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International Sales Law

Contract, Principles & Practice
Editors:
Publisher:
 2016
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Summary

This book’s goal is to provide in a single volume a comprehensive review of laws, issues, and contract terms used in the international sale of goods. It provides a single reference book for practitioners, academics and students, as well as to draw and synthesize a wide range of materials from hard and soft law instruments, international and national legal instruments, and from real world practice. Its approach is international and comparative. International in its use of core materials such as the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Law (CISG), the Principles of European Private Law (PECL), the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts (PICC) and the proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL) in its 2011 original version. It is comparative in that it reviews differences between civil and common law approaches to certain issues, as well as sampling some important national laws.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2016
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-2199-3
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-6515-5
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language
German
Pages
1086
Product type
Comment

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I - LVI Download chapter (PDF)
  2. Larry A. DiMatteo, André Janssen, Ulrich Magnus, Reiner Schulze
    1. A. What is International Sales Law? No access
    2. B. Sources of International Sales Law: Why the CISG? No access
    3. C. Commercial Practice, Business Custom and Trade Usage No access
    4. D. Ambiguities and Gaps No access
    5. E. Restatement Approach No access
    6. F. International Transactional Lawyering No access
    7. G. Drafting Approach No access
    8. H. The Sales Contract No access
    9. I. Electronic Contracting No access
    10. J. Treatise’s Coverage No access
    11. K. Additional Sources No access
  3. Claire M. Germain
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial ContractsAvailable online under http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles2010/ integralversionprinciples2010-e.pdf. No access
        3. III. Common European Sales LawProposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common European Sales Law, COM (2011) 635 final. No access
          1. Comment on PICC, CESL, and PECL provisions No access
        5. V. National Laws No access
        6. VI. Chinese Contract Lawhttp://www.trans-lex.org/601700/. See Zhang, Chinese Contract Law: Theory and Practice (Brill 2006) p. 132. No access
      6. F. Commentary No access
      7. G. Illustrations No access
      8. H. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      9. I. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
          1. Comment No access
        2. II. UN Vienna Convention on the Law of Treatieshttps://treaties.un.org/. Ch. XXIII. Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties. Vienna, 23 May 1969. No access
          1. Comment No access
      6. F. Commentary No access
      7. G. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      8. H. Additional Sources No access
  4. Rafael Illescas Ortiz
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
        4. IV. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        5. V. French Code Civil No access
        6. VI. Spanish Código Civil No access
        7. VII. Chinese Contract Law No access
          1. 1. Search for a CISG Benchmark on Pre-contractual Liability No access
          2. 2. Article 40 CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
            1. a) Intention to Reach Agreement and Fair Dealing No access
            2. b) Duty to Provide Information No access
            3. c) Confidentially No access
          2. 2. Bad Faith Negotiations No access
      6. F. Cross References No access
      7. G. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
        1. I. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        2. II. Spanish Código Civil No access
        3. III. Italian Codice Civile No access
        4. IV. Swiss Obligationenrecht No access
        5. V. The Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law for the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Sales Contracts in Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. I. Pre-contractual Instruments Equivalent to the Final Sale Contract No access
        2. II. Pre-contractual Instruments Not Fully Equivalent to the Final Sales Contract No access
        3. III. Options No access
          1. 1. Comfort Letters No access
          2. 2. Agreements to Negotiate or Extend No access
      6. F. Cross References No access
      7. G. Additional Sources No access
  5. Larry A. DiMatteo
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      2. II. Common Law of Contracts No access
      3. III. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
      4. IV. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      5. V. Trade Secrets Law No access
      6. VI. American Uniform Trade Secrets Act No access
      7. VII. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      8. VIII. Chinese Contract Law No access
      9. IX. Chinese Anti-Unfair Competition Law No access
      10. X. Interpretation II of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues concerning the Application of the Chinese Contract Law No access
      11. XI. International Trade Usage No access
      1. I. Good Faith in Negotiations No access
        1. 1. Informality of Contracting and Waning of Formalities No access
        2. 2. Agreement to Agree No access
        3. 3. Letters of Intent No access
        4. 4. Preliminary Agreements: Agreement in Principle, Memorandum of Understanding, and Heads of Agreement) No access
        5. 5. Lock-out Agreements No access
        6. 6. Disclaimers of Liability No access
      3. III. Misrepresentation and the Duty to Disclose No access
      4. IV. Breach of Confidentiality No access
      1. Case of Promissory Estoppel No access
    8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Good Commercial Practice No access
      2. II. Benefits and Functions of a Well-Structured Preliminary Agreement No access
        1. 1. Privacy of Information Clause No access
        2. 2. Restrictive Agreement No access
        3. 3. Indemnity Language No access
        4. 4. Disclaimer Language No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  6. Sieg Eiselen
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
        1. 1. Opinion No. 4 Contracts for the Sale of Goods to Be Manufactured or Produced and Mixed Contracts (Article 3 CISG) No access
        2. 2. Opinion No. 16 Exclusion of the CISG under Article 6 No access
      3. III. Incoterms No access
        1. 1. Incorporate the Incoterms® 2010 rules into your contract of sale No access
        2. 2. Choose the Appropriate Incoterms Rule No access
      5. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      6. V. Common European Sales Law No access
      7. VI. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        1. 1. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        2. 2. Handelsgesetzbuch No access
      9. VIII. French Code Civil No access
      10. IX. Spanish Código Civil No access
      11. X. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        1. 1. Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        2. 2. Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 No access
