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Agreement on the European Economic Area

A Commentary
Editors:
Publisher:
 2018
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Summary

The provisions of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) determine the relations of the EFTA States Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein with the EU and its Member States. On the basis of EEA, these three countries are largely integrated into the single market of the EU. The EEA is also discussed as a possible model for the EU and UK relations after the Brexit.Article by article, the new commentary outlines the importance of the EEA for legal practice, including all extensive annexes and protocols. There is also included both the essential secondary law of EEA and cross-links to EU law. Moreover, the commentary involves the current status of EEA law in Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, taking legislation and jurisprudence into account. The commentary focuses on the EEA rules on free movement of goods, movement of persons, services, capital, transport policy and competition law. In addition, the commentary intensively discusses the responsibilities and procedures of both the European Surveillance Authority and EFTA Court and the complementary agreement between Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.Most helpfulThe commentary offers a detailed overviewon the effects of EEA law in Norway, Iceland and Liechtensteinon the status and effects of EEA law in the EUon the specific situation of Switzerlandon the international agreements accompanying the EEA, giving a full picture of the legal relations within the EEAon today's legal reality and changed legal environment through the Treaty of Lisbon and other EU agreements.The editors and authors represent the international approach and professional expertise of the commentary. They are international experts in the field of science and practice, especially in dealing with EEA law.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2018
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-3219-7
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-7579-6
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language
English
Pages
1141
Product type
Comment

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I - XXXVI Download chapter (PDF)
      1. I. The background of the EEA Agreement No access
      2. II. The function of the EEA Agreement No access
      3. III. The development of the EEA Agreement No access
      4. IV. The development of further relationships between the EFTA States and the EU No access
      5. V. The role of the EEA Agreement today. Future developments No access
    1. Ragnhildur Helgadóttir, Margrét Einarsdóttir
      1. I. Introduction No access
        1. 1. Acceding to the EEA: constitutional matters in 1992 No access
        2. 2. Developments since 1992 No access
        3. 3. Proposed constitutional amendments No access
      3. III. General Impact of EEA on Icelandic law: Impact on legal theory No access
          1. a) General No access
          2. b) Increased Parliamentary Consultations during the Incorporation Process No access
          3. c) New Challenges Facing the Execution of the EEA Agreement. No access
        2. 2. Increased Implementation Deficit No access
        1. 1. No Direct Legal Effect, but Obligation to Comply with Principles of Uniform Interpretation No access
          1. a) Protocol 35 No access
          2. b) Does Iceland Comply with its International Obligation as Set out in Prot. 35? No access
      6. VI. Conclusions No access
      7. VII. Literature No access
    2. Christian Frommelt
      1. I. Introduction No access
      2. II. Liechtenstein’s path to joining the EEAThis section is partly based on Frommelt and Gstöhl (n 2) 12-15. No access
      3. III. Administration of the EEA Agreement No access
      4. IV. Other agreements with the EU No access
      5. V. EEA law in the Liechtenstein legal order No access
        1. 1. Parliamentary involvement in EEA matters No access
        2. 2. Implementation of EEA law No access
        3. 3. Application of EEA law No access
        1. . The special solution in the free movement of personsThis section is based on Sieglinde Gstöhl and Christian Frommelt, Back to the Future? Lessons from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Withdrawal from... No access
        2. 2. Other tailor-made arrangements No access
        3. 3. Explanations for and effects of tailor-made arrangements No access
      8. VIII. Conclusions No access
      9. IX. Literature No access
    3. Fredrik Bøckman Finstad
      1. 1. Introduction No access
      2. 2. Norway and the EEA – a brief historical sketch No access
      3. 3. Other agreements with the EU and their relation to the EEA Agreement No access
      4. 4. The legal position of EEA law under Norwegian law No access
      5. 5. Implementing EU/EEA acts – the constitutional framework No access
      6. 6. The modes of implementation of EEA law and consequences for the Norwegian style of legislation No access
      7. 7. The question of EEA relevance – and the need for a complete makeover No access
      8. 8. The UK’s exit from the EU and the EEA No access
    4. Benedikt Pirker
      1. I. Introduction No access
        1. 1. The EFTA days No access
        2. 2. The creation of the EEA and Switzerland’s non-accession No access
        3. 3. The bilateral agreements between Switzerland and the EU and the continuing relevance of the discussion on the EEA No access
        1. 1. The EFTA Convention and its adaptation to the bilateral agreements No access
          1. a) The AFMP No access
          2. b) The EFTA Convention No access
          3. c) EEA law No access
        1. 1. Relevance of ECJ case law in the framework of the Bilateral Agreements No access
        2. 2. Excursus: The ECJ’s case law on the Bilateral Agreements No access
        3. 3. Indirect relevance of EFTA Court case law No access
      5. V. Conclusion No access
      6. VI. Case law No access
    5. Christoph Vedder
        1. 1. From Western European Economic Cooperation to the competing EEC and EFTA No access
        2. 2. The discovery of the external relations of the EEC, 1969 No access
        3. 3. First enlargement and free trade agreements with the EFTA countries, 1970-1973 No access
        4. 4. Southern and Eastern enlargement, the path to an European Economic Area, 1980ies and early 1990ies No access
        5. 5. Northern enlargement and the EEA, 1992-1995 No access
        6. 6. The EFTA States’ affiliation to the EU today: a network of agreements No access
        7. 7. The EEA in the treaty relations of the EU No access
        8. 8. An unequal marriage: the EU after Maastricht and the Treaty of Lisbon No access
          1. a) Scope of the association power No access
            1. aa) EEA institutions No access
            2. bb) EFTA Countries’ institutions No access
          3. c) Secondary association law No access
        2. 2. Common practice: mixed agreements No access
          1. a) Responsibility under public international law No access
          2. b) Delimitation of responsibilities within the EEA No access
          3. c) The Union’s responsibility within the EEA No access
          4. d) Duty to cooperate No access
            1. aa) Secondary law of the Union No access
            2. bb) Primacy over autonomous legislation No access
            3. cc) Interpretation of European legislation in the light of its international agreements No access
          2. b) Direct effect No access
      3. III. Conclusion No access
    6. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
      1. I. Introduction – a reader’s guide to EEA Law No access
      2. II. Unwritten principles of EEA law No access
      3. III. The Protocols to the EEA Agreement – an overview No access
      4. IV. The Annexes to the EEA Agreement – an overview No access
      5. V. The Surveillance and Court Agreement, the Standing Committee Agreement and other related agreements between the EFTA States No access
