On the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Prof. Dr. Thomas M.J. Möllers; Prof. Kathleen van der Linde B Juris, LL.B., Hons BA (Latin), LL.M., LL.D.

doi:10.5771/9783748945253

Summary

The work deals comprehensively with the social, technical and ecological changes of the 21st century and their legal implications. It contains current research findings on issues such as digitalisation, the use of artificial intelligence and also on the topics of taxonomy and human rights, which were developed in collaboration between the Universities of Augsburg and Johannesburg.Current topics are introduced by academics from Germany and then reflected on by South African colleagues. This leads to a better understanding of unresolved legal issues in both legal systems. With contributions byProf. David Bilchitz | Prof. Monray Marsellus Botha | Prof. Dr. Georg Borges | Prof. Dr. Benedikt Buchner, LL.M. | Nkululeko Buthelezi | Prof. Dawie De Villiers | Prof. Dr. Sina Fontana, MLE | Tim Gutmann | Prof. Charl Hugo | Louis Koen | Prof. Dr. Martin Kment, LL.M. | Dr. Stefan Lorenzmeier, LL.M. | Dr. Cayle Lupton | Prof. Dr. Martin Maties | Prof. Dr. Thomas M.J. Möllers | Prof. Letlhokwa Mpedi | Sikhulile Ncgobo | Dr. Aqilah Sandhu | Dr. Maximilian Schnebbe | Prof. Hennie Strydom | Prof. Michele van Eck | Anna Henriette Weininger | Dr. Lisa Wolf

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2024
Publication date: 05.11.2024
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-1606-8
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-4525-3
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Augsburger Rechtsstudien
Volume: 94
Language: English
Pages: 395
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 8
1. I. No access
2. II. No access
3. III. No access
Benedikt Buchner, Maximilian Schnebbe
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. Data protection and acceptance No access
3. 1. 1. a) Consent No access
    2. b) Other options for permission No access
  2. 2. Further data protection requirements No access
4. IV. Conclusion No access
5. Bibliography No access
6. Register of cases No access
Letlhokwa G. Mpedi
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. Wearables: a conceptual clarification No access
3. 1. 1. Health and safety No access
  2. 2. Engagement and productivity No access
  3. 3. Communication and collaboration No access
  4. 1. a) Wearables and the data they collect No access
    2. b) Employers’ use of collected data and concerns about privacy No access
    3. c) Information privacy law No access
  5. 5. Training, onboarding and skills development No access
4. IV. Conclusion No access
5. Bibliography No access
Martin Maties
1. 1. 1. a) Medical background No access
    2. 1. 1) Applicability and protection No access
        2) Maximum daily working time No access
        3) Breaks No access
        4) Rest periods No access
        5) Specific activities No access
        6) Deviations and guarantees No access
      2. ii) European legal requirements (the EU Working Time Directive) No access
      3. iii) Occupational health and safety requirements No access
    3. c) Conclusion: legal framework for the possibility of overtime No access
  2. 2. Economic significance No access
  3. 3. Definition / limits No access
2. 1. 1. Basis: contractually agreed mutual obligations (Synallagma) No access
  2. 1. 1. i) “Ordinary employees” No access
      2. ii) Senior executives and employees with high salaries No access
    2. 1. i) Agreement on a calculable hourly wage for overtime No access
      2. 1) Lump sum by virtue of agreement No access
        (a) Subjective equivalence No access
        (b) Problem: unilateral interference with equivalence ratio No access
        (i) Current status in jurisprudence and literature No access
        (ii) Opening of the GTC review No access
        (iii) Review of incorporation of terms No access
        (iv) Content review No access
        (1) Ineffectiveness under s. 308 No. 4 German Civil Code No access
        (2) Ineffectiveness under s. 309 No. 1 German Civil Code No access
        (3) Ineffectiveness under s. 307 (1) sentence 1 German Civil Code No access
        (4) Violation of the evaluation in s. 615 sentence 1 German Civil Code No access
3. III. Conclusion No access
4. Bibliography No access
5. Register of cases No access
Louis Koen
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. The inter-relation between the common law of contract and labour law No access
3. 1. 1. The regulation of maximum working hours No access
  2. 2. The restriction on overtime in the absence of an agreement No access
  3. 3. The payment of overtime No access
4. IV. Conclusion No access
5. Bibliography No access
Sina Fontana
1. I. The vulnerability of human rights No access
2. 1. 1. Human rights as a source of law No access
  2. 1. a. The responsibility of private companies No access
    2. 1. i) Human rights and the obligation to protect No access
      2. 1) The principle of territoriality No access
        2) Extraterritorial extension No access
        3) Limits on extraterritorial duties to protect No access
      3. iii) Cooperation to preserve sovereignty No access