      13. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
      1. I. CISG’s Choice of Law Rules No access
      2. II. Defining Sale of Goods No access
      3. III. Mixed Sales No access
      4. IV. Issues of Validity No access
      5. V. Personal Injury No access
      6. VI. Derogation from CISG No access
      7. VII. CISG and Other International Law Instruments No access
      8. VIII. CISG and Incoterms No access
      9. IX. CISG and National Laws No access
      1. I. Practitioner Tips No access
        1. 1. Opting Out of the CISG Where the CISG Would Otherwise Apply No access
        2. 2. Accepting the Application of the CISG Where It Would Apply No access
        3. 3. Opting-In to the CISG Where It Would Not Apply No access
        4. 4. Opting into the CISG and the PICC No access
        5. 5. Opting into the CISG in Distributorship Agreements No access
    8. H. Additional Sources No access
  7. Sieg Eiselen
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. Introduction No access
          1. 1. CISG No access
          2. 2. ALI/UNIDROIT Principles No access
            1. a) Brussels I Regulation No access
            2. b) Recast Brussels I Regulation 2012 No access
          4. 4. Germany No access
          5. 5. Spain No access
          6. 6. France No access
          7. 7. England No access
          8. 8. United States No access
          9. 9. China No access
        3. III. Comments No access
        1. I. Introduction No access
          1. 1. CISG No access
          2. 2. ALI/UNIDROIT Principles No access
            1. a) Brussels I Regulation No access
            2. b) Recast Brussels I Regulation 2012 No access
          4. 4. Germany No access
          5. 5. Spain No access
          6. 6. France No access
          7. 7. England No access
          8. 8. United States No access
          9. 9. China No access
        3. III. Comments No access
        1. I. Introduction No access
          1. 1. CISG No access
          2. 2. ALI/UNIDROIT Principles No access
            1. a) Brussels I Regulation No access
            2. b) Recast Brussels I Regulation 2012 No access
          4. 4. Germany No access
          5. 5. Spain No access
          6. 6. France No access
          7. 7. England No access
          8. 8. United States No access
          9. 9. China No access
        3. III. Comments No access
        1. I. Introduction No access
          1. 1. CISG and the New York Convention No access
              1. aa) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
              2. bb) Arbitration Clauses No access
                1. Lis pendens — related actions No access
              4. dd) Forum Non Conveniens No access
              1. aa) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
              2. bb) Arbitration Clauses No access
                1. Lis pendens — related actions No access
              4. dd) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
            1. a) Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
            2. b) Arbitration Clauses No access
            3. c) Lis Alibi Pendens No access
            4. d) Forum Non Conveniens No access
          1. 1. Exclusive Jurisdiction Clauses No access
          2. 2. Arbitration Clauses No access
          3. 3. Lis Alibi Pendens No access
          4. 4. Forum Non Conveniens No access
      1. I. Example 1 No access
      2. II. Example 2 No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
    8. H. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  8. Sieg Eiselen
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      6. VI. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      7. VII. French Code Civil No access
      8. VIII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        1. Uniform Commercial Code No access
        2. niform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)1999. The Act applies in 47 states of the US. Three states, Illinois, New York and Washington, have not adopted the uniform act, but have statutes pertaining t... No access
      10. X. English Sales Law No access
        1. 1. Contract Law of the People's Republic of China No access
        2. 2. Chinese Supreme Court Interpretations Relating to Sales Law No access
        3. 3. Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China No access
      1. I. CISG Formalities No access
      2. II. CISG and United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications No access
      3. III. Modification of Contracts No access
      4. IV. Uniform Commercial Code Formalities No access
      5. V. Other Electronic Commerce Laws and Conventions No access
    7. G. Illustrations No access
    8. H. Cross References No access
      1. I. Practitioner Tips No access
        1. 1. Writing as Constitutive Requirement for Contract Formation No access
        2. 2. No Oral Modification Clause No access
        3. 3. Electronic Communications Clause No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  9. Reiner Schulze
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transactions No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      10. X. English Common Law No access
        1. 1. Common Law as Represented by American Restatement No access
        2. 2. Common Law of Contracts Compared to Uniform Commercial Code No access
      12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. 1. Consensus No access
        2. 2. Dissent No access
        3. 3. Intention to be Bound and Additional Requirements No access
        4. 4. Statements and Conduct No access
        5. 5. Communication of Statements No access
        1. 1. Concept No access
        2. 2. Distinction from Invitatio ad Offerendum No access
          1. a) Withdrawal No access
          2. b) Revocation No access
          3. c) Termination No access
        1. 1. Mode No access
        2. 2. Silence No access
        3. 3. Time Frame No access
        4. 4. Modified Acceptance No access
        5. 5. Commercial Confirmation Letter No access
          1. a) Overlapping Statements No access
          2. b) ‘Extended’ Conclusion of Contract No access
        2. 2. Internet Auctions No access
    7. G. Cross References No access
    8. H. Practitioner Tips No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  10. Ulrich Magnus
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
        1. 1. Notion of Standard Contract Terms No access
          1. a) Express Incorporation No access
          2. b) Implied Incorporation No access
          3. c) Consumer Cases No access
          4. d) Consequences No access
      11. XI. Comparative Conclusions No access
    6. F. Illustrations No access
      1. I. Battle of Forms No access
      2. II. Merger Clauses No access
    8. H. Practitioner Tips No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  11. Ulrich Magnus, Burghard Piltz
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Brief History of the Incoterms No access
    4. D. The Nature of the Incoterms No access
      1. I. In General No access
      2. Rules for Any Mode or Modes of Transport No access
      3. II. EXW – Ex Works No access
      4. III. FCA – Free Carrier No access
      5. IV. CPT – Carriage Paid To No access
      6. V. CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid to No access
      7. VI. DAT – Delivered at Terminal No access
      8. VII. DAP – Delivered at Place No access
      9. VIII. DDP – Delivered Duty Paid No access
      10. Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport No access
      11. IX. FAS – Free Alongside Ship No access
      12. X. FOB – Free on Board No access
