        b) Application programming interfaces (APIs)
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        c) Data sandboxes for trusted access and re-use of sensitive and proprietary data
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      2. Authors:
        a) Cryptography
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        b) De-identification: from anonymisation to pseudonymisation and aggregation
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The overlapping domains of data – reflecting the various stakeholder interests
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      2. 2. The manner data originate – reflecting the contribution to data creation
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Data commons for the governance of shared resources of common interests
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      2. Authors:
        a) Data partnerships
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        b) Data for societal objectives
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  5. E. Conclusion
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2. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Data as intermediary input
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    2. II. Data collection has an economic cost
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    3. III. The value of data depends on their use
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    4. IV. Excludability and monopolistic data trade
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    5. V. Data are not a homogeneous product
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    6. VI. Non-rivalry and economies of scope in data re-use
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    7. VII. Economies of scope in data aggregation
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    8. VIII. The social value of data
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Data-driven network effects
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    2. II. The role of platforms in the data economy
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    3. III. Monopolistic market failures in platforms
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Information externalities
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    2. II. Asymmetric information
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Transaction costs in personal data markets
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      2. 2. Transaction costs and lack of transparency in commercial services markets
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      3. 3. Risks
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  5. E. Concluding remarks
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  1. A. Data access in the digital economy
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Private control vs. open access: The basic trade-off
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    2. II. The benefits of open access to public sector data
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. The status quo: Private control through de-facto possession
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      2. 2. Limits of the private control approach
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      3. 3. The gaps of a private control approach do not justify its renunciation
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      4. 4. Addressing the market failures in a private control context: The role of competition law
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. The data access scenario
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      2. 2. Possible market failures
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      3. Authors:
        a) Article 20 GDPR: A mandatory portability right regarding personal data
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        b) Electricity Directive: Access to smart meter data
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        c) The Payment Service Directive II (PSD2): Access to accounts and account data
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        d) Contractual rights to port non-personal data B2C
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      4. 4. Competition law
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      5. Authors:
        a) Access to individual-level data in B2C settings
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        b) Access to individual-level (industrial) data in B2B settings
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      6. 6. Conclusions on scenario 1
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The data access scenario
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      2. 2. Possible market failures
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      3. 3. Legislative reactions
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      4. 4. Competition law
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      5. 5. Policy options: The role of data intermediaries
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. The data access scenario
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      2. 2. Possible market failures
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      3. 3. Competition law
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      4. 4. Policy options?
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  4. D. A brief summary
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1. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. B. The relevant constitutional standard
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Article 5(1), first sentence, alt. 2 of the Basic Law – freedom of information
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      2. 2. Article 2(1) of the Basic Law – general right of personality
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    2. II. Interim result
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Right of access to public sector data
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    2. II. Right of access to private data
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    3. III. Interim result
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Data access rights of the government
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    2. II. Private data access rights
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    3. III. Interim result
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  6. F. Final result
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2. Authors:
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  1. Authors:
