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The Notion of Secrecy

A Balanced Approach in the Light of the Trade Secrets Directive
Authors:
Publisher:
 2021

Summary

In the digital age, information has become an increasingly valuable, but at the same time vulnerable commodity. The strategic role that trade secrets play in the economy of the Single Market and the scattered legal framework across EU jurisdictions prompted the EU Commission to harmonise this field of law and to adopt the Trade Secrets Directive.

This thesis analyses the conditions under which information loses its secret nature, enters the public domain and is then free for competitors to use, taking into account the legal framework created by the Trade Secrets Directive.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-7146-2
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-1197-5
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies
Volume
39
Language
English
Pages
640
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 22 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. § 1 Object, scope and structure of the research
    2. § 2 Research methodology
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. § 1 The significance and concept of trade secrets
        1. I. Commercial ethics
        2. II. Labour value theory
        3. III. Contractarian theory
        1. I. Incentives to innovate
        2. II. Incentives to disclose
        3. III. Limit to the arms race
        4. IV. The privacy rationale
      3. C) Conclusion on the doctrines underlying trade secrets protection
          1. 1. Trade secrets prior to patenting
            1. a) Analysis of economical empirical evidence
            2. b) Advantages of secrets over patents
            3. c) The risks of secrecy
          3. 3. Simultaneous protection of trade secrets and patents
        2. II. Trade secrets and copyright
        3. III. Trade secrets and trade marks
          1. 1. The EU two-tier legal regime for the protection of databases and its interplay with trade secrets protection
          2. 2. The problem of protecting created data under the sui generis database right and the possibility of resorting to contractual protection
        5. V. Conclusion on the relationship between trade secrets and IPRs
          1. 1. International intellectual property convention system
            1. a) England
            2. b) U.S.
            1. a) Italy
            2. b) Germany
          4. 4. European Union approach
          1. 1. Preliminary remarks: the problematic conceptualisation of information as such as the object of IPRs
          2. 2. The debate in the U.S.: INS v. Associated Press and its influential dissent
          3. 3. Semiotics approach to the property debate
          4. 4. Example case: data producer’s right
          5. 5. Concluding remarks on the treatment of information as property
        3. III. Dissecting the proprietary debate in the light of the harmonised framework created by the TSD
    4. § 4 Conclusion
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. I. General framework
        2. II. Negotiation history of Article 39 TRIPs
          1. 1. Hybrid nature of the protection
          2. 2. Construing Article 10bis PC in the context of undisclosed information
          1. 1. Scope of the obligation
            1. a) Information
            2. b) Secrecy: Information not generally known or readily accessible
            3. c) Commercial value
            4. d) Reasonable steps to maintain secrecy
      2. B) Considerations from a soft law perspective: The WIPO Model Provisions on the protection of unfair competition
      1. A) Evolution of trade secret law in the U.S.: main legislative sources
        1. I. Definitional aspects
          1. 1. Secrecy: information not generally known or readily ascertainable
          2. 2. Independent economic value
            1. a) Assessment of the “reasonableness” of the measures adopted
            2. b) Criticism
      3. C) The legal regime for the protection of trade secrets under the UTSA, the DTSA and the Restatements of the law
    3. § 3 Conclusion
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. § 1 Scattered protection across the internal market before the implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive: Different models
      1. A) Development of the law of trade secrets
        1. I. Constitutional Law
            1. a) Unauthorised trade secret disclosure in the course of employment
            2. b) Industrial espionage
            3. c) General prohibition
          2. 2. § 18 UWG Use of models
          1. 1. Criminal accessory claims
          2. 2. Civil autonomous claims
      1. A) A note on Brexit
      2. B) Development of the law of confidentiality
          1. 1. Contract
          2. 2. Equity
          3. 3. Property
          4. 4. Tort
          1. 1. The quality of confidence
            1. a) Disclosure by confider to confidant
            2. b) Accidental acquisition
            3. c) Surreptitious acquisition
            4. d) Third party liability
          3. 3. Unauthorised use
        3. III. The “springboard doctrine”
    4. § 4 Concluding remarks on the comparative law analysis
      1. A) Background of the Directive
      2. B) Legal basis and grounds for harmonising trade secrets protection
        1. I. General remarks
          1. 1. Scope of application
          2. 2. Definition of trade secret holder and infringer
          3. 3. Infringing goods
          1. 1. Lawful acquisition, use and disclosure
            1. a) Unlawful acquisition
            2. b) Unlawful use and disclosure
            3. c) Third party liability
            4. d) Import and export
          3. 3. Exceptions
          1. 1. General provisions
          2. 2. Limitation period
          3. 3. Preservation of confidentiality during litigation
            1. a) Provisional and precautionary measures
            2. b) Injunctions and corrective measures
            3. c) Damages
            4. d) Publication of the judicial decision
            5. e) Claims for information and preserving evidence
    6. § 6 Conclusion
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. A) Increasing vulnerability of confidential information