    1. Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
      1. I. The EEA Agreement as a Mixed Agreement No access
      2. II. Developments in the number and position of Contracting Parties No access
      3. III. Prospective Contracting Parties No access
      4. IV. Brexit No access
    2. Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
      1. I. Origin and legal importance No access
        1. 1. Peace, democracy and human rights No access
        2. 2. Privileged relationship No access
        3. 3. Trade liberalisation No access
        4. 4. Homogeneity, equality and reciprocity No access
        5. 5. The four freedoms No access
        6. 6. Reduction of economic and social regional disparities No access
        7. 7. Cooperation between parliamentarians and social partners No access
        8. 8. Individual rights No access
        9. 9. Protection of the environment No access
        10. 10. Protection of health, safety and the environment No access
        11. 11. The social dimension of the EEA No access
        12. 12. Consumer protection No access
        13. 13. Research and development No access
        14. 14. Possibility of EU accession No access
        15. 15. Homogeneity No access
        16. 16. Decision-making autonomy No access
      1. Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
        1. I. The main objective – extending the internal market to include the EFTA States No access
        2. II. The underlying objectives of the internal market No access
        3. III. The principle of homogeneity No access
        4. IV. The substantive scope of the EEA Agreement No access
      2. Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
        1. I. The EEA Agreement comprises more than the Main Part No access
        2. II. The EEA-specific definition of the term ‘the EFTA States’ No access
        3. III. The Contracting Parties on the EU-side No access
        4. IV. Acts of accession of 16 April 2013, 25 April 2005 and 9 December 2011 No access
      3. Christian Franklin
        1. I. The principle of loyalty – or sincere cooperation No access
          1. 1. Vertical cooperation No access
          2. 2. Horizontal cooperation No access
          3. 3. Cross-pillar cooperation No access
        3. III. Duties of positive action No access
        4. IV. Duties of abstention No access
        5. V. Duty to facilitate cooperation No access
        6. VI. (Joint) Basis in creation of novel EEA obligations No access
        7. VII. Subsidiary nature of the provision No access
        8. VIII. Other unresolved and potential issues No access
        9. IX. Summary No access
      4. Ingvald Falch
        1. 1. Introduction No access
        2. 2. Without prejudice to any special provision No access
        3. 3. Within the scope of application this Agreement No access
        4. 4. The Addressees No access
        5. 5. The holders of the right No access
        6. 6. The concept of discrimination No access
        7. 7. Justifications No access
        8. 8. Remedies No access
      5. Article 5 [The droit d’évocation in the EEA Council and Joint Committee] No access 209 - 209 Dora Sif Tynes
      6. Pål Wennerås
        1. . The principle of homogeneityThe views expressed are personal and do not necessarily reflect those of the Office of the Attorney General. I am grateful to the editors and Ketil Bøe Moen for their com... No access
          1. 1. Material scope No access
          2. 2. Temporal scope No access
          3. 3. Content No access
          4. 4. Impact No access
          5. 5. Subjects No access
          1. 1. Dialogue between national courts and the EFTA Court No access
          2. 2. Dialogue between the EFTA Court and the ECJ No access
          3. 3. Interpretation vs. judicial review No access
          1. 1. Introduction No access
            1. a) State liability No access
            2. b) Consistent interpretation No access
          3. 3. Fundamental Rights No access
            1. a) Introduction No access
            2. b) Scope of prohibitions No access
            3. c) Scope of justifications No access
          5. 5. Institutional and procedural rules No access
          1. 1. Introduction No access
          2. 2. From a European Economic Agreement to a European Union No access
          3. 3. Homogeneity v. other objectives No access
          4. 4. ESA and the Commission: Guardians of the EEA Agreement? No access
        6. VI. Drawing the lines together No access
      7. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Ida Sørebø
        1. I. Ensuring correct implementation of EEA legislation No access
          1. 1. General requirements No access
            1. a) No direct applicability No access
            2. b) The act as adapted to the EEA Agreement No access
            3. c) Restrictions on implementation in the EU due to the nature of regulations No access
            4. d) Strict rules on implementation in the EEA No access
            5. e) Method of implementation No access
            1. a) The act as adapted to the EEA Agreement No access
            2. b) Form and method of implementation No access
            3. c) Binding force No access
            4. d) Sufficiently precise and clear No access
            5. e) Implementation in the EU Member States No access
            1. a) An EEA principle of primacy? No access
            2. aa) Protocol 35 – National measures in the EFTA States to ensure primacy No access
            3. bb) Primacy of EEA law in the EU Member States No access
            4. cc) Actual primacy of EEA law in the EFTA States? No access
            5. dd) Scope of primacy in the EEA: “unconditional and sufficiently precise” No access
            6. b) The principles of equality and of effectiveness No access
            7. c) The requirement of equivalent and “effective, proportionate and dissuasive” penalisation of infringements of EEA law No access
            1. a) Direct effect of non-implemented regulations and directives No access
            2. b) The principle of EEA conform interpretation No access
            3. c) No primacy of non-implemented EEA law No access
        1. Gunnar Thor Pétursson
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Case-law from the EFTA Court and the ECJ: Maglite, Silhouette and L’Oréal No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. The early cases – of whisky and wine and a little bit of Cointreau No access
            3. 3. More recent (challenging) cases No access
        2. Gunnar Thor Pétursson
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Full and diagonal cumulation No access
          3. III. Origin criteria No access
          4. IV. Principle of territoriality No access
          5. V. Proof of origin No access
        3. Gunnar Thor Pétursson
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Customs duties and charges having equivalent effects No access
        4. Gunnar Thor Pétursson
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Reception of the Dassonville formula No access
            3. 3. Reception of the principle of mutual recognition (Cassis de Dijon) No access
            4. 4. Reception of the Keck exemption No access
            5. 5. Reception of ECJ caselaw on national bans on the use of products No access
            6. 6. The applicability of Art. 11 to private parties No access
            7. 7. Conclusions No access
          3. III. The importance of the obligation to notify technical standards No access
        5. Article 12 [Quantitative restrictions on exports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on exports No access 299 - 301 Gunnar Thor Pétursson
        6. Gunnar Thor Pétursson
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. The express derogations and the mandatory requirements No access
          3. III. Fundamental rights No access
          4. IV. Principle of proportionality No access
        7. Martin Hennig
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Similar products No access
            2. 2. Direct internal tax discrimination No access
