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The Added Value of Equality

Reframing Legal Perspectives on Muslim Veiling Bans
Authors:
Publisher:
 2025

Summary

Courts tend to prioritise liberty over equality rights, particularly in cases concerning Muslim veiling bans. Using these bans as a case study, Shino Ibold shows how this ‘eclipse’ of equality by liberty rights leads to significant blind spots in legal analysis, underscoring the necessity for an independent assessment of equality rights. Drawing on Sandra Fredman’s multidimensional concept of equality, Shino Ibold highlights the added value of an equality law perspective, providing both concrete insights that can guide future jurisprudence and a contribution to the further evolution of equality law and its instruments.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2025
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0119-4
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-4727-1
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriften zur Gleichstellung
Volume
54
Language
English
Pages
537
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 16
    1. 1 The Veiling Ban Trend No access
    2. 2 The ‘Shadowy Existence’ of the Right to Equality No access
    3. 3 Necessity of an Equality Perspective on Veiling Bans No access
    4. 4 Course and Methods of Investigation No access
      1. 1.1 Two Different Constitutional Frameworks No access
        1. 1.2.1 Article 4(1) and (2) Basic Law No access
        2. 1.2.2 Article 9 ECHR No access
        1. 1.3.1 Article 3(2) and (3) Basic Law No access
        2. 1.3.2 Article 33(3) Basic Law No access
        3. 1.3.3 Article 14 ECHR No access
    2. 2 The Courts’ Focus on Freedom of Religion No access
    3. 3 Is Equality Redundant? No access
      1. 1.1 Formal Equality: The Aristotelian Concept of Treating Likes Alike No access
        1. 1.2.1 Who is relevantly alike? No access
        2. 1.2.2 The Lack of a Substantive Foundation No access
        3. 1.2.3 The Requirement of a Comparator No access
        4. 1.2.4 Inability to Tackle Structural Disadvantage No access
        5. 1.2.5 Treatment of Difference No access
        1. 1.3.1 Equality of Results No access
        2. 1.3.2 Equality of Opportunity No access
        3. 1.3.3 Recourse to Substantive Values No access
      4. 1.4 Equality as Non-Domination No access
        1. 1.5.1 The Redistributive Dimension of Equality No access
            1. 1.5.2.1.1 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Stigma as a Matter of Anti-Discrimination Law No access
            2. 1.5.2.1.2 Implications for the Legal Assessment of Veiling Bans No access
            3. 1.5.2.1.3 Stereotypes and Prejudices at the Basis of Bans and Case Law on the Muslim Veil No access
            4. 1.5.2.1.4 Reinforced Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Stigma Resulting from the Bans No access
          2. 1.5.2.2 Humiliation No access
          3. 1.5.2.3 Violence No access
          1. 1.5.3.1 Political Participation No access
          2. 1.5.3.2 Participation in Society at Large No access
          3. 1.5.3.3 Exclusionary Effects of Bans on Muslim Veils No access
        4. 1.5.4 The Transformative Dimension of Equality No access
        5. 1.5.5 Balancing the Different Dimensions No access
      6. 1.6 Conclusion No access
      1. 2.1 Development of the Concept No access
      2. 2.2 The Essence of the Concept of Indirect Discrimination No access
      3. 2.3 Establishing Indirect Discrimination No access
          1. 2.4.1.1 Explicit Reference to a Protected Characteristic No access
          2. 2.4.1.2 Inseparable Link No access
          3. 2.4.1.3 Discriminatory Intent No access
          4. 2.4.1.4 Bans on the Muslim Veil: Direct or Indirect Discrimination? No access
        2. 2.4.2 A Different Degree of Moral Wrong? No access
        3. 2.4.3 A Sliding Scale for the Justification Test No access
      5. 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook No access
      1. 3.1 Development of the Concept No access
