Return Migration, Reintegration and Sense of Belonging

Kwaku Arhin-Sam

doi:10.5771/9783845294223

Summary

Focusing on the issue of belonging as a substantial human social need, this book studies how skilled Ghanaian returnees cope with their return to their country of origin, depending on their previous experiences in Ghana and the foreign country they lived in for a while. Using the empirical basis of qualitative interview data, the book identifies the relationship between reintegration and sense of belonging, and argues that sense of belonging is a dimension of social reintegration for returning migrants. The key findings of this study show that returnees’ definitions of belonging fall into two categories: individual belonging (belonging to a place) and social/collective belonging (politics of belonging). Within these categories, belonging is defined in relation to being accepted, feeling at home, not being treated differently, having responsibilities and ownership. Individual belonging is thus expressed via feelings of attachment to Ghana as a place, resulting from factors such as memories of cultural and family heritage.

Keywords

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2019
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-5242-3
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-9422-3
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 335
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 18
1. 1.1. Introduction No access
2. 1.2. Specific Research Intentions No access
3. 1.3. Focus and Underlying Rationale No access
4. 1.4. The relevance of the Study No access
5. 1.5. Structure of this Book No access
1. 2.1. Introduction No access
2. 2.2. Return Migration in Migration Discourse No access
3. 1. 2.3.1. Belonging No access
  2. 2.3.2. Reintegration: Context-Dependent Dynamic of Integration No access
  3. 2.3.3 Conceptual Gap in Reintegration and Belonging No access
4. 2.4. Chapter Summary No access
1. 3.1. Introduction No access
2. 3.2. A Brief History and Profile of Ghana No access
3. 1. 3.3.1. Pre-Independence Migration Era (before 1957) No access
  2. 3.3.2. Post-Independence Migration Era (from 1957 to date) No access
4. 3.4. Chapter Summary No access
1. 4.1. History of International Return Migration in Ghana No access
2. 1. 4.2.1. Afro-diaspora Return Migration – ‘Return to the Motherland Africa’ No access
  2. 4.2.2. Deportation Return No access
  3. 4.2.3. Ghanaian Diaspora Return Migration No access
3. 1. 4.4.1. Analysing Ghana’s Political Environment for Return Migration No access
  2. 4.4.2. Returnee Mobilisations in Ghana No access
4. 4.5. Chapter Summary No access
1. 5.1. Introduction No access
2. 5.2. Methodology and Research Design No access
3. 1. 5.3.1. People: The Sampling Strategy No access
4. 1. 5.4.1. Semi-Structured Episodic Interviews – with Return Migrants No access
  2. 5.4.3. Focus Group Discussions – with Non-migrants No access
5. 1. 1. 5.5.2.1 Adopting Grounded Theory Analytical Approach No access
6. 5.6. Personal Reflections No access
7. 5.7. Ethical Considerations No access
8. 5.8. Chapter Summary No access
1. I. Overview of the interview data and respondents No access
2. II. Description of the Interview Data No access
3. III. The Respondents No access
1. 6.1. Introduction No access
2. 6.2. Ghana Then No access
3. 6.3. Motives and Reasons for migration – The push-pull factors No access
4. 6.5. Pre-Migration Expectations No access
5. 6.6. Chapter Summary and Discussion No access
1. 7.1. Introduction No access
2. 7.2. Life Abroad No access
3. 1. 7.3.1. Feeling Included No access
  2. 7.3.2. ‘Feeling out of Place’ No access
4. 7.4. Having Return Intentions No access
5. 7.5. Return Preparations No access
6. 1. 7.6.1. Expectation to Belong No access
7. 1. 7.7.1. ‘Giving back to society.’ No access
  2. 7.2.2. ‘Proving people wrong.’ No access
  3. 7.7.3. ‘Staying is compromising with lifestyle.’ No access
  4. 7.7.4. ‘Giving children a better life.’ No access
  5. 7.7.5. ‘This is where I belong.’ No access
  6. 7.7.6. Partner and Business No access
8. 7.8. ‘It just hits you’ – Return Triggers No access
9. 7.9. The Z-Return model No access
10. 7.10. Chapter Summary No access
1. 8.1. Introduction No access
