Geopolitics of the Illicit

Daniel Brombacher M.A.; Prof. Dr. Günther Maihold; Dr. Melanie Müller; Dr. Judith Vorrath

doi:10.5771/9783748935940

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Copyright year: 2022
Publication date: 23.09.2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-0015-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-3594-0
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit
Volume: 25
Language: English
Pages: 411
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/InhaltsverzeichnisPages 1 - 10 Download chapter (PDF)
1. Daniel Brombacher, Günther Maihold, Melanie Müller, Judith Vorrath Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Conceptual basis and cross-cutting themes
  2. The geopolitical dimension
  3. Contributions
  4. References
2. Mark Shaw, Alex Goodwin Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. Legal, illegal and the spaces in between
  3. Illicit markets and criminal actors
  4. Evaluating multi-market harm: a new approach to anti-crime policy
  5. A new approach
  6. References
3. Günther Maihold Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Shadow supply chains and illicit globalisation
  2. The fluid limits of the legal/illegal and illicit in supply chains: the central role of intermediaries
  3. 1. Places and nodes
    2. Intermediation and disintermediation: the role of the middlemen
    3. The transport dimension: illegal trafficking
    4. Stages and participants
    5. The organisation of shadow supply chains: criminal diasporas
  4. Tracking shadow supply chains and illicit networks
  5. Illegal trafficking and common patterns in supply chains
  6. Illegal trafficking: common patterns
  7. Conclusions: de-risking supply chains
  8. References
1. Fatjona Mejdini Download chapter (PDF)
  1. An overview
  2. Historical background
  3. Cannabis strongholds and cultivation peaks
  4. Trafficking opportunities
  5. Money laundering
  6. A shift in cultivation
  7. Conclusions
  8. References
2. Daniel Brombacher Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. Introduction: dissecting the narcotics value chains
  2. 2. The global drug economy and the global response: state of affairs
  3. 1. 3.1. Terminology
    2. 3.2. Geographical non-convergence of supply and demand
    3. 3.3. State authority, deterrence and illegal drug economies
  4. 1. 4.1. Seizures
    2. 4.2. Price and purity
    3. 4.3. Violence
  5. 1. 5.1. The structural dimension: demand and enabling structural conditions
    2. 5.2. The actor dimension: organised crime within the drug market
  6. 6. Towards a more sustainable supply control policy: prioritising structural approaches
  7. References
3. Judith Vorrath Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The larger picture of a transregional flow
  3. 1. 1. Historical evolution
      2. Social aspects of recruitment
    2. 1. Shifting routes
      2. Overlap of human trafficking and migrant smuggling
      3. Entering and moving around Europe
    3. 1. Debt bondage and juju rituals
      2. Coercion and enforcement
  4. 4 Illuminating the grey zone: intersections of the licit and illicit in the trafficking chain
  5. 5 A Nigerian mafia?
  6. 6 Conclusion
  7. References
1. Peter Fabricius Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. UNECA panel sets a benchmark by estimating that Africa is losing at least US$50 billion annually in IFFs
  3. Tackling IFFs globally
  4. Africa addresses IFFs
  5. Towards a global pact?
  6. Beyond commercial IFFs
  7. Gauging crime IFFs from Africa: the looting continues
  8. A narco-state with strong links to Portugal
  9. Luanda Leaks: how Isabel dos Santos, the former president’s daughter, became the richest woman in Africa
  10. How African leaders stash their loot abroad
  11. Smuggling gold through the souks of Dubai
  12. The DRC: a smugglers’ and looters’ paradise
  13. Hidden debt: Mozambique reels from the consequences of looting of state coffers and neglect of its own people
  14. Conclusion
  15. References
2. Nhomsai Hagen, Cathrin Hauk, Lutz Heide Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. Definition of substandard and falsified medicines
  3. Prevalence of substandard and falsified medicines
  4. Impact of substandard and falsified medicines
  5. Licit and illicit flows through complex supply chains
  6. Trafficking of substandard and falsified medicines by informal networks, organised crime groups and terrorist organisations
  7. Non-medical use of pharmaceuticals: the example of tramadol and Captagon® (fenetylline)
  8. Weak regulation favours trafficking of substandard and falsified medicines
