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IT Laws in the Era of Cloud-Computing

A Comparative Analysis between EU and US Law on the Case Study of Data Protection and Privacy
Authors:
Publisher:
 2018

Summary

This book documents the findings and recommendations of research into the question of how IT laws should develop on the understanding that today’s information and communication technology is shaped by cloud computing, which lies at the foundations of contemporary and future IT as its most widespread enabler. In particular, this study develops on both a comparative and an interdisciplinary axis, i.e. comparatively by examining EU and US law, and on an interdisciplinary level by dealing with law and IT. Focusing on the study of data protection and privacy in cloud environments, the book examines three main challenges on the road towards more efficient cloud computing regulation:understanding the reasons behind the development of diverging legal structures and schools of thought on IT lawensuring privacy and security in digital cloudsconverging regulatory approaches to digital clouds in the hope of more harmonised IT laws in the future.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2018
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-5362-8
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-9562-6
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Schriften der Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Graduate School of Law
Volume
6
Language
English
Pages
378
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 - 20 Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. i. The European state of affairs
      2. ii. The US state of affairs
      3. iii. Current state of affairs in other countries
    2. b. Research question and structure of the project
  3. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
    2. b. A brief history of the cloud
    3. c. The NIST definition of cloud computing; a starting point
      1. i. Cloud computing compared to traditional IT – Their main differences and why the cloud matters
      2. ii. Cloud computing environments compared to client-server systems
      3. iii. Cloud computing compared to outsourcing – The key differences
    5. e. Data handling needs and the parallel technological evolution – How developing computational requirements led to technological progress
      1. i. File hosting
      2. ii. Clustering
      3. iii. Grid Computing
      4. iv. Virtualization
      1. i. The cloud’s business model
      2. ii. The architecture of cloud computing systems
      1. i. The cloud’s compute model
      2. ii. Virtualization
      3. iii. Monitoring
      4. iv. Provenance
    9. i. The application model of the cloud
    10. j. The security model of the cloud
    11. k. What is cloud computing after all and why does it merit a new regulatory approach?
  4. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of the chapter
    2. b. How extensive is the influence of European data privacy standards outside Europe? Is it EU law that has been so influencing or is it more the entire European legal thinking?
    3. c. What is the main difference from Europe in USA’s arrangement of their regulatory framework for privacy and the internet?
    4. d. The ‘privacy collision’ between Europe and the USA: a brief historical overview
    5. e. Personal data privacy in Europe and the US: a pragmatic and an articulate approach
      1. i. EU’s approach towards cyber challenges
      2. ii. The US approach towards cyber challenges
      1. i. Privacy under the effect of the cloud in the US
      2. ii. Judicial obstacles
      3. iii. Legislative obstacles
      4. iv. Societal obstacles
    8. h. Europe’s combined approach towards the cloud and economic growth
      1. i. Regulating privacy and security of consumer sensitive data in the cloud; the US current status quo
      2. ii. Regulating privacy and security of consumer sensitive data in the cloud; the EU current status quo
      3. iii. The need for efficient protection of sensitive data also points towards regulatory reform in the cloud
  5. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
    2. b. The most important policy views on aspects of cloud computing brought out so far and why they are not yet sufficient
    3. c. The European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC; an assessment of its effects on the prevalent views about data protection and related IT technologies; are things different under the GDPR?
      1. i. Does the GDPR set up a truly universal legal framework for data transfer law?
      2. ii. What does the spirit of GDPR tell us about the longevity of the current overall EU data protection regime?
    5. e. GDPR and its readiness to respond to big scale uses of data in the cloud; the case of machine learning
    6. f. Vision for a cloud-based future
      1. i. Privacy and security viewed through the years and across major jurisdictions
      2. ii. Privacy issues particular to cloud computing technologies
      3. iii. Why does cloud computing call for a new regulatory framework?
  6. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
    2. b. Internet Regulation: a paramount of unilateralism
    3. c. From governments to governance; learning to do laws for a borderless world
    4. d. So far, existing laws about cyberspace are bad laws. Lessons learnt?
    5. e. Lex informatica: The formulation of policy rules for the web through applied technology. Can it offer any useful insight for the conceptualization of a dedicated cloud computing regime?
    6. f. Sectoral codes of conduct: the most dedicated attempt to come up with cloud computing laws so far and how it could be improved
    7. g. Efforts undertaken so far on the front of sector-based regulation of IT and their common weakness
      1. i. Defining global administrative law
      2. ii. The general theory on global administrative law and its principles
      3. iii. Theoretical foundations of global administrative law based on US and EU administrative law
      1. i. The proposal
      2. ii. The problems of legal pluralism
    10. j. Can effective cloud computing regulation be achieved through international law? Not really.
    11. k. A comparatist approach and synthesis is the only way; moving forward to regulate cloud computing through legal pluralism
  7. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. PART I: Jurisdiction in the era of cloud computing
      1. i. Establishment – Art. 4 para. 1(a) DPD
      2. ii. International law – Art. 4 para. 1(b) DPD
      3. iii. Equipment – Art. 4 para. 1(c) DPD
      4. iv. Changes to current status quo by the upcoming GDPR
    3. b. Technology and internet jurisdiction: a process of parallel ‘give and take’
    4. c. From data protection law to international jurisdiction on the internet; adapting laws to modern needs and reality
