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Unlawful Content Online

Towards a New Regulatory Framework for Online Platforms
Autor:innen:
Verlag:
 24.08.2021

Zusammenfassung

Illegale Inhalte sind ein anhaltendes Problem im Internet. Dieses Buch untersucht sieben Problembereiche - Diffamierung, Hassreden, terroristische Inhalte, Urheberrecht, Markenfälschungen, unsichere Produkte und Lebensmittel - die zeigen, dass der Kampf gegen rechtswidrige Inhalte auf Online-Plattformen durch ein fragmentiertes, veraltetes Regelwerk behindert wird. Unterdessen setzen globale Internetfirmen, denen unsere digitalen Räume gehören, von kommerziellen Interessen bestimmte, private Standards um, in denen die Rechte des Einzelnen und öffentliche Werte eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Das Buch zeigt anschließend einen Weg auf, wie soziale Medien und Co. dazu gebracht werden können, angemessene Verantwortung zu übernehmen. Der Autor argumentiert für einen verpflichtenden "Safety-by-Design"-Ansatz, unterstützt durch technische Standards. Carsten Ullrich ist Rechtswissenschaftler an der Universität Luxemburg und beschäftigt sich mit der Regulierung digitaler Technologien.

Die dem Buch zu Grunde liegende Doktorarbeit wurde mit dem Rolf Tarrach Preis 2021 für die beste Dissertation in Luxemburg ausgezeichnet.

