Refugee Pathways to Freedom

Janet Mancini Billson

doi:10.5771/9781793606587

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2024
ISBN-Print: 978-1-7936-0657-0
ISBN-Online: 978-1-7936-0658-7
Publisher: Lexington, Lanham
Language: English
Pages: 350
Product type: Book Titles

1. Contents No access
2. List of Illustrations and Tables No access
3. Preface No access
4. Acknowledgments No access
1. The Language of Displacement and Refuge No access
2. 1. An Overburdened System No access
3. The Stigmatizing Effect of Being a Refugee No access
4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights No access
5. 1. Which Countries Produce the Most Refugees? No access
  2. Which Countries Host the Most Refugees? No access
6. 1. A Participatory, Collaborative Research Approach No access
7. 1. The Persecution Spiral No access
  2. Strategic Disenfranchisement No access
  3. Strategic Escape No access
  4. Strategic Resettlement No access
8. Reflections No access
9. Notes No access
1. Canada’s Acceptance of Refugees No access
2. 1. The Legal Foundation of Canada’s Refugee System No access
  2. The Constitution of Canada (Constitution Act 1867; Canada Act 1982) No access
  3. The Multicultural Act of 1988 No access
  4. The Official Languages Act (1985) No access
  5. The Citizenship Act (1985) No access
  6. The Canadian Human Rights Act (1985) No access
  7. The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (2001) No access
3. 1. The 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol No access
  2. The Global Compact on Refugees No access
4. 1. Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs) No access
  2. Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program (PSRP) No access
  3. Blended Sponsorship No access
  4. The Refugee Acceptance Program (RAP) No access
5. 1. The Safe Third-Country Agreement No access
  2. Exceptionalism No access
6. 1. Doing Better While Doing Well No access
  2. Strangers and Others No access
  3. The Global System Is Overburdened No access
7. Notes No access
1. The Status—Becoming a Refugee No access
2. 1. Pacifism: Thou Shall Not Kill No access
  2. The Divine Spark of God No access
  3. Refusal to Take Oaths No access
  4. Mother Earth: The Land Belongs to Everyone No access
  5. The Geopolitical Context No access
3. 1. Refusal to Bear Arms: The Burning of Weapons No access
  2. Torture, Exile, and Imprisonment No access
4. The Journey—By Ship, Train, and on Foot No access
5. 1. Seven Thousand Goodbyes No access
6. 1. Saskatchewan—Finding and Losing Homesteads No access
7. 1. Women Behind the Plows No access
8. 1. A “Pauper Immigration” No access
  2. Attempts to Forcibly Assimilate the Doukhobors No access
  3. The Seeds of Protest No access
  4. Failed Agreements: Loss of the Homesteads No access
9. 1. Living Communally No access
10. 1. Forced Schooling and the Tragedy of New Denver No access
  2. 1. Crystallizing Radicalism No access
    2. Stereotypical Images and Negative Perceptions No access
    3. Defined as “Terrorists” No access
11. 1. Hope for Their Children No access
  2. Wrestling the Spirit Forward No access
  3. Apologies and Reparation: Healing the Deepest Wounds No access
12. On Being a Refugee No access
13. Reflections No access
14. Notes No access
1. The Status—Becoming a Refugee No access
2. The Geopolitical Context No access
3. 1. Engineered Statelessness: Merging Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity No access
  2. Registration Law of September 2014 No access
4. 1. The Price of Protest: The “Clearance Operations” No access
  2. The Torching of Villages and Fields No access
  3. A “Frenzy of Sexual Violence” No access
  4. A Heavy-Handed Response to Protest No access
  5. Crimes against Humanity/Ethnic Cleansing No access
  6. The Magnitsky Law No access
5. The Journey: Over the River Naf No access
6. 1. Exploitation en Route No access
7. 1. Deplorable Conditions: Crowding, Isolation, Fire, and Illness No access
  2. Communicating with the Outside World No access
  3. Violence and Danger No access
  4. Sex Trafficking and Exploitation No access
  5. Prostitution Rings No access
  6. Religion and Family No access