      13. XI. CFR – Cost and Freight No access
      14. XII. CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight No access
      1. I. New Order and Extended Instructions No access
      2. II. Reduction of Number of Clauses No access
        1. 1. Major General Changes No access
        2. 2. Major Changes for Certain Terms Only No access
      1. I. In General No access
      2. II. Place of Delivery/Passage of Risk No access
      3. III. Responsibility for Performance Aspects No access
      4. IV. Responsibility for Costs No access
      1. I. Express Reference in Contract No access
      2. II. Indirect Reference in Contract No access
      3. III. Application as Trade Usage? No access
      4. IV. Consequences of Incorporation No access
      5. V. Interpretation No access
      6. VI. Relationship to CISG No access
      7. VII. Inconsistent Contract Terms No access
    9. I. Similar Trade Terms No access
    10. J. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Correct Incorporation No access
      2. II. Derogation from Certain Incoterms Aspects No access
      3. III. Best Incoterm for ‘Outsourcing’ No access
      4. IV. Wrong Combinations No access
      5. V. Time of Essence? No access
    12. L. Additional Sources No access
  12. Edoardo Ferrante
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
      1. I. General Issues on Contractual Validity No access
        1. 1. ‘Structural’ Invalidity No access
        2. 2. Invalidity on the Grounds of Private and Public Policy No access
      3. III. Mandatory Rules and Open Spaces for Party Autonomy No access
      4. IV. The Consequences of Invalidity: from the ‘Black Hole’ to the ‘0’ or ‘No’-Consequence No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. 1. CISG and Formal Requirements No access
          1. a) Autonomous Interpretation of ‘Validity’ According to Article 7 CISG No access
          2. b) Initial Impossibility under the CISG No access
          3. c) Mistake as to Quality of the Goods No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
      4. IV. Draft Common Frame of Reference and Principles of European Contract Law No access
      5. V. National Laws No access
    6. F. Commentary No access
      1. I. Balanced Contractual Relationships No access
      2. II. Unbalanced Contractual Relationships No access
    8. H. Sample Clauses No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  13. Sörren Kiene
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
          1. 1. Subject Matter and Function of Article 31 CISG No access
            1. a) Delivery by Handing the Goods over to the Carrier, Article 31(a) CISG No access
            2. b) Delivery by Placing the Goods at the Buyer’s Disposal, Article 31(b) and (c) CISG No access
            3. c) Agreement to Deliver at ‘Any Other Particular Place’ No access
            4. d) International Jurisdiction of the Courts can be Dependent Upon the Place of Delivery No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
        4. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        10. X. Chinese Contract Law No access
      6. F. Commentary No access
      7. G. Illustrations No access
      8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      9. I. Practitioner Tips No access
      10. J. Sample Clauses No access
      11. K. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
        4. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        10. X. Chinese Contract Law No access
      6. F. Commentary No access
      7. G. Illustrations No access
      8. H. Practitioner Tips No access
      9. I. Sample Clauses No access
      10. J. Additional Sources No access
  14. Christian Fleischmann, Martin Schmidt-Kessel
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
        1. 1. Financial Risk No access
        2. 2. Physical Risk No access
        3. 3. Legal Risk No access
      2. II. Main Functions of the Delivery of Documents in an International Sales Transaction No access
          1. a) Legal Nature of Documents of Title No access
          2. b) Negotiable Documents of Title No access
          3. c) Non-Negotiable Documents of Title No access
        2. 2. Other Documents/Documents Relating to the Goods No access
        1. 1. Possible Sources for an Obligation to Deliver Documents No access
        2. 2. Determining Place and Time of the Document Delivery No access
        3. 3. The Relevance of Trade Terms for the Delivery of Documents No access
          1. a) Mode of Operation of a Documentary Credit Payment No access
          2. b) Contractual Relationships under a Documentary Credit Transaction No access
          3. c) Applicability of the UCP 600 Rules No access
          4. d) Types of Documentary Credits under the UCP 600 Rules No access
          5. e) Special Requirements Regarding the Conformity of Documents Delivered under a Documentary Sales Transaction No access
          1. a) Mode of Operation of a Documentary Collection Payment No access
          2. b) Applicability of the URC 522 No access
          3. c) Parties to a Documentary Collection Process No access
          4. d) Required Content of a Collection Instruction under the URC 522 No access
          5. e) Necessary Documents for a Successful Documentary Collection Process No access
          6. f) Bills of Exchange No access
          7. g) Conditions for the Release of Documents No access
        3. 3. Differences between Documentary Credit and Documentary Collections Transactions No access
          1. a) Non-Conformity Deriving from the Party Agreement No access
          2. b) Non-Conformity Deriving from Rules of Law or Uniform Texts No access
          1. a) Digital Copy of an Airway Bill Instead of the Original Airway Bill No access
          2. b) Obvious Typographical Errors Do Not Constitute an Documentary Breach No access
          3. c) Wrong Country of Origin Constitutes a Documentary Breach under a Certificate of Origin No access
          1. a) Existence of a Right to Cure No access
          2. b) Possible Ways to Cure No access
          1. a) Non-Delivery No access
          2. b) Incomplete or Wrong Delivery No access
          3. c) Defective Delivery No access
        5. 5. Effects on a Documentary Breach on the Conformity of the Goods Sold No access
          1. a) Negotiable and Non-Negotiable Bill of Lading No access
          2. b) Dock Warrant No access
          3. c) Warehouse Keeper’s Certificate/Warehouse Receipt No access
          4. d) The Consignor’s Copy of an Air Waybill No access
          5. e) Warrants for the Delivery of Goods No access
          1. a) Sea Waybill/Express B/L No access
          2. b) Dock Receipts No access
          3. c) Commercial Invoices No access
          4. d) Certificates of Origin No access
          5. e) Further Documents Relating to the Goods No access
      1. I. CISG and CISG Advisory Council Opinions No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      10. X. Chinese Contract Law and Chinese Supreme Court Interpretations Relating to Sales Law No access
          1. a) Documents in the Sense of Article 30 CISG and Article 34 CISG No access
          2. b) Documents in the Sense of Article 58 CISG No access
        2. 2. The Obligation to Deliver Documents under Article 30 CISG and Article 34 CISG No access
        3. 3. Specifics of the Seller’s Right to Cure Non-Conforming Documents under the CISG No access
        4. 4. Time for Payment in a Documentary Sales Contract under the CISG No access
        5. 5. Seller’s Right of Retention under Article 58 CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch and Supplementary Laws No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      10. X. Chinese Contract Law No access