            3. 3. Indirect internal tax discrimination No access
          3. III. The second paragraph – no protectionism through taxation No access
          4. IV. Objective justifications No access
        8. Article 15 [Repayment of internal taxes] No access 322 - 323 Martin Hennig
        9. Jonas W. Myhre
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Systematic appearance in the EEA Agreement No access
          3. III. Goods covered by Art. 16 No access
          4. IV. Art. 16 as the basis for enforceable individual rights No access
          5. V. Limitations on the organization and operation of State monopolies No access
          6. VI. The notion of discrimination – dependent on competitive relationship No access
          7. VII. Structural requirements for a lawful selection system No access
          8. VIII. The relationship between Arts. 11 and 16 No access
          9. IX. Public interest considerations No access
          10. X. The organization of the state monopoly No access
        1. Article 17 [Veterinary and phytosanitary measures] No access 335 - 336 Finn Arnesen
        2. Article 18 [Technical barriers to trade in agricultural products] No access 336 - 337 Finn Arnesen
        3. Article 19 [Liberalization of trade in agricultural products] No access 337 - 338 Finn Arnesen
        4. Finn Arnesen
          1. I. Overview No access
          2. II. Free movement No access
          3. III. Competition and State Aid No access
        1. Henrik Bull
          1. I. Legal Context No access
            1. 1. Relationship to EU legal acts and EU-Swiss agreements No access
            2. 2. Simplification of inspections and formalities No access
            3. 3. Opening hours and reduction of waiting time No access
            4. 4. Protocol 10 yields to specific agreements No access
            5. 5. Veterinary and phytosanitary border controls No access
            6. 6. Customs security measures No access
          3. III. Art. 21(2) and protocol 11 on mutual assistance in customs matters No access
          4. IV. Art. 21(3) on trade facilitation No access
        2. Article 22 [Reduction of customs duties] No access 349 - 350 Henrik Bull
        1. Henrik Bull
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Adaptations and derogations No access
              1. a) Products originating from outside the EEA No access
              2. b) Applicability to goods outside of the general product coverage of the EEA Agreement according to Art. 8(3) No access
            4. 4. Notification procedures No access
          2. II. Letter b: trade in wine No access
          3. III. Letter c: product liability No access
        2. Henrik Bull
          1. I. General comments No access
          2. II. Energy security No access
          3. III. Energy policy and the geographical scope of application of the EEA Agreement No access
          4. IV. Liberalization of the gas market No access
          5. V. Liberalization of the electricity market No access
          6. VI. Energy Markets Supervision No access
          7. VII. Energy Policy and Climate Policy No access
        3. Article 25 [Safeguard measures] No access 361 - 362 Henrik Bull
        4. Henrik Bull
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. No place for such measures in the EEA? No access
          3. III. Trade in fish and other marine products: a special regime No access
        1. Article 27 [Provisions concerning coal and steel products] No access Gunnar Thor Pétursson
        1. Karin Fløistad
          1. I. The “Widening Gap” between the EEA Agreement and the TFEU with regard to free movement of persons No access
          2. II. Free movement of persons in the EU after the introduction of the primary law provisions on Union citizenship No access
          3. III. The Citizenship Dir. 2004/38/EC: The Joint Declaration No. 158/2007 No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
              1. a) Introduction No access
              2. b) The facts of the case No access
              3. c) The EFTA Court’s advisory opinion No access
              1. a) Introduction No access
              2. b) Union citizens’ rights in the home state in the EU legal order No access
              3. c) The Gunnarsson case No access
              4. d) The Jabbi case No access
          5. V. The concept of worker and Union citizenship No access
        2. Karin Fløistad
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Case C-431/11 UK v. Council No access
          3. III. EFTA Court – social security case law No access
        3. Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
          1. I. Comparison with TFEU No access
          2. II. Directive 2005/36/EC No access
          3. III. Incorporation into the EEA Agreement No access
          4. IV. Case law of the EFTA Court No access
          5. V. Directives concerning the legal profession No access
        1. Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
          1. I. Comparison with Art. 49 TFEU No access
          2. II. Restriction under Art. 31 No access
            1. 1. Freedom to provide services No access
            2. 2. Free movement of capital No access
            3. 3. Free movement of workers No access
            1. 1. Waterfalls case No access
            2. 2. Holship No access
            3. 3. Tax law cases No access
          5. V. Residence requirements in Liechtenstein No access
            1. 1. Residence in Liechtenstein No access
            2. 2. Derogations in the Fisheries Sector No access
          7. VII. Citizenship Directive No access
        2. Article 32 [Exemptions for exercise of official authority] No access 420 - 423 Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
        3. Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
          1. I. Comparison with Art. 51 TFEU No access
          2. II. Justification of discriminatory measures vs non-discriminatory measures No access
          3. III. Public interest justification No access
          4. IV. Fundamental rights No access
          5. V. Proportionality No access
          6. VI. Specifics of EEA law regarding justifications No access
        4. Peter-Christian Müller-Graff
            1. 1. Parallel Wording in the EEA Agreement and the TFEU with Regard to the Right of Establishment of Companies or Firms No access
            2. 2. The effect of Art. 34 before national courts No access
            3. 3. Interpretation of Art. 34 in the light of the Principle of Homogeneity No access
          2. II. The notion of ‘companies or firms’ No access
            1. 1. Purpose of the requirement No access
            2. 2. Formation in accordance with the law of an EEA State No access
            1. 1. Purpose of the requirement No access
            2. 2. Territory of the contracting parties No access
            3. 3. The three alternatives for territorial connection: Registered office, central administration, principal place of business No access
            1. 1. Principle No access
            2. 2. Prohibition of restrictions No access
            3. 3. Justification of restrictions No access
              1. a) The general range of prohibited restrictions No access
              2. b) Home state restrictions of the transfer of the company seat (departure restrictions) No access
              3. c) Host state restrictions of the transfer of the company seat (access restrictions) No access
            2. 2. Right of secondary establishment No access
        5. Article 35 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] No access 450 - 450 Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
        1. Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
          1. I. Comparison with Art. 56 TFEU No access
            1. 1. Direct and indirect discrimination No access
            2. 2. Restriction test No access
            3. 3. Wholly internal situation No access
            1. 1. Remuneration No access
            2. 2. Beneficiaries No access
            3. 3. Relationship with other freedoms – Pedicel and the product coverage of EEA law No access
