Protecting Livelihoods: A Global Comparison of Social Law Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Becker LL.M. (EUI); Dr. Anika Seemann LL.M. (Cantab)

doi:10.5771/9783748932819

Summary

Dieses Buch bietet eine vergleichende Analyse der sozialrechtlichen Maßnahmen, die Wohlfahrtsstaaten weltweit während der COVID-19-Pandemie getroffen haben. In einundzwanzig Länderstudien legt dieses Buch detailliert dar, wie die während der Pandemie ergriffenen sozialrechtlichen Maßnahmen mit den bestehenden Institutionen des Wohlfahrtsstaates interagierten, welcher Rechtsnatur sie waren, wie das Verhältnis zwischen kollektivem Risiko und individueller Verantwortung während der Krise ausgehandelt wurde, welche besonderen Herausforderungen die Länder bei der Umsetzung ihrer Krisenreaktion zu bewältigen hatten und ob aus den Erfahrungen der Pandemie langfristige Veränderungen im Wohlfahrtsstaat zu erwarten sind. Mit Beiträgen vonProf. Dr. Ulrich Becker, LL.M. (EUI); Maarten Bouwmeester, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Terry Carney, AO; Olga Chesalina, LL.M.; Dr. Elaine Dewhurst; Prof. Dr. Thomas Erhag; Dr. Jeferson Ferreira Barbosa; Dr. Michael Fletcher, BSc (Hons); Dr. habil. Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy; Prof. Dr. Linxin He; Dr. Eva Maria Hohnerlein; Prof. Dr. Katsuaki Matsumoto; Prof. Dr. Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez; Asst.-Prof. Dr. Luka Mišič; Prof. Dr. Letlhokwa George Mpedi, LLM.; Dr. Anastasia Poulou, Mst (Oxford); Dr. Ariel Przybyłowicz; Prof. Dr. Ingo Wolfgang Sarlet; Dr. Anika Seemann, LL.M. (Cantab); Dr. Martin Štefko; Prof. Dr. Sara Stendahl; Prof. Dr. Grega Strban; Prof. Dr. Nai-Yi Sun; Yifei Wang und Nikola Wilman, LL.M., MJur.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright Year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-7490-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3281-9
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik
Volume: 77
Language: English
Pages: 540
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 10 Download chapter (PDF)
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1. 1. Crises in the Social Market Economy
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2. 2. Crisis Management and Social Protection Systems
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3. 3. Questions and Foci
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4. Authors:
  1. a) First Phase
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  2. b) Second Phase
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5. Authors:
  1. a) Crisis Mode
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  2. b) Social Policy Instruments
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  3. c) Crisis Reactions and Welfare State Architectures
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Protection for Existing Employees; the 2020 JobKeeper Wage Subsidy
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  2. b) The 2021 Revised Models of Support for Those With and Without Work
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Monetary Policy
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  2. b) Fiscal Policy
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  3. c) 2021 ‘Second Wave’ Responses
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Protection for Those Not in Work; the 2020 ‘Supplement’ and Eased Conditions Model
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  2. b) Housing Security
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  3. c) Child Care Security
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Special Labor Rules
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  2. b) Reduction or Suspension of Working Hours and Aid for Workers
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  3. c) Credit for the Payroll of Small and Medium Enterprises
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  4. 3. Supporting the Economy
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Protection of Informal Workers, Self-Employed Workers, Beneficiaries of the Family Allowance Program and of Persons without Social Protection
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  2. b) “Brazil Aid”
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  3. c) Measures to Make Access to Social Security Easier
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4. 5. Conclusions
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1. Authors:
  1. a) Historical Overview
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  2. b) General Introduction of the Measures
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Ban on Terminations and Job Stabilisation Subsidy
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  2. b) Unemployment Insurance
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Measures to Support Companies
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  2. b) Measures to Promote Employment
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4. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. aa) Basic Medical Insurance
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    2. bb) Occupational Injury Insurance
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    3. cc) Other Social Insurances
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    4. dd) Social Assistance
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    5. ee) Price Subsidy Mechanism
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  2. b) More Effective Procedures
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5. 5. Conclusions and Outlook
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Antivirus
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  2. b) Long-Term Attendance Benefits
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Support for the Self-Employed
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  2. b) Loan Guarantees and Payment Deferrals
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  3. c) Sector-Specific Measures
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4. 4. Social Protection
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Salary Compensation
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  2. b) Work Reduction
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  3. c) Additional Measures
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Access to Loans
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  2. b) Public Compensation
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  3. c) Deferral of Tax and Social Contribution Payments
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4. 4. Social Protection
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. 2. Job Retention
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3. Authors:
  1. a) The Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (SEISS)
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  2. b) Liquidity Assistance
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  3. c) Relief in Taxes and Social Security Contributions
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Enhanced Sick Pay Entitlement and Support during Self-Isolation
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  2. b) Extra Support for Those on Low Incomes or Without Work
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  3. c) Support for Local Authorities
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5. 5. Conclusion and Outlook
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) “Partial Work” or Short-Time Work (activité partielle)
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  2. b) Temporary Change in the Right to Leave and the Regulation of Working Hours
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  3. c) Bonuses for Workers in Key Economic Sectors
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  4. d) Granting of Sickness Benefit in Cases of “Incapacity to Work”