    1. I. Free data for all?
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    2. II. Data protection as a regulatory regime to link data and decision-making
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    3. III. The lack of control
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    4. IV. The general answer of the GDPR regulatory regime
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Personal Data as the Threshold for Application of Data Protection Regimes
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    2. II. Lawfulness of Data Processing and Procedural Requirements in combination
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    3. III. Data Protection for both private and public data processing
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  3. C. Data as a special good and its effect on regulation
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Access and Data Processing
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Rights to access by the data subject, Article 15 GDPR
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      2. 2. Right to data portability, Article 20 GDPR
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Consent or legal ground as basis for data processing, Article 6 (1) GDPR
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      2. Authors:
        a) The strict binding of data processing to a specific purpose
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        b) Compatible other purposes
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        c) Archiving, Research and Statistics as privileged purposes
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      3. 3. Freedom of expression, media, press and journalistic purposes, Article 85 (1) GDPR
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      4. 4. Transparency and freedom of information, Article 85 (1) GDPR
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Proactive versus reactive regime
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    2. II. Irreversible and uncontrollable consequences versus liability and damages
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    3. III. Specific, controlled, anti-discrimination interests versus overall transparency and access
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  6. F. Conclusion and Outlook
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3. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Copyright law: freedom of interfaces and data formats
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Patents on data encryption and transfer processes, in particular standard-essential patents
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      2. 2. Scope of patents concerning formatted data sequences
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    3. III. Trade secrets
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Overview
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Introduction – impact of European database protection on big data and AI use scenarios
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      2. 2. Copyright in database works – limited and balanced approach in the EU
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      3. Authors:
        a) Condition of protection and legal uncertainty in the area of volunteered and observed data
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        b) Scope of protection and problems for access to aggregated data sets
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        c) Exceptions to the sui generis right, public sector data and further problems
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      4. 4. Summary
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    3. III. Trade secrets protection: A defensive, more flexible hybrid regime which is better equipped for the data economy
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Basic consideration: Access to data and use of data
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      2. 2. The basic case groups
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      3. Authors:
        a) Cases that should be excluded from protection
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        (1) Overriding interest in access and use
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        (2) Access rights for individual ‘lawful customers’ with regard to sensor-produced data of smart devices
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        (3) Access and use rights for competitors: compulsory licences in the specific context of the sui generis right and of trade secrets protection
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  4. D. Selected elements of IP rights as building blocks for the regulation of future data markets
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  5. E. Conclusion
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1. Authors:
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  1. A. (Responsive) Contract law shall be Queen
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Negative impacts of the status quo
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    2. II. Disadvantages of a purely self-regulatory approach
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    3. III. Putting unfair terms control back on the stage
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Unfairness control as a data access rule
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      2. Authors:
        a) Methodological framework: responsive private law theory
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        b) General regulatory framework of the data economy
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        c) Specific regulatory framework for contractual data access rules
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The lack of a statutory default rule
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      2. 2. The vocation of our digital age for legal science
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      3. 3. Statutory default rules are not required
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      4. Authors:
        a) Rebuttable presumption of fairness
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        b) Role model I: equitable remuneration scheme in copyright law
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        c) Procedural requirements
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        d) Role model II: the (German) Corporate Governance Code
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Privity-of-contract problem
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    2. II. Transnational dimension
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  5. E. Conclusion
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2. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Current state of the DCSD
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    2. II. Access to non-personal data under Article 16(4) DCSD
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    3. III. Comparison of Article 16(4) DCSD and Articles 15, 20 GDPR
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    4. IV. Individual and collective enforcement
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    5. V. Transfer or fiduciary exercise of rights
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. European contract law
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      2. 2. National contract law – The case of Germany
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    2. II. A case for mandatory access rules in B2B contracts?
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Concept and functions of default contract rules
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      2. 2. Building blocks from EU instruments, contract law principles and national law
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      3. 3. ALI–ELI Principles for a Data Economy
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  4. D. Conclusion
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3. Authors:
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  1. Authors:
    1. I. From ownership to access
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    2. II. Overview of Article 20 GDPR
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    3. III. Structure of Arguments
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Personal data and non-personal data
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. The GDPR setting
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      2. Authors:
        a) Lack of legal attribution
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        b) Multi-relational nature of data
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        c) The Trade Secrets Directive
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    3. III. Structural power imbalances
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    4. IV. Remuneration for data analysis
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    5. V. Commercial value
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    6. VI. Summary
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Data covered by Article 20 GDPR
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      2. Authors:
        a) Beneficiary and addressee
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        b) Data provided because of a contract or consent
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        c) Observed and inferred data
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        d) Preliminary findings
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Relevant rights and freedoms of others under the GDPR
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      2. Authors:
        a) Data rights of third parties
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        b) Trade secrets
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      3. 3. Duty of care when complying with a portability request
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      4. 4. Inferences for a business portability right