            1. 1. Gaming machines and Ladbrokes No access
            2. 2. Rindal and Slinning No access
            3. 3. STX No access
          5. V. Services Directive No access
          6. VI. Annexes IX to XI – secondary legislation related to services No access
          7. VII. The institutional solution in the financial services sector No access
        2. Article 37 [Definition of services] No access 470 - 470 Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
        3. Article 38 [Transport services] No access 470 - 473 Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
        4. Article 39 [Scope of application] No access 473 - 473 Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson
        1. Henrik Bull
          1. I. The “generation gap” between the EEA Agreement and the TFEU with regard to free movement of capital No access
            1. 1. Differences in wording between the EEA Agreement (Dir. 88/361/EEC) and the TFEU No access
            2. 2. Differences in wording between the provisions on free movement of capital and provisions concerning other forms of free movement No access
            1. 1. Credit for witholding tax No access
            2. 2. Mutual assistance in tax matters No access
          4. IV. The relationship to right of establishment No access
            1. 1. The concept of “residents” No access
            2. 2. Capital movements between residents of the same EEA State; discrimination based on nationality No access
            3. 3. Cross border movement without transfer between persons No access
          6. VI. Capital movements with third countries No access
          7. VI. The relationship between free movement of capital and financial services No access
          8. VII. Permanent EEA derogations in the fisheries sector No access
          9. VIII. Secondary legislation No access
        2. Article 41 [Free movement of payments] No access 488 - 489 Henrik Bull
        3. Article 42 [Circumvention of capital movements liberalization] No access 489 - 490 Henrik Bull
        4. Henrik Bull
          1. I. Comparison with the TFEU; role of the EFTA Court No access
          2. II. Measures to counter evasion of currency exchange restriction vis-à-vis third countries No access
          3. III. Capital market disturbances No access
          4. IV. Exchange rate alterations No access
          5. V. Balance of payments problems No access
          6. VI. Relationship to emergency measures enacted pursuant to the financial supervisory regulations No access
        5. Article 44 [Implementation of protective measures] No access 495 - 496 Henrik Bull
        6. Article 45 [Role of the Joint Committee in case of protective measures] No access 496 - 497 Henrik Bull
        1. Article 46 [Exchange of views and information] No access Per Christiansen
        1. Martin Hennig
            1. 1. The EU Common transport policy No access
            2. 2. The relationship between the EU common transport policy and EEA law No access
            1. 1. Transport by rail, road and inland waterway No access
            2. 2. Relationship to other areas of EEA law No access
            1. 1. Inland Transport No access
            2. 2. Road transport No access
            3. 3. Transport by rail No access
            4. 4. Transport by inland waterway No access
            5. 5. Maritime transport No access
            6. 6. Civil Aviation No access
        2. Article 48 [Non-discriminatory application of national rules] No access 517 - 518 Martin Hennig
        3. Article 49 [State aid in the transport sector] No access 518 - 521 Martin Hennig
        4. Article 50 [Prohibition of discriminatory rates or conditions for carriage of goods] No access 521 - 522 Martin Hennig
        5. Article 51 [Prohibition of State aid in the form of favorable rates or conditions] No access 522 - 524 Martin Hennig
        6. Article 52 [Charges for crossing the borders] No access 524 - 525 Martin Hennig
        1. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. General remarks on the rules applicable to undertakings No access
        2. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Agreements No access
            3. 3. Concerted practices No access
            4. 4. Decisions by associations of undertakings No access
            5. 5. Single continuous infringements and the concept of agreements and/or concerted practices No access
          3. III. Effect on inter-state trade No access
          4. IV. Restriction of competition No access
          5. V. Void agreements No access
            1. 1. Contributing to improved efficiency or other benefits No access
            2. 2. Benefitting consumers No access
            3. 3. Indispensable restrictions No access
            4. 4. No elimination of competition No access
          7. VII. Public policy exemptions and the applicability of Art. 53 EEA No access
        3. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Dominant position No access
            1. 1. General remarks No access
            2. 2. Exclusivity agreements No access
            3. 3. Price discrimination No access
            4. 4. Other types of abuses No access
          4. IV. Justifications No access
          5. V. Economic considerations No access
        4. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Legal context No access
          2. II. The competence provided for by Art. 55 No access
          3. III. Block exemptions and guidelines No access
        5. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Division of competence between ESA and the Commission No access
          3. III. National enforcement, the damages directive and challenges for future enforcement harmonisation No access
        6. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Legal context No access
          2. II. The substantive test No access
          3. III. Division of competence – Or why ESA never deals with mergers No access
        7. Ronny Gjendemsjø
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Protocol 23 No access
          3. III. Protocol 24 No access
        8. Tarjei Bekkedal
          1. I. Introduction No access
          2. II. Paragraph 1 No access
          3. III. Paragraph 1 read in conjunction with the competition rules No access
          4. IV. The scope of the exemption in paragraph 2 No access
          5. V. Case E-29/15 Sorpa No access
          6. VI. Paragraph 3 No access
        9. Article 60 [Specific provisions on undertakings] No access 584 - 585 Ronny Gjendemsjø
        1. Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen
          1. I. The main provision on state aid No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Notion of undertaking and economic activity No access
            3. 3. State resources No access
            4. 4. Advantage No access
            5. 5. Selectivity No access
            6. 6. Distortion of competition and effect on trade No access
            1. 1. Social aid No access
            2. 2. Aid for natural disasters or exceptional occurrences No access
            3. 3. Aid to compensate for the division of Germany No access
            1. 1. Common assessment principles No access
            2. 2. Regional aid where the standard of living is abnormally low or where there is serious underemployment No access
            3. 3. Important projects of Common European interest and financial crisis aid No access
            4. 4. Aid to facilitate the development of certain economic activities or areas No access
            5. 5. Categories of aid found compatible by the EEA Joint Committee No access
        2. Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen
            1. 1. Overview No access
            2. 2. The legal framework No access
          2. II. Constant review of all aid measures No access
          3. III. Aid schemes vs. individual aid No access
          4. IV. Existing aid No access
            1. 1. The concept of new aid No access
            2. 2. Notified aid No access
            3. 3. Unlawful aid No access
