Technology Pooling Licensing Agreements: Promoting Patent Access Through Collaborative IP Mechanisms

Dr. Monica Armillotta

doi:10.5771/9783845226316

Summary

Von Patentgemeinschaften spricht man, wenn sich mehrere Patentinhaber vertraglich mit dem Ziel verbinden, gesamte „Pakete“ ihrer jeweiligen patentierten Technologien an Dritte zu lizenzieren.

Mit Rücksicht auf die ansteigende Relevanz dieser Geschäftsmethode, erörtert diese Arbeit die entscheidenden Züge und die strategischen Überlegungen, die der Gründung von Patentgemeinschaften zugrunde liegen, sowohl in rechtlicher als auch empirischer Hinsicht, um die optimalen Bedingungen zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung in einem wettbewerblichen Umfeld zu identifizieren. Damit sollen die besten Voraussetzungen zur Förderung von Innovation geschaffen werden.

In dieser Hinsicht werden zunächst die Zusammensetzung und der Aufbau innerhalb derartiger Gemeinschaften, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Natur der beinhalteten Technologien (wie zum Beispiel „complementary“ im Gegensatz zu „substitute“ Technologien), untersucht. Um die Arbeit um einen rechtsvergleichenden Blickwinkel zu ergänzen, wird außer der Regulierung der Europäischen Union auch die der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika berücksichtigt.

Search publication

Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2010
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-5976-0
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-2631-6
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies
Volume: 10
Language: English
Pages: 226
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 2 - 14 Download chapter (PDF)
Acronyms and AbbreviationsPages 15 - 20 Download chapter (PDF)
1. 1. Finding a Way Through the “Patent Thicket”Pages 21 - 25 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Patent Pools
    2. Clearinghouses
2. 1. Process Leading to the Establishment of a Patent PoolPages 27 - 29 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Bilateral Negotiations
    2. Cross-Licensing Agreements
3. 1. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Interface / Interoperability Standards
    2. Pivotal Role of Patent Rights and Advantages of Collaborative Settings: Patent Pools Strategies to Overcome “Hold-Up” Problems
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. European Commission: General Policy Concerns and Recently Announced Actions
    2. 1. From an Antitrust Law Standpoint
        From a Patent Law Standpoint
      2. Standard-Setting Bodies’ Recommendations
        Patent Pools’ Enforced Licensing Terms
4. 1. Confuting the Traditionally Perceived Antagonism between Patent and Antitrust Law: Introducing the Concept of “Competition of First Level” and Refuting the Idea of “Patent Monopolies”Pages 47 - 49 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Stance of the US Antitrust Authorities
    2. European Commission’s Corresponding Position
    3. WTO’s TRIPS Acknowledgement of IP as a “Good of Trade”
1. 1. Sewing MachinePages 57 - 57 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Motion PicturePages 57 - 59 Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Folding BedPages 59 - 59 Download chapter (PDF)
  4. AirplanePages 59 - 60 Download chapter (PDF)
  5. RadioPages 60 - 60 Download chapter (PDF)
  6. Hartford-EmpirePages 60 - 61 Download chapter (PDF)
  7. VideoPages 61 - 62 Download chapter (PDF)
2. 1. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. 1. From Linux-Based Cooperative Research Paradigms
      2. To Institutionalised Consortia, as Advocated by IBM at the Madrid OECD Conference on the Research Use of Patented Inventions in May 2006
    2. Drawing up a Balance of “Open Innovation” as Alternative Business Models
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. From the First Steps to a Rising Star
    2. Still a Necessary Evil?
1. 1. From the Initial Patent Holders’ Immunity to the Fierce Supreme Court’s Antitrust ScrutinyPages 73 - 76 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. The Patent Act of 1952 and the “Nine No-Nos”: Defining the Spheres of Interference between Antitrust and Patent LawPages 76 - 79 Download chapter (PDF)
2. 1. The Institution of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in 1982 and the 1988 Department of Justice’s Antitrust Guidelines: Advocating the “Rule of Reason”Pages 79 - 81 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. The Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’s 1995 IP Guidelines and their Funding PrinciplesPages 81 - 83 Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Driving Criteria for Patent Pools in the IP Guidelines and Business Review Letters: Sanctioning an Overall More Favourable ApproachPages 83 - 86 Download chapter (PDF)
  4. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’s Joint Hearings on Competition and IP Law Policy and the Ensuing Innovation Reports: Paving the Way for a Sustainable BalancePages 86 - 88 Download chapter (PDF)
1. 1. The Proscription of Art. 81 (1) and Its Legal Consequences, in Particular as Set by the 2006 Guidelines on Methods of Setting FinesPages 89 - 93 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. The Scope of the Individual Exemption under Art. 81 (3)Pages 93 - 96 Download chapter (PDF)
2. 1. TTBER 1996 and Commission Evaluation ReportPages 96 - 98 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. TTBER’s Review ProcessPages 98 - 103 Download chapter (PDF)
3. 1. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Systematisation and Definition of Technology Pools
    2. Questionable Demarcation of the Pool’s Agreements between TTBER and Guidelines
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Nature of the Pooled Technologies: Substitutes v. Complements and the Concept of Essentiality
    2. Beyond Categorizations: Competitive Efficiencies from a Consumer Perspective
    3. Different Categories of Technologies and Possible Combined Scenarios
    4. Antitrust Concerns Beyond Merely Technological Systematizations
    5. 1. A Delicate Balance of Interests as Base for the Commission’s Recommendations
      2. The Precedence Set by Standard-Setting Bodies
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. General Principles
    2. Contextual Implementation
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Independent Experts
    2. Open and Indiscriminate Participation
    3. Overseen Exchange of Sensitive Information
    4. Neutral Dispute Resolution Mechanism
4. 1. Videocassette Recorders (VCR)Pages 127 - 128 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Advanced Photographic System (APS)Pages 128 - 129 Download chapter (PDF)
  3. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)Pages 129 - 130 Download chapter (PDF)
  4. Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)Pages 130 - 130 Download chapter (PDF)
  5. Third Generation Patent Platform Partnership (3G3P)Pages 130 - 133 Download chapter (PDF)
  6. Philips and Sony’s CD Disc Licensing ProgramPages 133 - 138 Download chapter (PDF)
1. Patent Pools and Biotechnology: Legal and Business ConsiderationsPages 139 - 140 Download chapter (PDF)
2. 1. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Golden Rice
    2. SNPs
    3. SARS
    4. HNPCC
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. General Considerations
    2. The Issue of Funding
1. Defining CharacteristicsPages 167 - 169 Download chapter (PDF)
2. 1. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Biosafety Clearing-House
    2. CAMBIA’s Patent Lens
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. BirchBob
    2. Pharmalicensing
    3. TechEx
    4. PIPRA
  3. Royalty Collection ClearinghousePages 184 - 188 Download chapter (PDF)
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Science Commons – A Creative Commons’ project
    2. BioBricks Foundation
    3. CAMBIA’s Biological Open Source (BiOS)
Conclusions: the Way ForwardPages 198 - 204 Download chapter (PDF)
List of Works CitedPages 205 - 226 Download chapter (PDF)