3. 1. 1. Extraterritorial effect of fundamental rights No access
  2. 2. Significance of the duty to protect No access
4. 1. 1. National legislation No access
  2. 2. The EU’s aspirations No access
5. V. Conclusion: shared responsibility No access
6. Bibliography No access
7. List of Decisions No access
David Bilchitz
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Conceptual difficulties and the purpose of fundamental rights No access
  2. 2. Positive international law No access
3. III. Practical deficiencies of the indirect duty approach No access
4. IV. Due diligence laws and direct obligations No access
5. V. Conclusion: the need for direct obligations No access
6. Bibliography No access
Martin Kment
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Position within the web of EU law No access
  2. 2. Legal standard, binding force, and objective No access
3. 1. 1. Binary classification system No access
  2. 2. Sustainability and avoiding significant environmental damage No access
  3. 1. a) Starting point No access
    2. b) Authority No access
    3. c) Requirements for delegated acts No access
    4. d) Role of experts No access
    5. e) Progress to date No access
4. IV. Responsibility No access
5. V. Issue: nuclear energy No access
6. VI. Criticism of the Taxonomy Regulation No access
7. VII. Conclusion No access
8. Bibliography No access
Monray Botha
1. I Introduction No access
2. II. The South African Taxonomy No access
3. III. Disclosure requirements No access
4. IV. Comparison No access
5. V. Conclusion No access
6. Bibliography No access
Anna Henriette Weininger
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Current status No access
  2. 2. Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution No access
3. 1. 1. a) Artificial Intelligence No access
    2. b) The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems No access
    3. c) Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality No access
    4. d) Blockchain Technology No access
  2. 1. a) Artificial Intelligence No access
    2. b) The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems No access
    3. c) Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality No access
    4. d) Blockchain Technology No access
    5. e) Interim result No access
  3. 1. a) Artificial Intelligence No access
    2. b) The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems No access
    3. c) Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality No access
    4. d) Interim result No access
4. IV. Conclusion No access
5. Bibliography No access
Sikhulile Ngcobo
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. An overview of environmental authorisation in South Africa No access
3. III. Unique challenges faced by South Africa (as a developing country) in EIA decision making No access
4. 1. 1. The potential of machine learning in EIA decision-making No access
  2. 2. Lessons from expert robots No access
  3. 3. Legal framework: lessons from the EU No access
5. IV. Conclusion No access
6. Bibliography No access
7. Register of Cases No access
Thomas M.J. Möllers, Lisa Wolf
1. 1. 1. Legal certainty and cost minimisation No access
  2. 2. Short overview of the legislative history No access
2. 1. 1. a) Minimum and full harmonisation No access
    2. b) Full harmonisation as a fata morgana No access
    3. c) Insufficient demarcation from the national laws of Member States No access
  2. 2. Criteria of good systematic legislative technique No access
  3. 1. a) Insufficient alignment between the legislative text and recitals No access
    2. b) The missing reference to the waiver of full harmonisation No access
    3. c) Information overload and attention to detail No access
3. 1. 1. a) The principle of a high level of consumer protection No access
    2. b) Economic considerations No access
    3. c) The balance between the rights and obligations of the contracting parties as a legal principle No access
  2. 1. a) The principle in dubio pro consumente No access
    2. b) Full harmonisation, national scope of application, and the boundaries of the principle in dubio pro consumente No access
    3. 1. i) The Quelle case as a starting point No access
      2. ii) No transferability to the termination of the contract No access
  3. 1. 1. i) EU Commission rejects the obligation to notify No access
      2. ii) The reasonableness of the obligation to notify for consumers No access
    2. b) Sustainability: Giving priority to rectification of defects instead of replacement No access
4. IV. Conclusions No access
5. Bibliography No access
Charl Hugo, Cayle Lupton
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. How should the South African law of sale of goods be developed? No access
3. III. Harmonisation No access
4. IV. Potential areas for developing the law No access
5. Bibliography No access
6. Case Law No access
Aqilah Sandhu
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. From the Digital Single Market to the digitalization of Public Services No access
  2. 1. a) Skilled Population and Professionals No access
    2. b) Digital Infrastructure No access
    3. c) The Digital Transformation of Business No access
    4. d) The Digitalization of Public Services No access