          6. VI. Misuse of aid No access
          7. VII. Monitoring No access
          8. VIII. Uniform surveillance and cooperation between the Commission and ESA No access
        3. Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen
          1. I. Introduction – Annex XV on State aid No access
          2. II. The Transparency Directive No access
          3. III. The de minimis Regulation No access
          4. IV. The SGEI Decision No access
          5. V. The SGEI de minimis Regulation No access
          6. VI. The General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER) No access
        4. Article 64 [Dispute resolution] No access 609 - 612 Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen
        1. Simen Hammersvik
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Scope of Application No access
            2. 2. General Principles on Public Procurement No access
            3. 3. Advertising of Contracts No access
            4. 4. The Description of the Subject Matter of the Contract No access
            5. 5. Criteria for Qualification and Selection of Tenderers No access
            6. 6. Criteria for Award of Contracts No access
            7. 7. Amendment of public contracts No access
            1. 1. The most central secondary legislation and EEA adaptions No access
            2. 2. Other secondary legislation No access
            3. 3. Appendices to Annex XVI No access
            1. 1. Scope of Application No access
            2. 2. General on award procedures and fundamental principles No access
            3. 3. What to buy – Defining the subject matter of the contract No access
            4. 4. Qualification and selection of tenderers No access
            5. 5. Award of Contracts No access
            6. 6. Conditions for contract performance No access
          5. V. National judicial review and enforcement No access
        2. Ole-Andreas Rognstad
          1. I. Introduction: Intellectual Property in the EEA No access
            1. 1. ‘Intellectual, industrial and commercial property’ No access
            2. 2. EEA relevance No access
            3. 3. The impact of the lack of coordinated third country policy No access
            4. 4. Application to ‘all products and services’ No access
            1. 1. General obligations No access
            2. 2. Exhaustion of rights No access
            3. 3. ‘Community’ and European patents No access
            4. 4. Extending protection of semiconductor products No access
            5. 5. Adherence to International IP Conventions No access
          4. IV. Homogeneity and possible deviations No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Parallel imports No access
            3. 3. Patent law – supplementary protection certificates No access
            4. 4. Trade Mark Protection for Copyright Protected Works No access
        1. Article 66 [Improvement of working conditions] No access 659 - 660 Tron Løkken Sundet
        2. Tron Løkken Sundet
          1. I. The minimum requirements in an EEA context No access
          2. II. Annex XVIII – an overview No access
          3. III. Effective implementation No access
        3. Tron Løkken Sundet
            1. 1. Legal Context No access
            2. 2. The relationship between market freedoms and labour law No access
            3. 3. EU/EEA labour law, fundamental rights and national labour law No access
          2. II. Annex XVIII – an overview No access
          3. III. Proof of employment contract No access
          4. IV. Posting of Workers No access
            1. 1. The directive and case law at a glance No access
            2. 2. The transfer of undertakings Directive and the Charter Art. 16 No access
            3. 3. The EFTA Court’s approach No access
            1. 1. The Working Time directive at a glance No access
            2. 2. The EFTA Court’s approach No access
        4. Karl Harald Søvig
          1. I. Legal context and development of the principle of equal pay No access
            1. 1. Wording of Art. 69 EEA and Art. 157 TFEU No access
            2. 2. The notion of pay No access
            3. 3. The notion of discrimination No access
            4. 4. Annex XVIII No access
          3. III. EU secondary law implementing the principle of equal pay for equal work No access
          4. IV. Outlook No access
        5. Karl Harald Søvig
          1. I. Scope of Art. 70 No access
          2. II. Secondary legislation and case law No access
          3. III. The impact of CEDAW No access
          4. IV. Outlook No access
        6. Article 71 [Social dialogue] No access 690 - 691 Tron Løkken Sundet
        1. Berte-Elen R. Konow
          1. I. General observations No access
          2. II. Background: Nordic consumer protection prior to the EEA Agreement No access
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Consumer contract law No access
            3. 3. Unfair commercial practices No access
            4. 4. Effective consumer protection by way of dispute resolution and cooperation between national authorities No access
            1. 1. The ECJ and the EFTA Court No access
            2. 2. The national courts of the EFTA States No access
          5. V. The lack of EEA private international law No access
          6. VI. Assessment and outlook No access
        1. Introduction to EEA environmental law No access 713 - 715 Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz
        2. Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz
            1. 1. Introduction No access
            2. 2. Letter (a) – preservation, protection and improvement of the environment No access
            3. 3. Letter (b) – protection of human health No access
            4. 4. Letter (c) – prudent and rational utilization of natural resources No access
          2. II. Paragraph 2 – the principles of EEA environmental law No access
        3. Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz
          1. I. Introduction No access
            1. 1. Limited scope No access
            2. 2. Nature conservation and flood risks management No access
            3. 3. Agriculture and fisheries No access
            4. 4. Geographical scope No access
            5. 5. Methodological challenges No access
            6. 6. Shaping national environmental law that falls outside the EEA Agreement No access
            1. 1. General rules No access
            2. 2. Water No access
              1. a) Introduction No access
              2. b) Ambient air quality No access
              3. c) The EU Emissions Trading Scheme No access
              4. d) The 2030 Climate & Energy Framework No access
            4. 4. Chemicals, industrial risk and biotechnology No access
            5. 5. Waste No access
            6. 6. Noise No access
            7. 7. Acts of which the contracting parties take note No access
        4. Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz
          1. I. Legal Context No access
          2. II. Compatibility with other parts of the EEA Agreement No access
          3. III. More stringent protective measures No access
        1. Article 76 [Cooperation in the field of statistics] No access Martin Hennig
        1. Peter-Christian Müller-Graff
          1. I. The function of Art. 77 No access
          2. II. The EU legal acts referred to in Annex XXII No access
            1. 1. Formation of certain types of companies No access
            2. 2. Organisation in listed companies No access
            3. 3. Single-member private limited liability companies No access
            4. 4. Ongoing operations in certain types of companies No access
            5. 5. Accounting No access
            6. 6. Structural changes No access
            7. 7. Termination et al. No access
            8. 8. Commercial registers No access
            1. 1. European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) No access
            2. 2. European Company (SE) No access
            3. 3. European Cooperative Society (SCE) No access
          5. V. Acts of Which the Contracting Parties Shall Take Note No access