Schlagworte

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Bibliographische Angaben

Copyrightjahr
2021
Erscheinungsdatum
24.08.2021
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-8315-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-2705-1
Verlag
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Reihe
Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies
Band
21
Sprache
Englisch
Seiten
650
Produkttyp
Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 30 Download Kapitel (PDF)
  2. Download Kapitel (PDF)
    1. A. General background
    2. B. Structure
    3. C. Methodology
        1. I. Internet intermediaries – intermediary service providers
        2. II. Online platforms
        3. III. Illegal versus unlawful content
        4. IV. Material content
        5. V. Unlawful activity and unlawful content/information
        6. VI. Harmful content
        7. VII. Platform users
      2. 2. Assumptions
        1. I. Sanctions
        2. II. Substantive law affecting online platforms
  3. Download Kapitel (PDF)
    1. A. The early internet
    2. B. The technical architecture of the internet
      1. 1. A typology of intermediaries
      2. 2. Internet access providers
      3. 3. Search engines
      4. 4. E-commerce platforms
      5. 5. User generated content and social media platforms – the rise of Web 2.0
      6. 6. Sharing economy platforms
      7. 7. Messenger services, cloud platforms and other online intermediaries
      1. 1. Multi-sided platforms
        1. I. Google (Alphabet)
        2. II. Amazon
        3. III. Facebook
        4. IV. Apple
        5. V. Microsoft
      3. 3. From content to infrastructure control
    5. E. Summary: socio-technical and economic role of internet intermediaries
  4. Download Kapitel (PDF)
      1. 1. Infrastructure
      2. 2. Content regulation = intermediary regulation?
        1. I. Moral justifications
        2. II. Economic justifications
        1. I. Primary liability for intermediaries
          1. a. Common law
          2. b. Civil law jurisdictions
          1. a. United Kingdom
          2. b. Germany
          3. c. France
          4. d. Italy
          5. e. Belgium
          1. a. Cubby, Inc v CompuServe, Inc.
          2. b. Stratton Oakmont v Prodigy Services Co.
          3. c. Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v Frena
          4. d. Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v MAPHIA & Religious Technology Center v Netcom
        1. I. Communications Decency Act 1996
        2. II. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
        3. III. Trademarks – The Lanham Act
        1. I. Setting the scene for an intermediary liability framework
          1. a. General principles and scope
          2. b. The liability (exemptions) of intermediaries
      3. 3. Comparing the EU and US intermediary liability frameworks
        1. I. Australia
        2. II. Canada
        3. III. China
        4. IV. India
        1. I. The 2003 and 2007 ECD evaluations
        2. II. The 2012 public consultation
        3. III. Reviews and initiatives under the Digital Single Market policy
        4. IV. Main legal challenges of the ECD inhibiting enforcement against unlawful content
          1. a. Search engines
            1. i. National case law
            2. ii. EU case law
            3. iii. Application of CJEU rulings
            4. iv. US developments
            1. i. National case law
            2. ii. EU case law
          1. a. Defining actual knowledge
            1. i. Court or authority orders
            2. ii. Notice-and-Takedown
            3. iii. Awareness of illegal activity or information
            1. i. France
            2. ii. Italy
            3. iii. Germany
            4. iv. UK
            1. i. L‘Oréal v EBay (C-324/09)
            2. ii. Scarlet Extended (C-70/10) & Netlog (C-360/10)
            3. iii. Mc Fadden (C-484/14)
            4. iv. The ECtHR rulings in Delfi v Estonia & MTE v Hungary
            5. v. Eva Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook Ireland (C18/18)
        1. I. Summary: The availability of the ECD protections
        2. II. Summary: The knowledge standard
        3. III. Summary: Specific versus general monitoring
  5. Download Kapitel (PDF)
    1. A. Introduction
        1. I. Defamation online - background
        2. II. The legal framework of defamation in the EU
          1. a. UK
          2. b. France
          3. c. Germany
          4. d. Differences in assessing the manifestly illegal nature of defamation
          5. e. Defamation and the interactive, social web
        4. IV. Summary and outlook
        1. I. The phenomenon of hate speech on Web 2.0
          1. a. Fundamental rights at stake
            1. i. The EU Code of Conduct on illegal hate speech online
            2. ii. The AVMSD and the DSA proposal
            1. i. England and Wales
            2. ii. Germany
            3. iii. France
        3. III. Private regulation of hate speech
        4. IV. Summary and outlook
        1. I. Background
        2. II. Legal framework against terrorism online – EU and Member States
        3. III. Private regulation of terrorist content and technological developments
          1. a. Proposal of a Regulation for preventing terrorist content online
          2. b. Regulation 2019/1148 on marketing and use of explosives precursors
        5. V. Summary and outlook
        1. I. Copyright and the information society
        2. II. International law and EU set-up
          1. a. Enforcement at Member State level
          2. b. Enforcement against IAPs – blocking and filtering injunctions
            1. P2P file sharing and hyperlinking
            2. Search engines, hyperlinking and auto-complete functions