3. III. Digital Citizenship No access
4. IV. European Digital Identity No access
5. 1. 1. Education and Digital Skills No access
  2. 2. Access to Internet No access
  3. 3. Digitalization of Public Services No access
  4. 4. Digital Identities and the EU Health Data Space No access
6. 1. 1. The “Path to the Digital Decade” policy program No access
  2. 2. Annual reporting No access
  3. 3. Index-based monitoring system No access
  4. 4. Financial instruments No access
7. VII. Going forward No access
8. Bibliography No access
Nkululeko Buthelezi, Michele van Eck
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. A fragmented landscape of data governance No access
3. 1. 1. Introductory comments No access
  2. 2. Digital literacy skills No access
  3. 3. Digital infrastructure No access
  4. 4. Data sovereignty and data localisation No access
  5. 5. Digital entrepreneurship and transformation of business No access
4. IV. Inhibitors No access
5. V. Conclusion No access
6. Bibliography No access
Tim Gutmann
1. I. Medical data spaces – on the threshold of a revolution in databased medical research No access
2. 1. 1. a) Medical confidentiality No access
    2. 1. i) Explicit informed consent No access
      2. ii) Statutory exceptions No access
      3. iii) Research clause No access
  2. 1. a) Legislative leeway as a brake on the free flow of personal data No access
    2. b) Normative challenges in adapting the principle of consent to the specifics of big data No access
    3. c) Interim finding: limited usability of health data for health research purposes No access
3. 1. 1. The data transparency procedure No access
  2. 1. a) Electronic health records – data networking through data concentration No access
    2. b) Governance of the telematics infrastructure No access
    3. c) Research access to EHR data: the data donation No access
    4. d) Interim conclusion: EHR & TI as key to integrated data stores No access
4. 1. 1. The European Health Data Space in the European Regulatory Network No access
  2. 1. a) Myhealth@EU as a central platform for Europe-wide health data exchange No access
    2. b) Electronic health records as central elements for portability between data repositories No access
    3. 1. i) Rights of natural persons providing health data No access
      2. ii) Rights and obligations of healthcare providers No access
  3. 1. a) HealthData@EU No access
    2. 1. i) Obligations to provide electronic health data No access
      2. ii) Data access and data use rights No access
  4. 1. a) Public law as a main tool for regulating the European Health Data Space No access
    2. b) Normative shift in emphasis from self-determination to solidarity No access
    3. c) Electronic health data as a commons? No access
5. V. The European Health Data Space and the Gordian knot of health data use No access
6. Bibliography No access
Georg Borges, Michele van Eck
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Introduction: Disruption in European data protection law? No access
  2. 1. a) Development of a legal framework for Big Data No access
    2. b) The concept of sector-specific data spaces No access
  3. 3. Core elements of the EHDS from a data protection perspective No access
  4. 4. Health data as a public good - a conflict with data protection? No access
3. 1. 1. Introductory comments No access
  2. 1. a) Preliminary comments No access
    2. b) Health Regulations No access
    3. c) Underlying ethical and professional duties of health practitioners No access
  3. 3. Data regulations No access
4. IV. Conclusion No access
5. Bibliography No access
Dawie de Villiers
1. I. Introduction No access
2. II. The concept and origin of the right of access to information No access
3. 1. 1. Promoting a culture of transparency and accountability No access
  2. 2. Access to information as a fundamental right No access
4. 1. 1. Legislation deliberately or incompetently misinterpreted No access
  2. 2. Mandatory disclosure, grounds of refusal and the public interest override No access
  3. 3. Burden of proof and the “judicial peek” mechanism (a divided Constitutional court) No access
  4. 4. Shortcomings and challenges in the implementation of the Act No access
5. V. An independent oversight body (from the South African Human Rights Commission SAHRC) to the Information Regulator (IR) No access
6. VI. The application of PAIA in selected judgments No access
7. VII. A brief international perspective No access
8. VIII. Conclusion No access
9. Bibliography No access
Hennie Strydom, Stefan Lorenzmeier
1. I. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Ukraine and its bid for EU-membership No access
  2. 2. Restrictive measures taken by the EU No access
  3. 3. Intermediary conclusions No access
3. 1. 1. The Putin arrest warrant No access
  2. 2. South Africa’s acclaimed neutral position on Russia’s war of aggression No access
  3. 3. Defining the Russian offensive as aggression No access
  4. 4. Humanitarian consequences of the Russian aggression No access
  5. 5. The illegal referenda in the Dombas region No access
  6. 6. Russia’s accountability under international law No access
  7. 7. Interim conclusion No access
4. IV. Conclusions No access
5. Bibliography No access