      1. Introduction to EEA cooperation outside the four freedoms No access 751 - 753 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      2. Article 78 [Areas of cooperation] No access 753 - 754 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      3. Article 79 [Dialogue and consultation] No access 754 - 757 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      4. Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
        1. I. Forms of cooperation No access
        2. II. Participation in EU programmes No access
        3. III. Participation in EU agencies No access
        4. IV. Participation in EU annual activities No access
        5. V. Participation in EU networks and bodies No access
      5. Article 81 [EFTA States’ participation in EU programmes] No access 763 - 767 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      6. Article 82 [EFTA States’ financial contributions] No access 767 - 770 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      7. Article 83 [Exchange of information between public authorities] No access 770 - 771 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      8. Article 84 [Cooperation in specific fields] No access 771 - 771 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      9. Article 85 [Inclusion of pre-existing cooperation] No access 771 - 772 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      10. Article 86 [Role of the EEA Joint Committee] No access 772 - 773 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      11. Article 87 [Expansion to new fields of cooperation] No access 773 - 776 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      12. Article 88 [Domestic measures] No access 776 - 777 Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
          1. Article 89 [Responsibilities of the EEA Council] No access 777 - 779 Dora Sif Tynes
          2. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Composition of the EEA Council No access
            2. II. Decision-making in the EEA Council No access
          3. Article 91 [The EEA Council: presidency and meetings] No access 780 - 782 Dora Sif Tynes
          1. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Establishment of the EEA Joint Committee No access
            2. II. Exchanges of views and information No access
            3. III. Consultations on matters of difficulty No access
            4. IV. Rules of procedure No access
          2. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Composition of the EEA Joint Committee No access
            2. II. Decision-making in the EEA Joint Committee No access
          3. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Presidency and meetings No access
            2. II. Subcommittees and working groups No access
            3. III. Annual report No access
          1. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Establishment of the EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee and composition No access
            2. II. Aim and function No access
          1. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. Establishment and composition of the EEA Consultative Committee No access
            2. II. Aim and function No access
        1. Introduction to the Chapter No access 792 - 793 Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
        2. Article 97 [Right to amend internal legislation] No access 793 - 795 Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
        3. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
            1. 1. The traditional amendment procedures under international public law No access
            2. 2. The amendment competence of the EEA Joint Committee under Art. 98 No access
            3. 3. The simplified procedure in the veterinary field and food area No access
          2. II. The competence to amend Annexes No access
          3. III. The competence to amend Protocols No access
        4. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
          1. I. EFTA participation in the preparatory stage of EU decision-making No access
          2. II. Decision-shaping No access
        5. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
          1. I. EFTA participation in the comitology system No access
          2. II. “As wide a participation as possible” No access
          3. III. The impact of the use of the trilogue procedure No access
        6. Article 101 [Participation of EFTA States’ experts in non-comitology committees] No access 802 - 803 Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
        7. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
          1. I. Simplified decision-making and procedures for consultation in case of disagreement No access
            1. 1. The aim of “simultaneous application” of legislation in the whole of the EEA No access
            2. 2. The challenge of the inherent delay of EEA decision-making No access
              1. a) The formal starting point No access
                1. aa) EEA relevance No access
                2. bb) Adaptations No access
                3. cc) Preliminary assessment of horizontal issues No access
              3. c) The incorporation procedure in practice No access
              4. d) The “backlog” issue No access
              5. e) Publication of EEA Joint Committee Decisions No access
          3. III. Procedures for consultation in case of failure to reach agreement and the possibility of provisional suspension No access
        8. Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
          1. I. Constitutional requirements for the entering into force of a Joint Committee Decision No access
          2. II. Entering into force of a JCD on fulfilment of constitutional requirements No access
          3. III. Deadline, delays and veto No access
        9. Article 104 [Binding effect of EEA Joint Committee decisions] No access 824 - 825 Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø
          1. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
            1. I. The institutional implementation of the homogeneity objective No access
            2. II. The notion of homogeneity No access
            3. III. The powers of the Joint Committee to preserve homogeneity No access
            4. IV. The applicability of Art. 105 to Advisory Opinions from the EFTA Court pursuant to Art. 34 SCA No access
            5. V. The practical importance of Art. 105 No access
          2. Article 106 [Exchange of information concerning relevant judgements] No access 835 - 837 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
          3. Article 107 [Preliminary rulings from the ECJ] No access 837 - 840 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
          1. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. The EEA Surveillance Mechanism No access
              1. 1. The establishment of ESA No access
                1. a) General Surveillance No access
                2. b) Competition and State Aid No access
                3. c) Special powers in certain other fields No access
              3. 3. Assessment No access
              1. 1. Establishment of the EFTA Court No access
                1. a) Actions concerning the general surveillance procedure No access
                2. b) Appeals concerning decisions in competition cases No access
                3. c) Dispute settlement No access
              3. 3. Assessment of the EFTA Court No access
          2. Dora Sif Tynes
            1. I. The two pillar system of surveillance No access
            2. II. The case of EU Agencies No access
            3. III. Competence to impose fines No access
            4. IV. Information, notification and authorisation procedures No access
            5. V. Cooperation between the surveillance authorities No access
            6. VI. Handling of complaints and division of competence No access
            7. VII. Dispute settlement No access
          3. Article 110 [Enforceability of decisions of the ESA and the Commission and of judgments of the EFTA Court and the EU Courts] Einarsson/FredriksenEnforceability of decisions and judgements No access 860 - 865 Dora Sif Tynes