    5. d. What is the problem with asserting jurisdiction over cloud-related cases under current EU laws?
    6. e. Steps to reduce jurisdictional disputes from the perspective of EU law
      1. i. The basics about determining jurisdiction under US law
      2. ii. Jurisdiction under the influence of technological evolution; practices for alleviating jurisdiction risks in the US and internationally over IT-related cases
      1. i. Virtual and physical environments
      2. ii. Accepting the inherent nature of cloud jurisdiction risk
      1. PART II: Accountability on the cloud
    10. a. Accountability: the essentials from data protection to cloud computing
    11. b. Accountability is not self-regulation; clearing the picture between two comparable but critically different concepts
    12. c. Accountability in the cloud cannot be sufficiently settled with existing EU laws
    13. d. Providing answers to the privacy challenges of cloud computing under US law; the importance of the Fourth Amendment principles
    14. e. Achieving effective regulation of the cyberspace: discussing particularities of the web and how these should be mirrored in modern laws about aspects of the digital world
    15. f. Tackling the issue of perspective in internet law; an essential step towards a pragmatic accountability regime
    16. g. The road to an accountable cloud computing goes through the road to an accountable internet: how to achieve a sound internet governance
    17. h. Effective accountability for cloud computing
    18. i. Accountability as a way to further reinforce privacy in the cloud
  8. Download chapter (PDF)
      1. PART I: THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CLOUD COMPUTING
      1. i. United States v. Miller
      2. ii. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) – a step ahead but obscurity lingers
      3. iii. The USA PATRIOT Act
      4. iv. The HIPAA and compelled disclosures
      5. v. The Fair Credit Reporting Act
    3. b. Threats to privacy means threats to security: the two prominent issues that go hand in hand in cloud computing environments
    4. c. Privacy risks posed by the cloud put into question cornerstone elements of information privacy laws
    5. d. The other side of the coin: how cloud computing’s architectural advantages can turn into threats for privacy
    6. e. The affluence of consumer data on cloud computing and particular threats to them because of the cloud’s specificities
      1. PART II: CLOUD COMPLIANCE
    8. a. Introductory remarks on the concept of ‘cloud compliance’
    9. b. Effective regulation of technology: the need to define policy tools and policy actors
    10. c. Incorporating users’ privacy concerns into the rules governing design and deployment of cloud environments
    11. d. Pragmatic answers regarding the deployment of secure and privacy-proof cloud networks
    12. e. Incentivizing privacy and security by encouraging the adoption of privacy enhancing technologies
  9. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
      1. i. The Firmware/Hardware layer
      2. ii. The Software Kernel layer
      3. iii. The Cloud Software Infrastructure layer
      4. iv. The Cloud Software Environment layer
      5. v. The Cloud Application layer (SaaS)
    3. c. Different uses but the same ontology: what does this mean for cloud computing regulatory principles?
      1. i. Data generation
      2. ii. Transfer
      3. iii. Use
      4. iv. Sharing
      5. v. Storage
      6. vi. Archival
      7. vii. Destruction
      1. i. On the hardware/firmware layer
      2. ii. On the software/kernel layer
      3. iii. On the cloud software infrastructure layer
      4. iv. On the PaaS and SaaS layers
      5. v. On the SaaS layer in particular
  10. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
    2. b. Viewing cloud computing from the outside; what else is the cloud apart from its infrastructure and the science behind it?
      1. i. The customer (or user) of cloud computing services
      2. ii. The service provider
      3. iii. Infrastructure providers
      4. iv. Aggregate services providers (aggregators)
      5. v. The platform provider
      6. vi. The cloud services consultant
    4. d. The innovative nature of cloud computing business and the legal challenges raised as a result thereof
      1. i. Data protection
      2. ii. Data Security
      3. iii. Data retention
      4. iv. Consumer protection
      5. v. Intellectual Property
      6. vi. Competition
      7. vii. Trade
      8. viii. Jurisdiction, applicable law, enforcement
      9. ix. Compliance
      10. x. Transparency
      11. xi. Responsibility and liability
      12. xii. Infrastructure
      1. i. Challenges in conceptualizing cloud computing regulation
      2. ii. Challenges in implementing cloud computing regulation
      3. iii. Projecting challenges in the assessment phase of a regulation on the cloud
  11. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. Introduction – scope of this chapter
    2. b. Doing laws based on the local and global experience: the differences in approach and the need to combine both perspectives in the case of cloud computing
    3. c. The ability of law to learn and evolve; how to achieve law evolution in the case of cloud computing
    4. d. How proportionality and teleological reasoning can help cloud computing regulation make IT laws overall more efficient
    5. e. How technology itself can help establishing a sound system of governance in the field of cloud computing
    6. f. The key to achieving a sound system of governance in cloud computing regulation: legal interoperability and its significance as a concept in transnational law
    7. g. A brief summary of the trends on privacy regulation through time in a global context; the transit to a cloud computing regulation governance regime is not a free fall into the unknown
    8. h. Making a long-lasting governance regime a choice not a necessity
    9. i. Can the transatlantic divide on privacy be bridged? Why the extensive use of cloud computing technologies makes the call for convergence an urgent one?
  12. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. a. The driving forces that make the need for cloud computing regulation a pressing one
      1. i. Normative proposals
      2. ii. Governance proposals
      3. iii. Policy proposals
    3. c. Future challenges – insights for further research
  13. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. Court of Justice of the European Union
    2. US Courts
    3. US Supreme Court
    4. Lower US courts
    5. Other national courts
    6. Italy
  14. Download chapter (PDF)
    1. EU laws and statutes
    2. US laws and statutes
    3. United Nations
    4. Council of Europe
  15. Bibliographical index 355 - 378 Download chapter (PDF)

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