    7. G. Illustrations No access
    8. H. Cross References No access
      1. I. Resolving Issues under Documentary Credits No access
      2. II. Electronic Delivery of Documents No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  15. Bruno Zeller
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      10. X. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
      11. XI. Chinese Contract Law No access
      1. I. Summary of Laws No access
        1. 1. Express Conformity No access
        2. 2. Interpretation and Implied Terms No access
        1. 1. Fit for the Purpose No access
        2. 2. Fit for the Particular Purpose No access
        3. 3. Conformity to Sample or Model No access
        4. 4. Packaged in a Manner Required by the Contract. No access
      1. I. Conformity of Description No access
      2. II. Conformity and Public Policies No access
      3. III. Conformity and the Governing Law No access
    8. H. Cross References No access
      1. I. Choice of Law No access
        1. Disclaimer #1 No access
        2. Disclaimer #2 No access
        3. Disclaimer #3 No access
      3. III. Disclaiming Warranty of Ordinary Purpose No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  16. Wentong Zheng
      1. I. Topics Covered No access
      2. II. Introductory Note No access
      3. III. Statement of Issue No access
      4. IV. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. 1. CISG No access
        2. 2. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        3. 3. Common European Sales Law No access
      6. VI. Commentary No access
      7. VII. Illustrations No access
      8. VIII. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      9. IX. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      1. I. Topics Covered No access
      2. II. Introductory Note No access
      3. III. Statement of Issue No access
        1. 1. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        2. 2. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        3. 3. French Code Civil No access
      5. V. Commentary No access
      6. VI. Illustrations No access
      7. VII. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      8. VIII. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      1. I. Topics Covered No access
      2. II. Introductory Note No access
      3. III. Statement of Issue No access
      4. IV. International Sale Transaction No access
        1. 1. CISG No access
        2. 2. Common European Sales Law No access
      6. VI. Commentary No access
      7. VII. Illustrations No access
      8. VIII. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      9. IX. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      1. I. Topics Covered No access
      2. II. Introductory Note No access
      3. III. Statement of Issue No access
        1. 1. CISG No access
        2. 2. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. Commentary No access
      6. VI. Illustrations No access
      7. VII. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      8. VIII. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      1. I. Topics Covered No access
      2. II. Introductory Note No access
      3. III. Statement of Issue No access
        1. 1. CISG No access
        2. 2. Common European Sales Law No access
        3. 3. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      5. V. Commentary No access
      6. VI. Illustrations No access
      7. VII. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      8. VIII. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
    6. F. Additional Sources No access
  17. André Janssen
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 1 No access
      3. III. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 2 No access
      4. IV. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Principles of European Contract Law No access
      5. V. Common European Sales Law No access
      6. VI. German Handelsgesetzbuch No access
      7. VII. French Code Civil No access
      8. VIII. Spanish Código de Comercio No access
      9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      10. X. English Law No access
      11. XI. Common Law of Contracts and the American Restatement (Second) Contracts No access
      12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
          1. a) General No access
            1. aa) Type and Quantity of the Goods No access
            2. bb) Position of the Buyer in Business Dealings No access
          1. a) Distance Sales and Sales on Location No access
          2. b) Distance Sale No access
          3. c) Redirection and Redispatch No access
          1. a) Examination with as Short a Period as is Practicable in the Circumstances No access
            1. aa) Type and Quantity of the Goods No access
            2. bb) Position of the Buyer in Business Dealings No access
            3. cc) External Factors No access
        4. 4. Costs of Examination No access
        5. 5. Comparative Remarks No access
        1. 1. Content of Notice No access
        2. 2. Form of Notice No access
          1. a) Open Defects No access
          2. b) Hidden Defects No access
          1. a) Notification within a Reasonable Period No access
            1. aa) Type and Quantity of the Goods No access
            2. bb) Position of the Buyer in Business Dealings and the Influence of External Factors No access
            3. cc) Type of Remedy Chosen No access
          1. a) Dispatch Principle in Accordance with Article 27 CISG No access
          2. b) Conditions No access
            1. aa) Statements Made Orally or by Telephone No access
            2. bb) Transmission by Messenger No access
          1. a) Forfeiture of Claims No access
          2. b) Buyer’s Duty to Pay No access
          1. a) Systems without Duty to Examine and to Notify No access
          2. b) Systems without Duty to Examine, but with Duty to Notify No access
          3. c) Systems with Explicit Duty to Notify and Implicit Duty to Examine No access
            1. aa) Systems with Fixed Maximum Examination Period Only No access
            2. bb) Systems with Fixed Maximum Examination and Notification Period No access
            3. cc) Systems with Flexible Examination and Notification Periods No access
        1. 1. Knowledge or Not Being Able to be Unaware No access
        2. 2. Relevant Point in Time No access
        3. 3. Comparative Remarks No access
        1. 1. Scope No access
        2. 2. Reasonable Excuse No access
        3. 3. Comparative Remarks No access
        1. 1. Cut-off Period and Limitation of Actions under the CISG No access
        2. 2. Comparative Remarks No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Modifications of the Duty to Examine No access
      2. II. Modifications of the Duty to Notify No access
      3. III. Avoidance of the Reasonable Excuse Problem No access
      4. IV. Avoiding the Seller’s Statements being Interpreted as Waivers No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  18. Ulrich Magnus
    1. A. Topics Covered and Introductory Note No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
            1. aa) In General No access
            2. bb) Seller’s Duties No access
            3. cc) Buyer’s Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
            1. aa) Definition of Fundamental Breach No access
            2. bb) Types of Cases No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
            1. aa) In General No access