          1. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
            1. I. Introduction – Dispute Settlement in the EEA No access
              1. 1. Right to invoke Art. 111 No access
              2. 2. No need to involve ESA or the Commission No access
              3. 3. The powers of the Joint Committee to settle a dispute No access
            3. III. Dispute settlement through the ECJ No access
            4. IV. Safeguard measures in the event of an unresolved dispute No access
            5. V. Suspension of affected parts of the EEA Agreement in a case of an unresolved dispute No access
            6. VI. Settlement of disputes concerning safeguard measures and rebalancing measures through arbitration No access
            7. VII. Settlement of disputes between the EU and one or more EFTA States outside Art. 111 No access
          1. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
            1. I. Introduction No access
            2. II. Conditions for taking safeguard measures No access
            3. III. Scope and duration of safeguard measures No access
            4. IV. Erga omnes effect of safeguard measures No access
          2. Article 113 [Notification of safeguard measures, consultations] No access 888 - 889 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
          3. Article 114 [Rebalancing measures] No access 889 - 890 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
      1. Introduction: Economic and social cohesion in the EU and in the EEA No access 890 - 891 Per Christiansen
      2. Article 115 [Object and purpose of the EEA financial mechanism] No access 891 - 892 Per Christiansen
      3. Article 116 [The EEA financial mechanism] No access 892 - 894 Per Christiansen
      4. Per Christiansen
        1. I. Governance through detailed provisions in protocols No access
          1. 1. 1994 to 1998 – Protocol 38 No access
          2. 2. 1999 to 2003 No access
            1. a) The expansion of the EU and of the need for cohesion No access
            2. b) The Financial Mechanism – Protocol 38 a No access
            3. c) The establishment of the Norway Grants No access
          4. 4. 2009 to 2014 – Protocol 38 b No access
          5. 5. 2014 to 2021 – Protocol 38 c No access
          1. 1. The organisation No access
          2. 2. The Memoranda of Understanding No access
          3. 3. Management and control No access
          4. 4. Dispute resolution No access
        4. IV. Concluding remarks No access
      1. Christophe Hillion
        1. I. The EEA evolutionary clause No access
          1. 1. The elastic notion of “EEA relevance” No access
          2. 2. Judicial (and administrative) dynamism No access
          3. 3. Amendments following accession to and withdrawal from the EEA No access
          4. 4. Cooperation outside the EEA framework No access
          1. 1. Initiation No access
          2. 2. Negotiation and ratification No access
        4. IV. Outlook No access
      2. Finn Arnesen
        1. I. Introduction No access
        2. II. Protocols No access
          1. 1. Derogations, adaptations and declarations No access
          2. 2. Hierarchy of norms No access
          3. 3. Validity No access
      3. Håvard Ormberg
        1. I. Relation to already existing agreements and public international law No access
        2. II. “unless otherwise provided” No access
        3. III. “to the extent that the same subject matter is governed by this Agreement” No access
      4. Article 121 [Nordic cooperation, regional union between Switzerland and Liechtenstein] No access 924 - 927 Håvard Ormberg
      5. Article 122 [Secrecy obligations] No access 927 - 929 Håvard Ormberg
      6. Håvard Ormberg
        1. I. Essential security interests, defence procurement and times of crisis and war No access
        2. II. Homogeneity – A question of bridging the gap? No access
        3. III. Art. 123(a) – information contrary to essential security interests No access
        4. IV. Art. 123(b) – armaments and other products indispensable for defence purposes No access
        5. V. Art. 123(c) – measures in extraordinary and extreme circumstances No access
        6. VI. The Defence Procurement Directive No access
        1. I. EU Origin and Development No access
        2. II. EEA Relevance No access
        3. III. Legal Content No access
      8. Article 125 [The EEA Agreement and national systems of property ownership] No access 942 - 945 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      9. Finn Arnesen
        1. I. Introduction No access
        2. II. Art. 126 (1) No access
        3. III. Art. 126(2) No access
      10. Christophe Hillion
        1. I. The EEA withdrawal clause No access
          1. 1. Scope No access
          2. 2. Right and obligation No access
          1. 1. Activation No access
          2. 2. Negotiations No access
      11. Christophe Hillion
        1. I. An open legal order No access
          1. 1. European States No access
          2. 2. EFTA or EU members only No access
          1. 1. Negotiation No access
          2. 2. Ratification No access
        4. IV. Prospects No access
      12. Finn Arnesen
        1. I. Multilingualism No access
        2. II. Ratification and deposition No access
        3. III. Entry in to force No access
    1. Contracting Parties No access 973 - 975 Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
    2. Preamble No access 975 - 977 Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
      1. Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen
        1. I. The SCA and the EEA Agreement No access
        2. II. The term ‘EFTA States’ No access
      2. Article 2 [Principle of loyalty] No access 978 - 980 Christian Franklin
      3. Pål Wennerås
        1. I. Introduction No access
        2. II. Art. 3(1) No access
        3. III. Art. 3(2) No access
        4. IV. Commonalities No access
      1. Article 4 [Establishment of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] No access 984 - 987 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      2. Article 5 [Responsibilities and means] No access 987 - 990 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      3. Article 6 [Right to information from the EFTA States and from undertakings] No access 990 - 992 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      4. Article 7 [Composition] No access 992 - 993 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      5. Article 8 [Independence of the members] No access 993 - 995 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      6. Article 9 [Appointment of the members] No access 995 - 996 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      7. Article 10 [Termination of office] No access 996 - 996 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      8. Article 11 [Compulsory retirement] No access 996 - 996 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      9. Article 12 [The President of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] No access 996 - 997 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      10. Article 13 [Rules of procedure] No access 997 - 1002 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      11. Article 14 [The staff of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] No access 1002 - 1003 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      12. Article 15 [Decision-making] No access 1003 - 1003 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      13. Article 16 [Obligation to state the reasons for decisions] No access 1003 - 1004 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      14. Article 17 [Notification and entry into effect of decisions] No access 1004 - 1004 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      15. Article 18 [Publication of decisions] No access 1004 - 1005 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      16. Article 19 [Enforceability of decisions] No access 1005 - 1005 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      17. Article 20 [Language] No access 