Criminality and Crime

Glenn D. Walters

doi:10.5771/9781666904437

Summary

Walters provides a detailed description of how criminal thinking serves as a vital link between criminality and crime. Criminality, the propensity to become involved in criminal activity, and crime, participation in a specific criminal event, are normally treated as separate entities. Most criminological theories, in fact, can be classified as either theories of criminality or theories of crime. It is the author’s contention that criminality and crime are two sides of the same coin, and that criminal thinking can explain both. The first of three sections explores the elements of criminality and crime across biological, social, cognitive, and developmental forms. The second section integrates the individual elements into three models using mediation and moderation methodologies. Two of the models are designed to explain criminality (moral and control) and the third is designed to explain crime (decision-making). The final section of the book emphasizes application and explains that change is a function of our ability to build competencies in offenders regardless of age. The result is an integrated approach in which criminality and crime are viewed as indispensable parts of a larger theory of criminological development.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-1-6669-0442-0
ISBN-Online: 978-1-6669-0443-7
Publisher: Lexington, Lanham
Language: English
Pages: 312
Product type: Book Titles

1. Contents No access
Introduction No access Pages 1 - 2
1. 1. “The Journey Begins” No access
  2. 1. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime No access
    2. Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy No access
    3. Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activity Theory No access
  3. 1. 1. Unidirectional and Bidirectional Effects No access
      2. Moderation and Mediation No access
      3. Confounding and Suppressor Variables No access
      4. Combining Categories No access
  4. The Criminal Lifestyle No access
  5. The Antisocial Spectrum No access
  6. Marking the Trees as We Move through the Forest No access
2. 1. “Criminals Are Made, Not Born” No access
  2. Crime and Criminality Revisited No access
  3. Biological Bases of Criminal Behavior No access
  4. Lombroso’s Born Criminal No access
  5. Biological and Sociological Theories of Crime No access
  6. Risk and Protective Factors No access
  7. A Two-Dimensional Model of Criminality No access
  8. Neurotransmitters and the Life Instinct No access
  9. Conclusion No access
3. 1. “Criminal Behavior Is Constructed from Social Interaction” No access
  2. 1. Parental Control No access
    2. Parental Support No access
    3. Parental Deviance No access
  3. 1. Positive Sibling Effects No access
    2. Negative Sibling Effects No access
  4. 1. Negative Peer Effects No access
    2. Positive Peer Effects No access
    3. Peer Victimization No access
  5. Neighborhood and Community No access
  6. Larger Social Structure No access
  7. Conclusion No access
4. 1. “Reality Is a Perception from Which Thought Flows” No access
  2. The Philosophical Genealogy of Theories of Criminal Thinking No access
  3. The Hierarchical Structure of Criminal Thinking No access
  4. 1. Assessing Criminal Thought Process and Content in Adults No access
    2. Assessing Criminal Thought Process and Content in Youth No access
  5. 1. Criminal Thinking as a Mediator of Other Variable Relationships No access
    2. Criminal Thinking as a Moderator of Other Variable Relationships No access
    3. Other Roles Assumed by Criminal Thinking in a Triad No access
  6. A Doorway between Two Realities No access
  7. 1. Origins of Proactive Criminal Thinking No access
    2. Origins of Reactive Criminal Thinking No access
    3. Origins of Criminal Thought Content No access
  8. Relationship between Criminal Thought Content and Process No access
  9. Thought and Emotion No access
  10. Conclusion No access
5. 1. “Growth and Change Are Inherently Human” No access
  2. 1. Change in Crime: The Age-Crime Curve No access
    2. Stability in Crime: Crime Continuity and Psychological Inertia No access
    3. Integrating Change and Stability No access
  3. 1. 1. Behavioral Styles No access
      2. Stages of a Criminal Lifestyle No access
    2. 1. Meaning No access
      2. Continuity No access
      3. Predictability No access
      4. Pleasure No access
  4. 1. School Bullying No access
    2. Animal Cruelty No access
    3. Firesetting No access
  5. Origins of Individual Criminal Thought Patterns No access
  6. Conclusion No access
1. 1. “Learning Right from Wrong” No access
  2. Moral Relativism and Moral Universalism No access
  3. 1. Empathy No access
    2. Self-Conscious Emotions No access
    3. Moral Reasoning No access
    4. Sentimentality as a Pseudo-Conscience No access
  4. 1. The Peer Influence Pathway No access
    2. The Primary and Secondary Deviance (Labeling) Pathway No access
    3. The High and Low Self-Efficacy Pathway No access
    4. Other Noteworthy Paths No access
  5. 1. The Life of Carl Panzram No access
    2. Panzram and the Moral Model No access
  6. Conclusion No access
2. 1. “Seeking Pleasure and Avoiding Pain” No access
  2. 1. 1. Disinhibition No access