      2. 3.2 The Essence of the Concept of Reasonable Accommodation No access
        1. 3.3.1 Reasonable Accommodation as a Remedy against Discrimination No access
          1. 3.3.2.1 Participative Dimension No access
          2. 3.3.2.2 Redistributive Dimension No access
          3. 3.3.2.3 Recognition Dimension No access
          4. 3.3.2.4 Transformative Dimension No access
        1. 3.4.1 Exemptions vs. Inclusive Normality No access
        2. 3.4.2 Proactive vs. Reactive Duty No access
        3. 3.4.3 Individual vs. Structural Accommodation No access
      5. 3.5 Accommodation as a Matter of Proportionality No access
      6. 3.6 Time to Extend the Duty to Accommodate Beyond Disability No access
      7. 3.7 Conclusion and Outlook No access
      1. 4.1 Development of the Concept No access
      2. 4.2 Intersectionality as a ‘Way of Seeing’ No access
      3. 4.3 Intersectionality as a ‘Backtalk against Power’ No access
        1. 4.4.1 Religion No access
        2. 4.4.2 Gender No access
          1. 4.4.3.1 The Close Entanglement of Religion and Race No access
          2. 4.4.3.2 Veiling Bans as Racial Discrimination No access
          1. 4.4.4.1 Discrimination against Muslim Women is Relevant Discrimination under Equality Law No access
          2. 4.4.4.2 Seeing the Context No access
          3. 4.4.4.3 Grasping the Intersectional Discrimination Caused by Veiling Bans No access
        5. 4.4.5 Listening to the Voices of Muslim Women No access
        1. 4.5.1 A Stricter Level of Scrutiny in Cases of Intersectional Discrimination? No access
          1. 4.5.2.1 Is Religion Different from Other Grounds of Discrimination? No access
          2. 4.5.2.2 No Hierarchy in Cases of Intersectional Discrimination No access
      6. 4.6 Conclusion and Outlook No access
      1. 5.1 Beyond Formal Equality No access
      2. 5.2 The Contextual Disadvantage Test No access
      3. 5.3 Four Dimensions as Normative Arguments No access
      1. 1.1 Facts of the Case No access
      2. 1.2 The ECtHR’s Decision No access
          1. 1.3.1.1 Stereotypes and Prejudice at the Basis of the Law No access
          2. 1.3.1.2 Recognition Harms Flowing from the Ban No access
        2. 1.3.2 Participation No access
        3. 1.3.3 Redistribution No access
        4. 1.3.4 Transformation No access
        5. 1.3.5 Indirect Discrimination No access
        6. 1.3.6 The French Legislature’s Intent No access
        7. 1.3.7 Reasonable Accommodation No access
        8. 1.3.8 Intersectionality No access
        1. 1.4.1 The Margin of Appreciation No access
        2. 1.4.2 Balancing the Rights at Stake No access
      5. 1.5 Conclusion No access
      1. 2.1 Facts of the Case No access
      2. 2.2 The FCC’s Decision No access
        1. 2.3.1 Explicit Unequal Treatment No access
        2. 2.3.2 The Basic Law’s Egalitarian Concept of State Neutrality No access
        3. 2.3.3 Recognition No access
        4. 2.3.4 Participation No access
        5. 2.3.5 Redistribution No access
        6. 2.3.6 Transformation No access
        7. 2.3.7 Indirect Discrimination No access
        8. 2.3.8 Reasonable Accommodation No access
        9. 2.3.9 Intersectionality No access
      4. 2.4 Consequences for the Level of Scrutiny and the Balancing Process No access
      5. 2.5 Conclusion No access
      1. 1.1 The Comparative Perspective No access
      2. 1.2 Multidimensional Inequality No access
      3. 1.3 Indirect Discrimination No access
      4. 1.4 Reasonable Accommodation No access
      5. 1.5 Intersectionality No access
    2. 2 Liberty is not lex specialis to Equality No access
    3. 3 Liberty and Equality are not Antagonists No access
    4. 4 Outlook No access
  7. Bibliography No access 507 - 530
    1. UN Human Rights Committee No access
    2. European Court of Human Rights No access
    3. European Commission of Human Rights No access
    4. European Court of Justice No access
    5. Germany No access
    6. Canada No access
    7. United Kingdom No access
    8. United States No access
    9. South Africa No access

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