            2. bb) Seller’s Duties No access
            3. cc) Buyer’s Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
            1. aa) In General No access
            2. bb) The Parties’ Further Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
            1. aa) In General No access
            2. bb) The Parties’ Further Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
          1. a) The Principle No access
          2. b) The Main Duties No access
          1. a) Breach in General No access
          2. b) Fundamental Breach No access
          3. c) Anticipatory Breach No access
          4. d) Cure No access
    3. C. Cross References No access
    4. D. Practitioner Tips No access
    5. E. Additional Sources No access
  19. Qiao Liu
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        9. IX. Chinese Contract LawThe English translation of the Chinese text is primarily adapted from Ling, Contract Law in China (Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2002) Appendix 1. No access
          1. 1. ‘It Becomes Apparent’ No access
          2. 2. ‘A Substantial Part of his Obligations’ No access
          3. 3. Two Specified Grounds for Anticipating a Breach No access
        2. II. Stoppage in Transit No access
        3. III. Suspension, Notice and Adequate Assurance No access
        1. I. Defective Delivery to Others No access
        2. II. Successive Contracts No access
        1. I. Cross References No access
        2. II. Practitioner Tips and Contract Clauses No access
      9. I. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Principles of European Sales Law No access
        4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        9. IX. Chinese Contract Law No access
          1. 1. ‘It is Clear’ No access
          2. 2. Fundamental Breach No access
          1. 1. ‘Reasonable Notice’ and ‘If Time Allows’ No access
          2. 2. Consequences of Non-compliance No access
          1. 1. Accelerated Action for Damages No access
          2. 2. Mitigation of Loss No access
        1. I. Time of the Essence No access
        2. II. Delayed Loading No access
        3. III. Cover and Damages No access
      8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      9. I. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      10. J. Additional Sources No access
  20. Michael Bridge
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      10. X. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
      11. XI. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. 1. Primary and Secondary Remedies No access
        2. 2. Coverage of Damages No access
      2. II. Compensation Principle No access
        1. 1. Expectation Interest No access
        2. 2. Reliance Interest No access
        3. 3. Indemnity No access
        1. 1. Factual Causation and Foreseeability No access
        2. 2. Full Compensation No access
        3. 3. Degree of Probability No access
        4. 4. Type and Quantum of Loss No access
        5. 5. Discretionary Limits on Recovery? No access
        6. 6. Costs of Preserving Goods No access
        1. 1. Certainty and Chance No access
        2. 2. Intangible Interests No access
          1. a) Reasons for Reliance Claim No access
          2. b) Loss-Making Contracts and Pre-Contractual Expenditure No access
          3. c) Overhead No access
        4. 4. Lost Volume No access
        5. 5. Discounting Future Losses No access
        6. 6. Attorneys’ Fees No access
        1. 1. Additional Damages Claim No access
        2. 2. Reasonable Substitute Transactions No access
        3. 3. Time of Substitute Transaction No access
        4. 4. Pre-Emptive Substitution No access
        1. 1. Time of Avoidance No access
        2. 2. Relationship of Articles 75 and 76 CISG No access
        3. 3. Current Price and Loss No access
        4. 4. Current Price and Mitigation No access
        5. 5. Meaning of Current Price No access
        6. 6. Substitutes for Current Price No access
        7. 7. Sub-Sales No access
        8. 8. Time of Taking Over the Goods No access
        1. 1. Excluding Article 74 CISG No access
        2. 2. Agreed Damages Clauses and Other Remedies No access
        1. 1. Mitigation and Agreed Damages Clauses No access
        2. 2. Contributory Fault No access
        3. 3. Mitigation and Non-Damages Remedies No access
        4. 4. Justification for the Mitigation Principle No access
        5. 5. Reasonable Mitigation Measures No access
        6. 6. Damages and the Cost of Mitigation No access
        7. 7. Burden of Proof No access
      10. X. Currency No access
        1. 1. Interest and Damages No access
        2. 2. Rate of Interest No access
        3. 3. Interest on Damages No access
        4. 4. Interest in Restitution Cases No access
        1. 1. Buyer’s Right to Require Performance No access
        2. 2. Seller’s Right to Require Performance No access
        3. 3. Other Matters Common to Seller and Buyer No access
        4. 4. Quasi-Declaration in Article 28 CISG No access
      13. XIII. Price Reduction No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
    8. H. Additional Sources No access
  21. Harry M. Flechtner
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
      1. I. Nature and Consequences of Avoidance No access
      2. II. Grounds for Avoidance No access
      3. III. Procedure for Avoidance No access
      4. IV. Restitution Following Avoidance No access
      5. V. General Comments on CISG Avoidance and Similar Doctrines under Other Instruments and Law No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      1. I. Nature and Consequences of Avoidance No access
      2. II. Grounds for Avoidance No access
      3. III. Procedure to Avoid No access
      4. IV. Restitution Following Avoidance No access
      5. V. General Comments on CISG Avoidance and Similar Doctrines under Other Instruments and Law No access
      1. I. Partial Non-Payment and Repudiation by Buyer, Divisible Installment Contract No access
      2. II. Partial Non-Payment and No Repudiation by Buyer, Divisible Installment Contract No access
      3. III. Single Delivery Contract, All Goods Non-Conforming No access
      4. IV. Single-Delivery Contract, Some Goods Non-Conforming No access
      5. V. Partial Repudiation by Buyer No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Model Contract Clause: Grounds for Avoidance by Seller No access
      2. II. Model Contract Clause: Grounds for Avoidance by Buyer No access
      3. III. Model Contract Clause: Avoidance for Prospective Non-Performance No access
      4. IV. Model Contract Clause: Restitution and Preservation of Goods Following Avoidance No access
      5. V. Seller’s Notice of Avoidance (Entire Contract) No access
      6. VI. Buyer’s Notice of Avoidance (Entire Contract) No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  22. Michael Bridge
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. Common European Sales Law No access
      3. III. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      4. IV. French Code Civil No access
      5. V. Spanish Código Civil No access
      6. VI. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      7. VII. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      1. I. Meaning of Transfer of Risk No access
      2. II. Allocation of Risk to the Seller No access
      3. III. Risk Events No access
        1. 1. A Normal Voyage No access
        2. 2. Evidentiary Questions No access
        1. 1. Effect of the Transfer of Risk No access
          1. a) Preserving the Buyer’s Remedies No access
          2. b) Restitution of the Goods No access