  7. Work in the Camps No access
8. The Choice to Seek Asylum in Canada No access
9. The Landing: Challenges in Integration and Resettlement No access
10. 1. The Deep Bonds of Religion No access
  2. The Integral Connection between Language and Work No access
  3. Independence for Women No access
  4. Learning the Language and Coping in Schools No access
  5. The Family They Left Behind No access
11. 1. Hope for Their Children No access
  2. Repatriation versus Resettlement—A Question of Trust No access
12. Reflections No access
13. Notes No access
1. The Status—Becoming a Refugee No access
2. 1. The “Last Shangri-La” Becomes “One Nation, One People” No access
3. The Persecution Spiral No access
4. 1. Narrowed Definition of Citizenship: “One Nation, One People” No access
  2. Removal of Lhotshampa Children from Schools No access
  3. Imposing Restrictions on Dress, Language, and Cultural Expression No access
  4. Suppressing Protest No access
  5. Engineered Statelessness: Merging Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity No access
  6. Redefinition as “Immigrants” No access
  7. Forceful Eviction, Ethnic Cleansing, and Targeting No access
  8. Involuntary Mass Exodus No access
5. The Journey—A Lifetime in Refugee Camps No access
6. 1. Rejection by India and Nepal No access
7. 1. Deplorable Conditions—A Crisis in Housing, Health, and Hygiene No access
  2. Education in the Camps No access
  3. Supports in the Camp No access
  4. Working in the Community—Poor Conditions, Hostility, and Friction No access
  5. Conflict and Discrimination No access
  6. The Choice to Seek Asylum in Canada No access
8. The Landing: Challenges in Integration and Resettlement No access
9. 1. The Deep Bonds of Religion No access
  2. The Language Barrier No access
  3. Special Challenges for Women No access
  4. The Integral Connection between Language and Work No access
  5. Transportation: Getting around in a Cold Climate No access
  6. 1. Hearing Loss No access
    2. Cancer No access
    3. Arthritis No access
    4. Mental Health No access
  7. Stereotypical Images and Negative Perceptions No access
  8. Alcohol, Drugs, Domestic Violence No access
10. 1. Rebuilding Networks in Canada No access
  2. Gaining Independence No access
  3. Rekindling the Culture No access
  4. Community Supports No access
11. 1. Hope for Their Children No access
  2. Repatriation—Not in Their Lifetimes No access
12. Reflections No access
13. Notes No access
1. The Status—Becoming a Refugee No access
2. The Geopolitical Context No access
3. The Persecution Spiral No access
4. 1. Engineered Statelessness: Merging Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity No access
  2. Re-Definition as “Immigrants” No access
  3. War and Broken Treaties No access
  4. Forceful Eviction, Ethnic Cleansing, and Targeting No access
  5. 1. The Iraqi-Kurdish Conflict No access
  6. The Syrian Civil War No access
  7. The Islamic State No access
  8. War as a Pretext for Slavery: Women and Children First No access
5. 1. The Yazidi Kurds No access
6. The Journey—Life in Camps and in Transition No access
7. 1. Conditions in Refugee Camps and Transitional Countries No access
8. The Choice to Seek Asylum in Canada No access
9. The Landing—Challenges in Integration and Resettlement No access
10. 1. The Interconnection between Language and Work No access
  2. Gaining Financial Independence No access
  3. Lack of Documentation No access
  4. Working, Parenting, and Getting by Financially No access
  5. Mental Health Issues No access
  6. Special Challenges for Women No access
  7. Racism and Discrimination No access
  8. Special Challenges for Youth and Children No access
11. 1. Hope for Their Children No access
  2. Repatriation—Next to Impossible for Some No access
12. 1. Suffering, Hope, and Trust No access
13. Notes No access
1. Successful Resettlement Is No Accident No access
2. Common Challenges No access
3. Racism, Stereotyping, Discrimination Create Uncertainty No access
4. 1. Up-Front Debt Delays Well-Being and Creates Stress No access
  2. Waiting for Language Acquisition Delays and Deters Employment No access