1005 - 1006 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      18. Article 21 [Annual report] No access 1006 - 1007 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      1. Introduction to Part III Article 22 Monitoring the application of the EEA Agreement No access 1007 - 1007 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      2. Article 22 [Monitoring the application of the EEA Agreement and the SCA] No access 1007 - 1009 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      3. Article 23 [Monitoring within the field of public procurement law] No access 1009 - 1011 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      4. Article 24 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of State aid] No access 1011 - 1012 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      5. Article 25 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of the competition rules] No access 1012 - 1018 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      6. Article 25 a [Responsibilities in the field of financial supervision] No access 1018 - 1019 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      7. Article 26 [Cooperation between the ESA and the EU Commission] No access 1019 - 1019 Per Andreas Bjørgan
      1. Introduction to Part IV No access 1019 - 1019 Per Christiansen
      2. Article 27 [The establishment of the EFTA Court] No access 1019 - 1020 Per Christiansen
      3. Article 28 [Composition] No access 1020 - 1021 Per Christiansen
      4. Article 29 [Quorum] No access 1021 - 1021 Per Christiansen
      5. Per Christiansen
        1. I. Introduction No access
        2. II. Appointment of Judges No access
        3. III. Reappointment of Judges No access
        4. IV. Election of the Court’s President No access
        5. V. Ad hoc Judges No access
      6. Per Christiansen
        1. I. The infringement procedure No access
        2. II. Additional infringement procedure under Protocol 3 SCA No access
        3. III. The direct action procedure before the Court No access
      7. Article 32 [Infringement action by an EFTA State] No access 1029 - 1030 Per Christiansen
      8. Article 33 [Compliance with judgements of the EFTA Court] No access 1030 - 1032 Per Christiansen
      9. Per Christiansen
        1. . Introduction to the advisory opinion procedureSee for comparison Art. 267 TFEU. For a presentation of the advisory opinion procedure, see for example Christiansen, ‘Om EFTA-domstolens rådgivende utt... No access
        2. II. The EFTA Court’s jurisdiction in advisory opinions proceedings No access
        3. III. The notion of “court or tribunal” No access
        4. IV. The necessity and relevance of the request No access
        5. V. National limitations on the right to refer No access
        6. VI. No obligation to refer No access
        7. VII. The advisory opinion procedure before the Court No access
        8. VIII. The format and content of a request No access
        9. IX. Effect of an advisory opinion No access
      10. Article 35 [Jurisdiction to review penalties imposed by the ESA] No access 1040 - 1041 Per Christiansen
      11. Per Christiansen
        1. I. Introduction to the action for annulmentSee for comparison Art. 263 TFEU. No access
        2. II. Standing for the EFTA States No access
        3. III. Grounds of review No access
        4. IV. Acts subject to review No access
        5. V. Standing for non-privileged applicants No access
        6. VI. The time limit No access
        7. VII. The consequences of a successful action No access
      12. Article 37 [Action for failure to act] No access 1046 - 1048 Per Christiansen
      13. Article 38 [Obligation to comply with judgements of the EFTA Court] No access 1048 - 1048 Per Christiansen
      14. Article 39 [Actions for non-contractual liability] No access 1048 - 1050 Per Christiansen
      15. Article 40 [Suspensory effect of actions brought before the EFTA Court] No access 1050 - 1051 Per Christiansen
      16. Article 41 [Interim measures] No access 1051 - 1051 Per Christiansen
      1. Article 42 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the SCA] No access 1051 - 1056 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      2. Article 43 [Statute and Rules of procedure of the EFTA Court] No access 1056 - 1065 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      3. Article 44 [Legal capacity, privileges and immunities, headquarters agreements] No access 1065 - 1066 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      4. Article 45 [Seats of the ESA and the EFTA Court] No access 1066 - 1066 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      5. Article 46 [Contractual and non-contractual liability of the ESA] No access 1066 - 1074 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      6. Article 47 [Budget for the ESA] No access 1074 - 1075 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      7. Article 48 [Budget for the EFTA Court] No access 1075 - 1075 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      8. Article 49 [Amendments to the SCA] No access 1075 - 1075 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      9. Article 50 [Withdrawal from the SCA] No access 1075 - 1076 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      10. Article 51 [Accession to the SCA] No access 1076 - 1077 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      11. Article 52 [Implementation of the SCA] No access 1077 - 1077 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
      12. Article 53 [Authentic languages, ratification, deposit and entry into force] No access 1077 - 1079 Thomas Chr. Poulsen
    1. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      1. I. Contracting Parties and Preamble No access
    2. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      1. I. Establishment of the Standing Committee No access
      2. II. Competences and tasks of the Standing Committee No access
      3. III. Definitions No access
    3. Article 2 [Consultations] No access 1082 - 1085 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    4. Article 3 [Responsibilities] No access 1085 - 1089 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    5. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      1. I. Composition and votes No access
      2. II. Representation No access
    6. Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
      1. I. The Subcommittees of the Standing Committee No access
      2. II. The working groups No access
      3. III. The Financial Mechanism Committee No access
      4. IV. Committees assisting ESA No access
    7. Article 6 [Decision-making in the Standing Committee] No access 1095 - 1096 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    8. Article 7 [Rules of procedure] No access 1096 - 1097 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    9. Article 8 [EFTA Secretariat] No access 1097 - 1098 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    10. Article 9 [EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee, EFTA Consultative Committee] No access 1098 - 1099 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    11. Article 10 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the Agreement] No access 1099 - 1099 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    12. Article 11 [Amendments of the Agreement on a Standing Committee] No access 1099 - 1100 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    13. Article 12 [Withdrawal from the Agreement on a Standing Committee] No access 1100 - 1101 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    14. Article 13 [Accession to the Agreement on a Standing Committee] No access 1101 - 1101 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
    15. Article 14 [Authentic languages, ratification, deposit and entry into force] No access 1101 - 1103 Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir
  7. Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association EFTA Convention No access 1103 - 1125
  8. Index No access 1125 - 1141

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