      2. B) Constructing the public domain
        1. I. Distinction between Geschäftsgeheimnis and Betriebsgeheimnissen
          1. 1. Information
          2. 2. Information connected to a business — Geschäftsbezogenheit
          3. 3. Secrecy — Nichtoffenkundigkeit
          4. 4. Will to keep the information secret — Geheimhaltunsgswille
          5. 5. Interest in keeping the information secret — Geheimhaltungsinteresse
        1. I. Concepts of confidential information and trade secret in England
          1. 1. Commercial value: protection of trivial information?
          2. 2. Information that is vague
          3. 3. Immoral and false information
          1. 1. The general test of inaccessibility
          2. 2. Form of the information
          3. 3. No need to adopt reasonable measures
      1. A) Preliminary remarks
      2. B) Terminology
      3. C) Commercial value
      4. D) Private and personal information
      5. E) Adoption of reasonable steps
      6. F) A requirement of identification of the information concerned?
      1. A) Evaluating the degree of secrecy required
        1. I. Absence of a normative standard
        2. II. Criticism
        1. I. The “Third Party Doctrine” of trade secrets law and its limitations: conceptualising the different types disclosures
            1. a) England as an example case
            2. b) Guiding principles
            1. a) England as an example case
            2. b) Confidentiality in the acquis communautaire and the right of access to documents
            3. c) Protection of competing interests in the TSD
            4. d) Guiding principles
            1. a) U.S.
            2. b) England
            3. c) Germany
            4. d) Guiding principles
            1. a) U.S.
            2. b) England
            3. c) Germany
            4. d) Guiding principles
            1. a) U.S.
            2. b) England
            3. c) Germany
            4. d) Guiding principles
            1. a) General considerations and outline of the problem
            2. b) Guiding principles
        1. I. U.S.
        2. II. England
        3. III. Germany
        4. IV. Guiding principles
          1. 1. Novelty under the EPC
            1. a) Analysis of the relevant case law
            2. b) The “law of ideas”
          3. 3. English cases that demand novelty under the breach of confidence action
          1. 1. U.S.
          2. 2. England
        3. III. Conclusion – protection of abstract ideas
        1. I. The Data Economy and the associated phenomena
          1. 1. Reconciling the legal requirements of protection of trade secrets law with Big Data
          2. 2. Additional problems: identifying the trade secret holder and the risk of infringement
          3. 3. Conclusion on the applicability of the trade secrets liability regime to Big Data
    5. § 5 Conclusion
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. § 1 Preliminary remarks on the methodology applied
    2. § 2 The perfume industry
        1. I. Object of protection
          1. 1. Literary and artistic work
          2. 2. Originality: author’s own intellectual creation
          3. 3. Fixation
        3. III. Evaluation
          1. 1. Aromatic compounds
          2. 2. Aromatic compositions
        2. II. Requirements for protection
        3. III. Evaluation
        1. I. Object of protection
          1. 1. Signs
          2. 2. Representation
          3. 3. Distinctiveness
          4. 4. Functionality
        3. III. Evaluation
        1. I. Object of protection
          1. 1. Two-step test: Definition of comparative advertisement and the appraisal of fairness
          2. 2. Presentation of products as imitations in the wake of L’Oréal v Bellure
        3. III. Evaluation
      1. A) Importance of trade secrets for the perfume industry
        1. I. Reverse engineering
        2. II. Demands for disclosure and transparency
        3. III. Electronic information storage and transmission
        4. IV. Employment mobility
        5. V. Measures adopted to protect the company’s trade secrets
    5. § 5 Conclusion
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
        1. I. Implied duty of confidentiality during the course of the employment relationship
              1. aa) U.S.
              2. bb) England
              3. cc) Germany
            2. b) Implied secrecy obligation of departing employees under the TSD
            3. c) Guiding principles
              1. aa) U.S.
              2. bb) England
              3. cc) Germany
            2. b) Post-contractual obligations under the TSD
          1. 1. Object and legal nature
            1. a) Pre-contractual obligations of secrecy
              1. aa) Secrecy obligations of the licensor
              2. bb) Secrecy obligations of the licensee
            3. c) After the termination of the contract
          1. 1. Object and legal nature
          2. 2. Secrecy obligations
      1. A) Independent discovery and creation
        1. I. Conceptual introductory remarks
        2. II. Rationales underlying reverse engineering
          1. 1. TRIPs
          2. 2. U.S.
          3. 3. England before the implementation of the TSD
          4. 4. Germany before the implementation of the TSD
          1. 1) Scope of the reverse engineering pursuant to Article 3(1)(b) TSD
          2. 2) Contractual limitations on the possibility of reverse engineering and in particular the interplay with the Software Directive
          3. 3) Guiding principles
      3. C) Competition law as an inherent limitation to the protection conferred by a trade secret
      1. A) The Nordhaus model and trade secrets protection
      2. B) Legal application of the Nordhaus model to trade secrets protection: introduction of a presumption regarding post-contractual duration in business-to-business relationships
  9. Conclusion 561 - 568 Download chapter (PDF)
  10. Annex 1: Transcript of the Interview with head of IP Perfume Company 1 569 - 570 Download chapter (PDF)
  11. Annex 2: Transcript of the interview with Perfumist Rosendo Mateu 571 - 572 Download chapter (PDF)
  12. Zusammenfassung 573 - 600 Download chapter (PDF)
  13. Bibliography 601 - 640 Download chapter (PDF)

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