  3. The Language-Credentials Disconnect Creates Dependence No access
  4. Recertification Issues Create Entrapment No access
  5. Weather and Transportation Issues Can Compromise Work No access
5. 1. Refugees Feel They Belong in Canada No access
  2. Refugee Education Levels Grow with Each Generation in Canada No access
  3. Refugees Enter the Middle Class by Income Level No access
  4. Discrimination, Other Barriers Delay and Deter Full Economic Engagement No access
  5. Women Face a Double Set of Barriers No access
  6. Children and Youths Face Special Challenges No access
  7. Does Time Matter? No access
6. 1. Remove Barriers to Employment within One Year No access
  2. Rebuild a “Crucible of Networks” with Faster Family Reunification No access
  3. Put More Resources into Addressing Trauma and Grief No access
  4. Reduce Impacts of the Generation Factor No access
  5. Ease the Complexities of Resettlement and Immigration Bureaucracy No access
7. Creative Coping Strategies No access
8. 1. Use Technology to Learn about Canada before You Arrive No access
  2. Learn English or French before Arriving in Canada No access
  3. Respect Canada and Its Laws No access
  4. Respect Canadian Culture: Be Able to Merge and Accept Changes No access
  5. Trust Canadians and Canadian Agencies No access
  6. Remember That “Canada Is a Wonderful Country!” No access
  7. Don’t Be Afraid When You First Arrive No access
  8. Work: Push Yourself to Go as Far as Possible No access
  9. For Children, Go to School and Study Hard No access
  10. Engage in Extracurricular and Community Activities No access
  11. Be Yourself! Do Not Hide Your Identity—Value Your Uniqueness No access
  12. Take Advantage of Services, but Remember Your Community No access
  13. Believe in Gender Equality No access
  14. Do Not Get Discouraged—Be Hopeful and Stay Motivated No access
  15. Resist Discrimination No access
  16. Focus on the Welfare of Others No access
9. Advice to Newcomers from Resettlement Staff No access
10. 1. 1. The Doukhobors No access
    2. The Nepali-Speaking Bhutanese (Lhotshampa) No access
    3. The Rohingya No access
    4. The Kurds No access
11. Notes No access
1. 1. Theory versus Practice No access
2. 1. Account for the Impacts of Trauma No access
  2. Strengthen the Initial Orientation No access
  3. Improve, Extend, or Restructure Financial Support No access
  4. Revise the “One-Year Model”: Shift toward Five Years of Declining Financial Support No access
  5. Improve Linkages between Private and Public Support No access
  6. Offer More Targeted Services for Older Newcomers No access
  7. Close the Gap between Language and Work Opportunities No access
  8. Jump Start Workforce Entry in the Newcomer’s Language No access
  9. Provide Newcomers with “Immediate Job Training” No access
  10. Facilitate Small Business Entrepreneurships No access
  11. Work More Closely with Employers to Improve Understanding No access
  12. Integrate a Business into Resettlement Services No access
  13. Resolve Health and Safety Issues No access
  14. Remove or Reduce Penalties for Working No access
  15. Work More Diligently to Bring Family Members to Canada No access
  16. Improve the Economic and Political Health of Feeder Countries No access
  17. Work to Reduce Permanent Nature of Refugee Camps No access
  18. Make Refugee Camps Safer Places for Women and Children No access
3. Conclusion No access
4. 1. The Heart and Soul of Canada No access
  2. And the Children No access
  3. We All Live on the Edge, in Some Way . . . No access
  4. It Is Time to Fix the Global Refugee System No access
5. Notes No access
1. Intensive Interviews No access
2. Selection of Refugee Groups No access
3. Cover Letter Requesting Participation in the Research No access
4. Notes No access
1. Interview Guide No access
2. Introductions No access
3. Main Questions No access
Appendix C No access Pages 319 - 320
1. For the Implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security No access
2. Notes No access
1. Eight Ways to Solve the Crisis No access
2. Note No access
Bibliography No access Pages 325 - 342
Index No access Pages 343 - 348
About the Author No access Pages 349 - 350