      2. Sensation Seeking No access
      3. Negative Emotionality No access
      4. Learning Self-Control No access
    2. Reactive Criminal Thinking No access
    3. Strain No access
    4. Hostility No access
  3. 1. The Peer Selection Pathway No access
    2. The Strain Pathway No access
    3. The Crime Continuity Pathway No access
    4. Other Noteworthy Paths No access
  4. The Drug-Crime Connection and the Worst of Both Worlds Hypothesis No access
  5. Panzram and the Control Model No access
  6. Conclusion No access
3. 1. “Specific Criminal Events Come Down to a Choice” No access
  2. 1. Existentialism No access
    2. Human Agency No access
    3. The Three C’s No access
  3. 1. The Deterrence Doctrine No access
    2. Cost-Benefit Analysis No access
    3. 1. Developmental Context No access
      2. Situational Context No access
      3. Nonrational Elements No access
  4. 1. Opportunity No access
    2. 1. Hedonistic Belief System No access
      2. Moral Belief System No access
      3. Certainty No access
    3. 1. Developmental/Situational Factors No access
      2. Criminal Thinking No access
  5. 1. Background No access
    2. The Murder No access
    3. Aftermath No access
  6. Overlap between the Three Models No access
  7. Conclusion No access
1. 1. “Skill Development Is an Effective Means of Reducing Criminality Risk” No access
  2. 1. Risk Prediction No access
    2. Risk Management No access
  3. 1. 1. Obstacles to Motivation for Change No access
      2. Therapeutic Alliance No access
      3. Motivational Interviewing No access
    2. Expectancies for Change No access
    3. Cognitive-Behavioral Inconsistency No access
    4. Planning for Change No access
  4. 1. Turning Points No access
    2. Identity Theory of Desistance No access
  5. 1. Changing Involvements No access
    2. Changing Commitments No access
    3. Changing Identifications No access
    4. Changing Beliefs No access
    5. A Word about Labeling No access
  6. 1. 1. Expectancies for Change No access
      2. Cognitive-Behavioral Inconsistency No access
      3. Planning for Change No access
    2. 1. Changing Commitments No access
      2. Changing Identifications No access
      3. Changing Beliefs No access
  7. Conclusion No access
2. 1. “People Live and Function in Multiple Environments” No access
  2. 1. Is There a Need for a Separate Theory of Desistance? No access
    2. At What Point Does a Person Conclude That Change Is Necessary? No access
  3. 1. Changing the Parenting Environment No access
    2. Changing the Sibling Environment No access
    3. Changing the Peer Environment No access
    4. Changing the Neighborhood and Community Environments No access
    5. Changing the Collective (Societal) Environment No access
    6. Changing the Physical Environment No access
  4. 1. Changing the Reactivity of the Autonomic Nervous System No access
    2. Changing the Dopamine-Serotonin Balance No access
  5. 1. 1. Selection No access
      2. Training No access
      3. Accountability No access
    2. 1. Simplifying the Law No access
      2. Educating the Public No access
    3. 1. Reduced Reliance on Incarceration No access
      2. Increased Emphasis on Rehabilitation No access
      3. Abolishing the Death Penalty No access
  6. 1. Changing Panzram’s External Environments No access
    2. Changing Panzram’s Internal Environments No access
    3. Changing Panzram’s Institutional Environments No access
  7. Conclusion No access
3. 1. “Preventing Crime, One Crime at a Time” No access
  2. 1. Changing Environments: Situational Crime Prevention No access
    2. Increase Effort to Offender No access
    3. Increase Risk to Offender No access
    4. Decrease Benefits to Offender No access
    5. Discourage Excuses No access
    6. 1. Target Hardening No access
      2. Target Removal No access
      3. Target Concealment No access
      4. Access Control No access
      5. Extended Guardianship No access
      6. Assisted Natural Surveillance No access
      7. Strengthened Formal Surveillance No access
    7. Building Competencies: Distinguishing between Opportunity and Incentive No access
  3. 1. 1. Disrupt Markets No access
      2. Screen Exits No access
      3. Utilize Place Managers No access
      4. Reduce Anonymity No access
      5. Deny Benefits No access
    2. Building Competencies: Cost-Benefit Analysis No access
  4. 1. 1. Bystanders as a Mitigating Condition No access
    2. 1. Mental State as a Mitigating Condition No access
    3. 1. Low Criminal Thinking as a Mitigating Condition No access
    4. 1. Emotional Maturity as a Mitigating Condition No access
  5. 1. Prevention through Changing Environments No access
    2. Prevention through Building Competencies No access
  6. Conclusion No access
4. 1. “The Journey Continues” No access
  2. Biology and Learning No access
  3. 1. Iteration No access
    2. Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions No access
    3. Bifurcation No access
    4. Fractals No access
    5. Self-Organization No access
  4. Criminal Thinking: The Glue That Holds the Lifestyle Together No access
  5. Distinguishing the Forest from the Trees No access
References No access Pages 255 - 304
Index No access Pages 305 - 310
About the Author No access Pages 311 - 312