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Deferral and Abolition of Taxes and Social Security Contributions
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  2. b) Financial Support for Small Enterprises and Self-Employed Persons
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Extension of Unemployment Benefits
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  2. b) Special Assistance for Low Income Families
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  3. c) Recognition of COVID-19 as Occupational Disease
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  4. d) Other Measures
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5. 5. Outlook
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Short-Time Work Benefit
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  2. b) Other Measures in a Divided Labour Market
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Putting up a “Protective Umbrella”
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  2. b) Legal Character
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4. 4. Social Protection
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5. 5. Outlook
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Suspension of Employment Contracts and the Compensation of Special Cause
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  2. b) The “Cooperation” Employment Support Mechanism
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  3. c) Teleworking
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  4. d) Special Purpose Leave for Working Parents
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Financial Support for Self-Employed Persons
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  2. b) Compensation of Special Cause for Artists
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  3. c) Deferral of Social Contribution Payments
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  4. d) Exemption from the Obligation to Pay Commercial Rents
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  5. e) Other Measures
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Extension of Health Care Insurance
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  2. b) Social Protection for Unemployed Persons
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5. 5. Outlook
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. 2. Job Retention
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Capital Provision
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  2. b) Reduction in Rates and Charges
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  3. c) Economic Stimulus
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Income Maintenance: Pandemic Unemployment Payment (PUP)
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  2. b) Other Measures
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5. 5. Conclusions
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Adjustments to Wage Guarantee Schemes
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  2. b) Adjustment to the Renewal of Fixed-Term Contracts
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  3. c) Ban on Dismissals as New Temporary Measure
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  4. d) Temporary Leave Provisions for Parents and Family Carers
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  5. e) Sickness Benefits in Cases of Infection and Quarantine
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Deferral and Exemptions of Taxes and Social Security Contributions
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  2. b) Restoring Liquidity
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Adjustments and Innovations with regard to Unemployment Protection
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  2. b) Adjustments to Existing Minimum Income Protection Schemes
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  3. c) The Emergency Income Support (REM)
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  4. d) Flat-Rate Support for Self-Employed Persons and Other Non-Standard Workers
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  5. e) Food Aid
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  6. f) Support for Particular Families in Need
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5. 5. Conclusions
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Leave at the Request of the Employer
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  2. b) Leave for Child Care
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  3. c) Sickness Benefit
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  4. d) Effects of the Measures
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3. 3. Supporting the Economy
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Lump-Sum Benefit for All Residents.
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  2. b) Support for Families with Children
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  3. c) Loans
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  4. d) Social Assistance
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  5. e) Securing Housing
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  6. f) Effects of the Measures
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. 2. Job Retention
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Measures Contemplated in the 2019-2024 National Development Plan Adapted to the Emergency Situation through the Economic Reactivation Plan (ERP)
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  2. b) Measures from the Bank of Mexico, the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit and State Governments
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4. Authors:
  1. aa) Aid for Rural Farmers
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  2. bb) Aid for Entrepreneurs
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  3. cc) Tax Exemptions
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  4. dd) Aid for Employers
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5. Authors:
  1. Authors:
    1. aa) Overview
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    2. bb) Temporary Social Insurance Measures
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  2. b) Social Programmes
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  3. Authors:
    1. aa) Measures for providing food
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    2. bb) Payment extensions and subsidies for essential public services
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6. 5. Conclusions
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Authors:
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. 2. Job Retention
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Safeguarding Liquidity by Broadening Credit Possibilities
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  2. b) Financial Compensation
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  3. c) Tax Relief
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  4. d) Sector-Specific Support Measures
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Social Assistance to Self-Employed Workers
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  2. b) Financial Support for Flexible Workers
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  3. c) Special Assistance for Housing Costs
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. Authors:
  1. a) Job Retention
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  2. b) Supporting the Economy
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  3. c) Social Protection
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2. 2. Conclusion
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Authors:
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Remote Work (Article 3 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  2. b) Financial Support for Employers – Salaries and Contributions (Article 15g, Article 15gg, Article 15gb of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  3. c) Solutions for Working Foreigners (Art. 15z1, 5, 7), Art. 15zzq of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Financial Shields of the Polish Development Fund
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  2. b) Suspension of the Employer’s Obligations in Connection with the Establishment or Operation of the Social Fund, Basic Deductions, and Holiday Pay (Art. 15ge of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  3. Authors:
    1. aa) Resignation from the Prolongation Fee (Article 15zb of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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    2. bb) Abandonment of Interest for Late Payment (Article 31zy10 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  4. d) Exemption from the Obligation to Pay Contributions (Articles 31zo-31zy of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  5. Authors:
    1. aa) Standstill Benefit (Article 15zq et seq. of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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    2. bb) Compensation for Business Expenses (Article 15zzc of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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    3. cc) Loan for Micro-Entrepreneurs (Article 15zzd of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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    4. dd) Financial Support for Micro- and Small Enterprises (Article 15zze4 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Increase in Unemployment Benefit (Article 15 of the Solidarity Allowance Act)
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  2. b) Sickness Benefit in the Case of Quarantine/Isolation
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  3. c) Additional Care Allowances related to the Closure of Educational Institutions (Article 4, 4a, 4d of the Anti-Crisis Law)
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  4. d) Solidarity Allowance
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Changes in Unemployment Rates during the Pandemic
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  2. b) Limitation of Dismissals
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  3. c) Subsidies and Wage Loans
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3. 3. Supporting the Economy
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Extension and Increase of Unemployment Benefits
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  2. b) Protection against Unemployment of Self-Employed Persons
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  3. c) Family Benefits
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  4. d) Social Assistance
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  5. e) Protection of Vulnerable Persons
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction: From “Slovenian Constitutional Hardball” to Record-High Numbers of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Short-Time Work Subsidies
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  2. b) Employees on Hold, Force Majeure and Isolation
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3. 3. Supporting the Economy
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Solidarity Benefits, Family Benefits, and Social Assistance
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  2. b) Healthcare and Health Insurance
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  3. d) Facilitated Access to Unemployment Benefits
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5. 5. Conclusion: From Epidemic to Pandemic
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1. Authors:
  1. a) COVID-19 as a Global Pandemic
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  2. b) COVID-19 Statistics in South Africa
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  3. c) Legal Basis for Measures to Restrict COVID-19 in South Africa
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  4. d) Economic and Social Measures in Response to COVID-19
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2. 2. Jobs and Income Protection
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Measures of Income Support
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  2. b) Credit Guarantee Scheme
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  3. c) Main or Direct Budget Funding
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Social Assistance
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  2. b) Public Health
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  3. c) COVID-19 Vaccine Injury No-Fault Compensation Scheme
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5. Authors:
  1. a) Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan
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  2. b) Empowering the Vulnerable Groups
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  3. c) Equitable Access to Healthcare
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  4. d) Basic Income Grant Debate
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. 2. Job Retention
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Loans and Direct Financial Support
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  2. b) Compensations for Fixed Costs
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  3. c) Deferment of Tax Payments
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Protective Measures related to Unemployment
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  2. b) Protective Measures related to Students and Higher Education
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  3. c) Protective Measures related to Sickness
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  4. d) Protective Measures Targeting Pregnant Women and Families with Children
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. Introduction
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2. Authors:
  1. a) Short-Time Work Benefits?
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  2. b) Supplementary Measures for Employment Stability
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  3. c) Extended Measures for Securing the Livelihood of Employees and the Self-Employed
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3. Authors:
  1. a) Subsidies for the Operation of Enterprises and Liquidity Assistance
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  2. b) Deferral and Exemption of Tax Payment and Social Security Contributions
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  3. c) Stimulus Vouchers
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4. Authors:
  1. a) Epidemic-related Compensatio
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  2. b) Emergency Aid for Vulnerable Groups
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5. 5. Conclusion
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1. 1. ‘Protect Livelihoods’ – The Second Project Phase
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2. 2. The Types of Measures Employed – A Global Survey
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3. 3. Modalities of Risk-Sharing and the Legal Nature of the Crisis Response
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4. 4. The Normative Bases of the Crisis Response
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5. 5. Challenges Faced in Providing an Adequate Response
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6. 6. Phasing Out the Crisis Measures
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7. 7. Assessing the Impact and Success of the Measures
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8. 8. The Post-Pandemic Welfare State
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List of ContributorsPages 539 - 540 Download chapter (PDF)