2. 8.2. Who is a Borga? Labels and Definitions of a Returnee No access
3. 8.3. Narratives on Change No access
4. 8.4. Noticing Change – Physical and Attitudinal Changes No access
5. 1. 8.5.1. Notions of positive change No access
  2. 8.5.2. Notions of negative change No access
  3. 8.5.3. Change in defiance – the unacceptable change No access
6. 8.6. ‘Same but different’ – consequences of changes among returnees No access
7. 8.7. Successful and unsuccessful returnees No access
8. 8.8. Chapter Summary No access
1. 9.1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 9.2.1. Summary and discussion No access
3. 1. 9.3.1. Summary No access
4. 1. 9.4.1 ‘Fear of Failure’ No access
  2. 9.4.2 Fear of the ‘Unknown and Uncertainty’ No access
  3. 9.4.3. The Challenge in ‘Starting All Over’ No access
  4. 1. 9.4.4.1. The tipping issue (Bribery) No access
    2. 9.4.4.2. Confrontations and Unwarranted Arguments No access
  5. 9.4.5. ‘Society is Vile’ No access
  6. 1. 9.4.6.1. Return Challenges in Domains of Reintegration No access
    2. 9.4.6.2. Engendering Return Challenges No access
  7. 9.4.7. Summary No access
5. 1. 9.5.1. Dealing with Emotional Challenges No access
  2. 9.5.2. ‘Picking my Battles.’ No access
  3. 9.5.3. ‘Compromising Standards’ No access
  4. 9.5.4. ‘Putting on a Thick Skin’ No access
  5. 9.5.5. ‘Maintaining Professionalism’ No access
  6. 9.5.6. ‘Needing to have Own Network.’ No access
  7. 9.5.7. Summary and Discussion No access
6. 1. 9.6.1. ‘No 100% preparations for easy return.’ No access
  2. 9.6.2. ‘Changing Ghana’ No access
  3. 9.6.3. ‘Claiming reintegration.’ No access
  4. 9.6.4. Summary and Discussion No access
7. 1. 9.7.1. Summary No access
8. 1. 9.8.1. Summary and Discussion No access
9. 9.9. Chapter Summary No access
1. 10.1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 1. Belonging means not being treated as different No access
    2. Belonging means being appreciated and accepted No access
    3. Belonging means feeling at home No access
    4. Belonging means having responsibilities and ownership No access
    5. Discussion and summary No access
  2. 1. Having a Ghanaian English accent No access
    2. Being fluent in a Ghanaian language No access
    3. Maintaining Ghanaian-ness No access
  3. 10.2.3. ‘People Feel I Don't Belong Here’—Denied Belonging No access
  4. 10.2.4. Unilateral and Multilateral Belonging No access
  5. 10.2.5. The New Normal No access
  6. 10.2.6. Summary No access
3. 1. 1. Reintegration is vibrating at the same frequency No access
    2. Reintegration is about adaptation No access
    3. Reintegration is accepting differences No access
    4. Discussion and summary No access
  2. 1. Reintegrated No access
    2. Reintegrating No access
    3. Not reintegrated No access
  3. 10.3.3. Discussion: Role of Belonging in Reintegration No access
4. 10.4. The relationship between belonging and reintegration No access
5. 10.5. Chapter Summary No access
1. 11.1 Introduction No access
2. 1. 11.2.1. Pre-Migration No access
  2. 11.2.2. Return Triggers and Expectations No access
  3. 1. Structural dimension (placement) No access
    2. Social (interaction) and cultural (acculturation) dimensions No access
    3. Identification dimension No access
    4. Individual sense of belonging dimension No access
  4. 11.2.4. Social/Collective Sense of Belonging (Politics of Belonging) No access
  5. 1. Social Network (home society) No access
    2. Transnational networks/engagements (host country) No access
    3. Gender No access
    4. Social status No access
    5. Time No access
    6. Perceptions towards non-migrants No access
    7. Returnees and Intersectional analysis No access
3. 11.3. Chapter Summary No access
1. 12.1. Introduction No access
2. 1. 12.2.1. Key Findings No access
  2. 12.2.2. Other Findings No access
3. 12.3. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research No access
4. 12.4. Recommendations No access
Bibliography No access Pages 311 - 330
1. A.1. Interview Guide No access
2. A.2. Focus Group Discussion Guide No access
3. A4. Interview Transcription Guidelines No access
4. A6. Ethical Clearance No access

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