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. The implications of portability under the GDPR
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      2. 2. Data format
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      3. 3. Inferences for businesses
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  4. D. Conclusions and recommendations
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4. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Applying IP Economics in data access cases – the innovation incentive of factual data exclusivity
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      2. 2. Legal Framework of essential facilities – EU competition law, EU utilities market regulation in the telecommunication sector and EU fundamental rights
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    2. II. Industrial policy-driven market regulation and the principle of free market economy – a call for more market-driven innovation
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    3. III. Adverse effects of data sharing for consumer sovereignty, privacy and innovation
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    4. IV. Adverse effects of data sharing on competition and innovation
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  3. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Overview
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      2. 2. Non-market-driven FinTech innovation regulation and structural disadvantages of incumbent banks
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      3. 3. Adverse effects on privacy, competition and innovation – the need for new asymmetric regulation
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Overview
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      2. 2. Lack of investment incentives and the need for maintaining market options for incumbent banks
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      3. 3. Tackling BigTech banking by introducing new asymmetric regulation
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  4. D. Conclusion
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5. Authors:
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  1. Authors:
    1. I. From data ownership to data access
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    2. II. Functional taxonomy of data access rights
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  2. B. Course of investigation
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  3. C. National law: Taxonomy of data access rights
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  4. Authors:
    1. Authors:
      1. 1. HIPAA
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      2. 2. COPPA
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      3. Authors:
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        1. California
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        2. New Zealand
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        3. Brazil
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        4. Japan
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        5. India
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        6. Philippines
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        7. Singapore
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        8. Switzerland
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        III. Sector specific cross-type of data regulation
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      4. Authors:
        a) Consumer Data
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        b) Product Data
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      5. Authors:
        a) Accredited persons
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        b) Gateways
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    2. IV. Cross-sectoral and cross-type of data regulation
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  5. E. Findings and recommendations
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1. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Horizontal data access solutions
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Opening of bank account data (PSD2)
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      2. 2. Access to data in connected cars
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  3. C. From data access solutions to data governance systems
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. General and specific data governance systems
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    2. II. Market failures and policy objectives
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Consumer data rights and data portability
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      2. 2. Data trustee solutions
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      3. 3. Interoperability and standardisation
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      4. 4. Minimum standards for safety, security, and privacy
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  5. E. Perspectives
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2. Authors:
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  1. A. Introduction
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Connected devices
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    2. II. Data
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    3. III. The user of connected devices
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    4. IV. Data access
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  3. C. Data access rights as an element of data governance
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Competition-driven innovation
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    2. II. Transformation of business models and markets
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  5. E. Data access rights as a means to overcome data lock-ins
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  6. Authors:
    1. I. The right to portability of personal data pursuant to Article 20 GDPR
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    2. II. Contract law
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. Limitations of current EU competition law
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      2. 2. Proposals for reform of German competition law
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      3. 3. Discussion on the EU level
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      4. 4. Remaining gaps
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    4. IV. Sector-specific data access rights of competitors
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    5. V. Data access and intellectual property
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. Why unfair competition law?
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    2. II. Legal design of the data access right
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  8. H. Conclusion
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3. Authors:
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  1. A. Issue
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  2. Authors:
    1. I. Development context
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    2. II. Objectives of government access
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    3. III. Public task and examples
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  3. Authors:
    1. I. Overview
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    2. II. Mandatory access rules
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    3. III. Data of private undertakings without a public link
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    4. IV. Horizontal aspects
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    5. V. Non-personal data
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  4. Authors:
    1. I. Overview
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    2. II. Purpose (what for?)
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    3. III. Beneficiaries (for whom?)
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    4. IV. Obliged parties (against whom?)
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    5. V. Relevant data (what?)
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    6. VI. Modalities of access (how?)
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  5. Authors:
    1. I. Function of principles
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    2. II. Principle of justifying statehood
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    3. III. Principle of holistic rules
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    4. IV. Principle of responsibility
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    5. V. Principle of proximity
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    6. VI. Example: German ‘Market Transparency Unit for Fuels’
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  6. Authors:
    1. I. Overview
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    2. II. Purpose of a horizontal framework
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    3. III. Possible functions of a horizontal framework
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    4. IV. Substantive issues for a horizontal framework
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    5. V. PSI Directive as a model?
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    6. VI. Conclusion
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  7. Authors:
    1. I. Reaching beyond access rules
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    2. II. Reform laws on official statistics
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    3. III. Modify database protection
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    4. IV. Coordinate advancement of re-use law
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    5. V. Strengthen subjective access rights
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  8. H. Outlook
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