          3. c) Evidentiary Difficulties No access
          4. d) Time Notices No access
          5. e) Non-Fundamental Breach No access
          6. f) Quality of Carriage Contract No access
          7. g) Post-Avoidance Risk No access
          1. a) The Rule No access
          2. b) Reservation of Title No access
          3. c) Handing Over and Delivery No access
          4. d) Seller as Carrier? No access
          5. e) CISG and Incoterms 2010 No access
          6. f) Particular Place Exception No access
          7. g) Identification of Goods No access
          8. h) Excluding the CISG No access
          1. a) Meaning of ‘Sold’ No access
          2. b) Divided Risk and Retrospectivity No access
          3. c) Seller’s Awareness of Casualty No access
          1. a) Taking Over and Handing Over No access
          2. b) The Delaying Buyer No access
          3. c) Delay where there is No Carrier No access
    7. G. Cross References No access
    8. H. Practitioner Tips No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  23. Larry A. DiMatteo
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      1. Chain of Transactions No access
        1. 1. Excuse under Article 79 No access
          1. a) Hardship as Excuse: Scope of Article 79 No access
          2. b) Private Autonomy as Obstacle to Claim for Excuse No access
          3. c) Sphere of Control Approach and Fungibility No access
          4. d) Extraordinary Events No access
          5. e) Increases in the Costs of Production and Market Price Fluctuations as Impediments No access
          6. f) Foreseeability No access
        3. 3. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 7 No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Common European Sales Law No access
      4. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      9. IX. English Sales Law No access
      10. X. Common Law of Contracts No access
      11. XI. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        1. 1. Force Majeure No access
        2. 2. Change of Circumstances (Hardship) No access
        1. Force Majeure and Principle of Good Faith No access
        1. 1. Onerousness No access
        2. 2. Type of Event No access
        3. 3. Hardship and Custom No access
        4. 4. Sampling of Laws No access
        1. 1. Crop and Production Failure Cases No access
        2. 2. Cost Increases No access
        3. 3. Failure of Source of Supply No access
        4. 4. Issue of Restitution No access
      1. I. Just-in-Time Contracting No access
      2. II. Strike or Quarantine No access
      3. III. Goods in Receivership No access
      4. IV. Changed Circumstances before Offer and Acceptance No access
      5. V. Suez Canal Closure No access
      6. VI. Government Permission or Intervention No access
      7. VII. Long-Term and Relational Contracts: Supply Contracts and Distributorships No access
      8. VIII. Hardship in Arbitration No access
      9. IX. Relationship between CISG Article 79 and Article 6 No access
      10. X. Is Force Majeure Narrower in the International Context? No access
      11. XI. Related Provisions of Contract Terms No access
      12. XII. Long-Term Contracting No access
      13. XIII. Force Majeure Relating to Non-Performance or Partial Performance versus Delayed Performance No access
    8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Drafting of Contract Clauses No access
      2. II. Force Majeure Clause No access
        1. 1. Uniform Customs & Practices for Documentary Credit Transactions (Force Majeure) No access
        2. 2. International Chamber of Commerce (Force Majeure) No access
          1. Example 1 No access
          2. Example 2 No access
        4. 4. Exchange Rate Fluctuations No access
        1. 1. ICC Hardship Clause 2003 No access
        2. 2. Questions to be asked in Drafting Force Majeure and Hardship Clauses No access
      5. V. Related Clauses No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  24. Lisa Spagnolo
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
          1. 1. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 3 No access
          2. 2. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 13 No access
        3. III. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        4. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        5. V. Common European Sales Law No access
        6. VI. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        7. VII. French Code Civil No access
        8. VIII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        9. IX. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        10. X. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        11. XI. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
          1. 1. Structure for Determining Intent No access
          2. 2. Reasonableness Standard No access
          1. 1. Definitions No access
          2. 2. Designations of Importance of Obligations No access
          3. 3. Ability to Modify Interpretive Rules No access
          4. 4. Controlling Evidence of Intent: Entire Agreement and No Oral Modification Clauses No access
          1. 1. Identification of Terms No access
          2. 2. Standard Terms Incorporation No access
            1. a) Principles or Maxims No access
            2. b) Plain Meaning versus Purposive and Commercially Sensible No access
            3. c) Contra Proferentem No access
            4. d) Negotiated versus Standard Terms No access
            5. e) Contract as a Whole No access
            6. f) Contractual Effect No access
            7. g) Linguistic Discrepancies No access
            8. h) Specific versus General No access
            9. i) Presumptions of Syntax: expressio unius and ejusdem generis No access
            10. j) Handwritten versus Printed No access
            11. k) Good Faith No access
            1. a) Parol Evidence Rule No access
            2. b) Written versus Non-Written No access
            3. c) Prior Negotiations No access
            4. d) Practices and Usages No access
            1. a) Standard of Intent No access
            2. b) Surrounding Circumstances, Context Plain Meaning, and Parol Evidence Rule No access
            3. c) Literal, Written, and Non-Written No access
            4. d) Prior Negotiations No access
            5. e) Subsequent Conduct No access
            6. f) Practices and Usages No access
            7. g) Ordering No access
        5. V. Supplementation No access
          1. 1. Overall Structure of Rules on Contractual Interpretation No access
          2. 2. Expansive List of Interpretive Principles or Maxims No access
        1. I. Meaning and Legal Effect; Validity and Invalidity No access
        2. II. Trade Usage versus Literal Meaning No access
        3. III. Sliding Scale Rates and Commissions No access
        4. IV. Warranties and Notice of Non-Conformity No access
        5. V. Integrated Agreements No access
        6. VI. Additional Terms No access
        1. I. Entire Agreement or Merger Clause No access
        2. II. No Oral Modification Clause No access
      9. I. Cross References No access
      10. J. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 3 No access
        3. III. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        4. IV. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        5. V. Common European Sales Law No access
        6. VI. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        7. VII. French Code Civil No access