            3. Content sharing platforms
            1. Fingerprinting
            2. Hashing
            3. Watermarking
            4. Metadata analysis
            5. Predictive analysis
          2. b. Platform activities addressing copyright infringements – the rise of automated prevention
        5. V. EU legal initiatives – the Digital Single Market Directive (DSMD)
        6. VI. Summary and outlook
        1. I. Trademarks, counterfeiting and e-commerce
        2. II. EU Trademark protection, its widening scope and the internet
          1. a. Online intermediaries as primary infringers
          2. b. Secondary liability trends and consumer law
        4. IV. Private enforcement
          1. a. Memorandum of Understanding on the Sale of Counterfeit Goods over the Internet
          2. b. Other EU policy initiatives
        6. VI. Summary and outlook
        1. I. Background – product safety in e-commerce and online platforms
          1. a. The New Approach and the New Legislative Framework
          2. b. Responsibilities and liabilities of economic actors
          1. a. Tackling the challenges of enforcement in e-commerce
          2. b. Online intermediaries and product safety law
        4. IV. Private enforcement
        5. V. EU legislative initiatives
        6. VI. Summary and outlook
        1. I. Background – food in e-commerce and on online platforms
          1. a. EU food safety law – responsible economic actors
          2. b. Online intermediaries and food safety
        3. III. Summary and outlook
      1. 1. The multilevel regulatory picture of EU intermediary liability
      2. 2. Summary: Common trends in sectoral online intermediary liabiliy
  6. Download Kapitel (PDF)
      1. 1. Rationale and objectives
      2. 2. Survey structure
      3. 3. Confidentiality
      1. 1. Overview
          1. a. Enforcement scope: sector coverage
          2. b. Enforcement vis-à-vis ISPs
          3. c. Online market surveillance activity
          4. d. Online market surveillance resources
          1. a. Use of the ECD by MSAs
          2. b. The relation between product safety laws and the ECD
          1. a. Nature of cooperation between MSAs and ISPs
          2. b. Obstacles to effective surveillance and enforcement
        4. IV. Section D: Regulatory cooperation between MSAs
      1. 1. Overview
          1. a. Enforcement scope: sector coverage
          2. b. Enforcement vis-à-vis ISPs
          3. c. Online market surveillance activity
          4. d. Online market surveillance resources
          1. a. Use of the ECD by FSAs
          2. b. The relation between food safety laws and the ECD
          1. a. Nature of cooperation between FSAs and ISPs
          2. b. Obstacles to effective surveillance and enforcement
        4. IV. Section D: Regulatory cooperation between FSAs
      1. 1. Enforcement hesitation and unclarity over the relevance of the ECD
      2. 2. The technical role and legal classification of online platforms
      3. 3. Product and food safety enforcement expertise as a chance
      4. 4. Horizontal cooperation
  7. Download Kapitel (PDF)
      1. 1. Systemic approaches
      2. 2. Procedural approaches
      3. 3. Common and divisive features of current intermediary liability reform proposals
      1. 1. The current regulatory choice
          1. a. Self-regulation
          2. b. Co-regulation
        2. II. Corporate (social) responsibility for online platforms
        3. III. Duties of care
        4. IV. Risk regulation and compliance
        5. V. Standardisation
        1. I. Risks and pitfalls of flexible regulatory tools
    3. C. Primary and secondary responsibility and the sanctions regime
      1. 1. Introduction
      2. 2. Changes to the ECD’s online intermediary liability framework
      3. 3. Sectoral flexibility – the harms under a horizontal framework
          1. a. Risk identification
          2. b. Risk analysis and evaluation
          1. a. Risk control: prospective responsibility for empowering safe platform use
          2. b. Risk control: retrospective responsibility to contain unlawful content
        3. III. Example of a duty of care standard for economic harms
        1. I. Transparency
        2. II. Accountability
        3. III. Complementary regulatory approaches towards online platforms
      6. 6. The regulatory institution
      7. 7. Brief of evaluation of the Commission’s DSA proposal of December 2020
  8. Chapter 7 - Conclusion 540 - 549 Download Kapitel (PDF)
  9. Download Kapitel (PDF)
    1. A. Market surveillance and enforcement
    2. B. Enforcement activity and the E-Commerce Directive
    3. C. Cooperation with information service providers
    4. D. Regulatory Cooperation
    5. E. Additional data (not part of the interview)
  10. ANNEX II – A sectorally adaptable, risk-based duty of care standard (model) 562 - 562 Download Kapitel (PDF)
  11. Download Kapitel (PDF)
      1. 1. Principles
      1. 1. Methodology: risk-based approach
        1. I. Harms definition
        2. II. Risk identification & definition
          1. a. Risk drivers
          2. b. Platform capabilities
        4. IV. Risk evaluation
      3. 3. Risk control
    3. C. Duty of care: Notice-and-Takedown
      1. 1. Terms & Conditions
      2. 2. Transparency reporting
  12. Download Kapitel (PDF)
    1. A. Books, book sections, journal articles and public reports
    2. B. Blog articles, internet news articles and webpages
        1. I. France
        2. II. Germany
        3. III. Italy
        4. IV. UK
        5. V. US
        6. VI. Other jurisdictions
        1. I. EU
        2. II. ECtHR
    4. D. Statutes & Bills
  13. Index 643 - 650 Download Kapitel (PDF)

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