The Law and Politics of Belligerent Occupation

Prof. Dr. David Kretzmer

doi:10.5771/9783748960775

Summary

In recent years, scholarship on the law of belligerent occupation has grown, despite few occupiers recognizing its applicability. Powers often deny occupation, claim sovereignty, or justify actions by regime change, protection, or invitation. Israel’s occupation of territories seized in 1967 is a rare case acknowledged internationally. The UN and ICJ criticize Israel’s policies as violating international law. This study examines how Israeli authorities navigated legal frameworks to serve political aims, showing how legal tools were bent and courts avoided judgments—raising critical questions about the role of law and lawyers in modern occupation.

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Bibliographic data

Publication year: 2025
Publication date: 11.07.2025
ISBN-Print: 978-3-7560-3302-7
ISBN-Online: 978-3-7489-6077-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Hans Kelsen Memorial Lectures on International Peace and Security Law
Volume: 3
Language: English
Pages: 163
Product type: Book Titles

1. 1. Sources No access
2. Acknowledgments No access
Introduction No access Pages 13 - 16
1. 1.1 Beginnings of Political Zionism No access
2. 1.2 British Mandate over Palestine No access
3. 1.3 United Nations Partition Resolution No access
4. 1.4 1947/8 War and Establishment of the State of Israel No access
5. 1.5 Armistice Agreements No access
6. 1.6 The Uneasy Peace No access
7. 1.6 June 1967 “Six Day War” No access
1. 2.1 Initial Political Decisions No access
2. 2.2 Milestones in the Occupation No access
1. 3.1 International Law of Belligerent Occupation No access
2. 3.2 Initial Approach of Israeli Military Lawyers No access
3. 3.3 Non-Military Lawyers Step In No access
4. 3.4 Approach of the International Community No access
1. 4.1 Non-Application of Fourth Geneva Convention No access
2. 4.2 The West Bank Was Not Part of the Sovereign Territory of another State No access
1. 5.1 Introduction No access
2. 5.2 Background to the Mandate System No access
3. 5.3 Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant No access
4. 5.4 Balfour Declaration and San Remo Conference No access
5. 5.5 Terms of the Mandate No access
6. 5.6 Approval of the Mandate by League’s Council No access
7. 5.7 Legal Status of the Mandate No access
8. 5.8 Right of Jews to Settle in the Land of Israel No access
9. 5.9 Article 80 of the UN Charter and the Trusteeship Argument No access
10. 5.10 General Assembly Resolution 181 No access
11. 5.11 The Mandate and other International Instruments No access
12. 5.12 Concluding Comments on Mandate Argument No access
1. 6.1 Jurisdiction and Applicable Law No access
2. 6.2 Nature of Court’s Review No access
3. 1. 6.3.1 Non-justiciability or lack of standing No access
  2. 6.3.2 Distinction between customary and treaty law No access
  3. 6.3.3 Convoluted interpretation of international law No access
  4. 6.3.4 Ignoring or refraining from considering international law No access
  5. 6.3.5 Diluting the interests of the local population No access
1. 7.1 Immediate Aftermath of the June 1967 War No access
2. 7.2 Beginnings of the Settlement Policy No access
3. 7.3 Settlements: Legal Aspects No access
4. 7.4 The Court’s Spoke in the Wheel: The Lawyers Help Out No access
5. 7.5 “State Land” Policy No access
6. 7.6 Unauthorised Outposts No access
7. 7.7 Settler Violence No access
1. 8.1 Developments since December 2022 No access
2. 8.2 Politics Prevail No access
Chapter 9: Concluding Observations No access Pages 159 - 163

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