        8. VIII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        10. X. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        11. XI. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. I. Civil Law and ‘Agreement in Fact’ No access
        2. II. Common Law and Sanctity of Written Contract No access
        3. III. Convergence of Civil and Common Laws No access
        4. IV. Extent of Exclusion Provided by Merger Clause No access
        5. V. Contextual Interpretation and the Ordering of Evidence No access
        6. VI. Scope of Merger Clause No access
        7. VII. Merger Clause as a Standard Term No access
        8. VIII. Merger Clause and Arbitration No access
        9. IX. CISG and Merger Clauses No access
        1. Merger Clause and General Principles No access
      8. H. Cross References No access
        1. I. Choice of Law No access
        2. II. Commercial Practice No access
        3. III. Narrow and Broad Merger Clauses No access
        4. IV. Enhancing the Enforceability of a Merger Clause No access
        5. V. Order of Preference Clause and Incorporation by Reference No access
        6. VI. Sample Clauses No access
      10. J. Additional Sources No access
  25. Michel Cannarsa
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Consumer Sales Directive No access
      4. IV. EU Products Liability Directive No access
      5. V. American Restatement (Third) of Torts – Products Liability No access
      6. VI. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      7. VII. French Code Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
          1. a) EU Consumer Sales Directive No access
          2. b) National Laws No access
        2. 2. Warranty Claims No access
        3. 3. Commercial Guarantees No access
        4. 4. Producer’s Public Statements No access
        1. 1. Negligence No access
        2. 2. Tortious Misrepresentation No access
        3. 3. Strict Liability in Tort No access
        1. 1. Privity of Contract as Defense No access
        2. 2. Notification Duties No access
        3. 3. Limitation Period No access
        4. 4. Damages No access
        5. 5. Pure Economic Loss Claims No access
        1. 1. Notification Duties and Limitation Period No access
        2. 2. Extra-Contractual Claims No access
        3. 3. Exclusion of Liability No access
        4. 4. Remedies No access
        5. 5. Network Liability No access
      5. V. Product Safety and Recall Rules No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
    8. H. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  26. N. Orkun Akseli
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        10. X. Common Law of Contracts No access
        11. XI. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. I. ‘Assignment’ Defined and Distinguished from Similar Transactions No access
          1. 1. Formal Validity Requirements No access
            1. a) Statutory Prohibitions on Assignability No access
            2. b) Contractual Prohibitions on Assignability No access
          3. 3. Debtor Protection No access
      7. G. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      8. H. Additional Sources No access
      1. A. Topics Covered No access
      2. B. Introductory Note No access
      3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. I. CISG No access
        2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
        5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
        6. VI. French Code Civil No access
        7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
        8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
        9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
        10. X. Common Law of Contracts No access
        11. XI. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. I. The Basis of Third Party Claims in Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties No access
        2. II. Exemption Clauses for the Benefit of Third Parties No access
        3. III. Modification/Variation and Revocation of the Contract for the Benefit of Third Parties No access
        4. IV. Defences Available to the Promisor Against the Beneficiary No access
        5. V. Remedies Available to the Promisee No access
      7. G. Practitioner Tips & Contract Clauses No access
      8. H. Additional Sources No access
  27. Willibald Posch
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG and the Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
      9. IX. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
        1. 1. Introductory Note No access
        2. 2. Commentary No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
    8. H. Additional Sources No access
  28. Severine Saintier
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      2. II. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      3. III. Principles of European Law on Mandate Contracts No access
      4. IV. EU Commercial Agency Directive No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch and German Handelsgesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code civil and French Code de Commerce No access
      7. VII. English Common Law No access
      8. VIII. US Restatement (Third) of Agency No access
      9. IX. General Principles of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China No access
      10. X. Chinese Contract Law No access
        1. I. Mandate and Agency: Scope and Preliminary Definitions No access
            1. a) Authority No access
            2. b) Ratification No access
            3. c) Apparent Authority No access
            1. a) Internal Relation: The Agent and Principal No access
            2. b) Obligations of the Principal No access
            3. c) Obligations of the Agent No access
        1. I. Commercial Agency Revisited No access
        2. II. Commercial Agents and Distributors No access
        3. III. Competition Law Issues No access
          1. 1. Self-Employed Intermediary: An Independent Contractor No access
          2. 2. Continuing Authority No access
          3. 3. Negotiation and Conclusion of Contracts No access
          4. 4. Goods versus Services No access
          5. 5. Express Exclusions No access
          6. 6. Forms, Procedure and Registration of the Commercial Agent No access
          1. 1. Contractual Obligations of Agents and Distributors No access
          2. 2. Obligations of Principal-Supplier No access
          3. 3. Good Faith in Distribution No access
          4. 4. Good Faith in Commercial Agency Contracts No access
          1. 1. Fixed and Indefinite Duration Contracts No access
          2. 2. Termination for Breach and Good Faith No access
          3. 3. Failure of Commercial Agent to Reach Sales Target No access
            1. a) Application to Distributors No access
            2. b) Calculation of Termination Payment No access
        7. VII. Non-Competition Clauses No access
          1. 1. Nature of Relationship No access
            1. a) General Conditions of Sale No access
            2. b) Best Efforts Clause No access
            3. c) Products Liability and Warranties No access
            4. d) Intellectual Property Protection No access
            5. e) Default and Termination No access
            6. f) Post-Termination No access
      1. I. Commission Agency No access
      2. II. Changing the Products No access
      3. III. Termination and NoticeIn CA Douai 2008, Jurisdata No. 2008-371074, a reduction of 60% of products to a distributor was held to be a breach amounting to an abusive termination. No access
    8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Agency Agreements No access
      2. II. Distribution Agreements No access