  9. Examples of substandard and falsified medicines detected in high-income and in low- and middle-income countries
  10. Substandard and falsified medicines and the COVID-19 pandemic
  11. Recommendations for tackling the trade in substandard and falsified medicines
  12. References
3. Jan Schubert Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. Trafficking in cultural property: as old as the pyramids
  2. 1. 1. Stage 1: illegal acquisition
      2. Stage 2: transit
      3. Stage 3: crime-as-a-service
      4. Stage 4: sale
    2. 2.2 Investors and speculators
    3. 2.3 Museums and state collections
  3. 3. Sale in cyberspace
  4. 4. Cultural property as a perfect asset for money laundering
  5. 5. Criminal participants: “different backgrounds, different motivations”
  6. 6. Playground for Organised Crime Groups
  7. 1. 7.1 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
    2. 7.2 Africa
  8. 8. How to respond?
  9. 9. Conclusion
  10. References
1. Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki, Dyhia Belhabib, Philippe Le Billon Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. 1. 1.1 Defining IUU
    2. 1.2 Impacts of IUU fishing
    3. 1.3 Drivers of illegal fishing
  3. 1. 2.1 Modus operandi of illegal fishing: major flows and actors
    2. 2.2 Illegally caught fish making its way into EU markets: the case of Ghana
  4. 3. Efforts to curb illegal fishing and their shortcomings
  5. 1. 4.1 Address flags of convenience and tax havens
    2. 4.2 Curtail economic gains from illegal fishing
    3. 4.3 Increase monitoring, control and surveillance by linking available data
    4. 4.4 Enhance international cooperation and capacity building
    5. 4.5 Eliminate transshipment, particularly on the high seas
    6. 4.6 Address ports of convenience through the PSMA
    7. 4.7 Digitalise records of fish imports
    8. 4.8 Extend the concept of IUU to ‘post-fishing’ harm to marine life
    9. 4.9 Going beyond IUU to look into fairness of fishing licence contracts
  6. 5. Conclusion
  7. References
2. Inga Carry, Günther Maihold Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. Environmental, social and economic implications of illegal logging
  3. 1. Extraction
    2. Laundering
    3. Integration
  4. The who, the where and the how: criminal networks and market structures
  5. 1. With a little help from the state: forest crime in Brazil
    2. The timber triangle: Indonesia, Malaysia and China
    3. International regulation
    4. Responding to illegal logging and the global illegal timber trade
    5. Extraction
    6. Laundering
    7. Integration
  6. References
3. Lorenzo Bagnoli Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Libya, a crossroads for smuggling
  2. The dependence on the oil industry
  3. International responses to illicit trade
  4. The mechanism of the subsidies and the dynamic of the market flows
  5. The Petroleum Facility Guard of Zawiya: the local criminal network
  6. The importance of the intermediaries
  7. When the Maltese came in: who are the intermediaries who made the smuggling between Libya and Europe possible
  8. The modus operandi: faking the bill of lading
  9. The case of the Temeteron
  10. The most notorious of the smugglers: Abd Al-Rahman Milad, a.k.a. al-Bija
  11. Conclusions
  12. References
1. Melanie Müller Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. Supply chains of artisanal gold: illicit, informal and illegal elements
  3. Gold mining in South Africa
  4. Following illegal gold from South Africa to Europe
  5. Artisanal miners: driven by necessity or criminal activity?
  6. Illegal actors: the role of (criminal) networks in the context of artisanal gold mining
  7. “Legalising” artisanal gold
  8. Gold laundering in South Africa (and its neighbouring countries)
  9. The role of international trading hubs
  10. A transnational approach to the illicit trade of gold
  11. References
2. Gerardo Damonte, Bettina Schorr Download chapter (PDF)
  1. 1. Introduction: the global gold chain as a hybrid regime
  2. 2. Small-scale gold mining in Peru
  3. 3. Madre de Dios in the hybrid global gold chain
  4. 4. Concluding remarks: the hybrid global gold regime and its consequences
  5. References
3. Stefan Bauchowitz, Leopold von Carlowitz Download chapter (PDF)
  1. Introduction
  2. Minerals and conflict in Eastern DRC
  3. Norm emergence and the power of activism
  4. Approaches to conflict minerals regulation – towards a smart mix
  5. Conflict minerals regulation in the DRC
  6. Much ado about nothing?
  7. Conclusion
  8. References
The authorsPages 409 - 411 Download chapter (PDF)