      3. III. Good Faith No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  29. Giuditta Cordero-Moss, Larry A. DiMatteo
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
      1. I. CISG No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
      4. IV. Common European Sales Law No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. French Code Civil No access
      7. VII. Spanish Código Civil No access
      8. VIII. American Uniform Commercial Code No access
      9. IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      10. X. English Common Law No access
      11. XI. American Restatements (Second) of Contracts No access
      12. XII. Chinese Contract Law No access
      13. XIII. Summary of Law in Relation to Long-Term Contracts No access
        1. 1. Hardship No access
        2. 2. Force Majeure No access
        3. 3. Negotiation in Good Faith No access
        4. 4. Early Termination No access
        5. 5. Events of Default No access
        6. 6. Boilerplate Clauses No access
        7. 7. Arbitration and Mediation No access
        1. 1. Inflation, Costs Changes, and Commodity Markets No access
        2. 2. Output and Requirements Contracts No access
        1. 1. Triggering Events No access
        2. 2. Concretizing the Renegotiation Obligation No access
        3. 3. Distinguishing between Renegotiation and Force Majeure Clauses No access
      1. I. Collaborative Strategic Contracting No access
      2. II. Force Majeure as Surrogate Renegotiation Clause No access
    8. H. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Indexing No access
      2. II. Price Adjustments and Hardship No access
      3. III. Gross Inequities Clause and Market Reopener Clauses No access
      4. IV. Strategic Use of Recitals No access
      5. V. Defining Material and Minor Breaches No access
      6. VI. Long-Term Just-in-Time Contracting No access
    10. J. Additional Sources No access
  30. Larry A. DiMatteo
    1. A. Topics Covered No access
      1. I. Post-Contractual Obligations No access
      2. II. Law and Practice No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
    4. D. International Sales Transaction No access
        1. 1. Distribution and Commercial Agency Contracts No access
        2. 2. Intellectual Property No access
      2. II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
      3. III. Principles of European Contract Law No access
        1. 1. Warranty of Quality No access
        2. 2. Warranty of Title No access
        3. 3. Restitution Upon Termination No access
      5. V. German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch No access
      6. VI. German Handelsgesetzbuch No access
      7. VII. French Code Civil No access
      8. VIII. Spanish Código Civil No access
          1. a) Implied Warranties No access
          2. b) Express Warranties No access
        2. 2. Disclaimer Law No access
        3. 3. Remedies No access
      10. X. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979 No access
      11. XI. Common Law of Contracts No access
      12. XII. American Restatement (Second) of Contracts No access
        1. 1. General Contract Rules No access
        2. 2. Warranty of Title No access
        3. 3. Warranty of Quality No access
        4. 4. Express Warranty No access
        5. 5. Work Contract No access
        6. Confidentiality No access
        7. 6. Intellectual Property Rights No access
        1. 1. Warranty of Title No access
        2. 2. Express Warranties of Quality No access
        3. 3. Duration of Warranty No access
        4. 4. Allocation of Warranty Obligations No access
        5. 5. Limitation of Liability No access
        6. 6. Extension of Manufacturer or Seller Warranties to Downstream Purchasers No access
        7. 7. Product Alterations No access
        8. 8. Seller’s Intellectual Property Rights No access
        9. 9. Products Liability Claims No access
        10. 10. Consignment of Goods No access
        1. 1. Confidentiality Obligations No access
        2. 2. Proprietary Information No access
        3. 3. Contractual Restrictions No access
        4. 4. Post-Termination Provisions No access
        5. 5. Information Provided by Buyer to Seller No access
        6. 6. Remedies No access
        1. 1. Grant-back of Rights to Buyer Improvements No access
        2. 2. Patent and Copyright Indemnities No access
        3. 3. Mixed Sale Transactions No access
        4. 4. Data Protection No access
        1. 1. Territorial and Quantity Restrictions No access
        2. 2. Non-Compete Agreements (Covenant Not-to-Compete) No access
        3. 3. Anti-Solicitation No access
        1. 1. Employment: Evergreen Laws No access
        2. 2. Independent Contract Status No access
        3. 3. Commercial Agency No access
        4. 4. Distribution Agreements No access
        5. 5. Distribution Agreement and Evergreen Laws No access
    7. G. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Continuing Nature of Post-Contract Obligations: Survivability Clause No access
      2. II. Confidentiality Provisions No access
      3. III. Severance of Post-contractual Obligations and Ancillary Clauses No access
      4. IV. Ownership of Data No access
      5. V. Intellectual Property Indemnities No access
      6. VI. Products Liability Insurance No access
    9. I. Additional Sources No access
  31. Petra Butler
    1. A. Topic Covered No access
    2. B. Introductory Note No access
    3. C. Statement of Issues No access
      1. I. Introduction No access
          1. a) Article 1(1): Internationality No access
          2. b) Article 1(1)(a): States are Contracting States No access
          3. c) Article 1(1)(b): Rules of Private International Law Lead to the Application of the Law of a Contracting State No access
          4. d) Non-contracting States No access
          5. e) Direct Choice of the CISG No access
          6. f) Article 6: Contracting Out No access
            1. aa) Conflicting Choice of Law Rules No access
            2. bb) Incorporation by Reference No access
            1. a) Rome I Regulation—Articles 3 and 10 (Freedom of Choice), 4 (Applicable Law in the Absence of Choice), 9 (Overriding Mandatory Rules)See generally Dicey (n 49) Chap. 32; Magnus, in Staudingers Komme... No access
            2. bb) Hague Convention of 1955 on the Law Applicable to International Sale of Goods No access
            3. cc) The Draft Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts No access
            4. dd) China No access
            5. ee) United States No access
            6. ff) Common Law No access
          3. c) Summary No access
        3. 3. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        4. 4. Conclusion No access
        1. 1. Introduction No access
            1. aa) Article 1(1)(a) CISG No access
            2. bb) Article 1(1)(b) CISG No access
            3. cc) CISG as Rules of Law No access
          2. b) Parties Have Chosen an Applicable Domestic Law No access
          3. c) Summary No access
        3. 3. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts No access
        4. 4. Parties Have Not Stipulated Applicable Substantive Law No access
          1. a) Cross Border Litigation No access
          2. b) International Arbitration No access
        2. 2. Ordre Public No access
    5. E. Cross References & Additional Commentary No access
      1. I. Interpretation of the Choice of Law Clause No access
      2. II. Procedural/Substantive Question No access
      3. III. Burden of Proof No access
      1. UNIDROIT No access
    8. H. Additional Sources No access

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