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European Public Prosecutor's Office

Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (‘the EPPO’)
Authors:
Publisher:
 2020

Summary

The Regulation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) provides the legal framework for an entirely new Union body with the power to investigate and prosecute criminal offences affecting the financial interests of the Union. Expect­ed to start its operational work by the end of 2020, the EPPO will be an additional and powerful player in at least 22 national criminal justice systems, work­ing closely together with national law enforcement authorities and exercising the functions of prosecutor in the competent courts of the Member States.

The Commentary on the EPPO Regulation is intend­ed to guide practitioners – within EPPO as well as in the national prosecution services and law enforcement agencies, courts, and law offices – in the interpretation of the Regulation. By providing an in-depth analysis of the intricate interplay of the Regulation’s provisions and their legal and practical context, it will also provide a valuable source for further academic research on individual aspects relating to the EPPO. In addition, the Commentary will assist political decision-makers in assessing the practical implementation of the EPPO Regulation by clarifying its relations to national law and national judicial and law enforcement authorities.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2020
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-4884-6
ISBN-Online
978-3-8452-9076-8
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos
Language
English
Pages
798
Product type
Comment

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access I - XXII
    1. A. Genesis of the EPPO Regulation No access
    2. B. Article 86 TFEU – legal basis – enhanced cooperation No access
    3. C. Material competence of the EPPO No access
    4. D. Structure of the EPPO and cooperation with national authorities No access
    5. E. Procedural law framework for the EPPO No access
      1. Analysis and interpretation of elements No access
        1. I. Number 1: Member State No access
        2. II. Number 2: Person No access
        3. III. Number 3: Financial interests of the Union No access
      1. Analysis and interpretation of elements No access
      1. Analysis and interpretation of elements No access
      1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
        1. I. Fundamental rights (Article 5(1)) No access
        2. II. Rule of law and proportionality (Article 5(2)) No access
        3. III. The interplay between the Regulation and national law (Article 5(3)); esp. in light of Articles 51, 52 and 53 of the Charter No access
        4. IV. Impartiality and the duty to seek all evidence whether inculpatory or exculpatory (Article 5(4)) No access
        5. V. Opening and conducting investigations without undue delay (Article 5(5)) No access
        6. VI. Principle of sincere cooperation (Article 5(6)) No access
      1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
        1. I. External independence (Article 6(1)) No access
        2. II. Accountability (Article 6(2)) No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
      2. B. Annual Report (Article 7(1)) No access
        1. I. European Parliament and Council No access
        2. II. National Parliaments No access
        1. A. Introduction; purpose of the provision No access
          1. I. The constitutional structural principles of the EPPO (Article 8(1)) No access
            1. 1. The actors of the EPPO at the central level (Article 8(3)) No access
            2. 2. The EPPO at the decentralised level (Article 8(4)) No access
            3. 3. The staff of the EPPO (Article 8(5)) No access
            4. 4. Instructed national authorities (Article 28(1)) No access
            5. 5. The chain-of-command of the EPPO No access
          1. I. The 2001 Commission Green Paper and the 2013 Commission Proposal on the establishment of the EPPO No access
          2. II. Negotiations in the Council No access
          3. III. Interventions of the European Parliament No access
          1. I. Critical voices No access
          2. II. Own opinion No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
          1. I. Composition of the College (Article 9(1) sentence 1) No access
              1. a) General remarks No access
              2. b) Formulation etc. of (coherent, effective, efficient, and consistent) prosecution etc. policies No access
              1. a) Setting up the Permanent Chambers No access
              2. b) Internal rules of procedure, stipulating the responsibilities for the performance of functions of the members of the College and the staff of the EPPO (Article 9(4)) No access
            3. 3. Further responsibilities under the Regulation No access
            1. 1. Quorum, delegation of powers No access
            2. 2. Meetings of the College, voting No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
          1. I. Composition (Article 10(1)[1] and Article 10(9)) No access
          2. II. Allocation of cases (Article 10(1)[2]) No access
            1. 1. General duties (Article 10(2)) No access
              1. a) Article 10(3) No access
              2. b) Article 10(4) No access
              3. c) Article 10(5) No access
            3. 3. Delegation of decision-making powers (Article 10(7)) No access
          4. IV. Deliberation, Decision-Making (Article 10(6), (8), and (9)) No access
          1. I. The European Chief Prosecutor No access
          2. II. The Deputy European Chief Prosecutors No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
            1. 1. The Rule: Supervision of Cases from their Member State of Origin (Article 12(1)[1]) No access
              1. a) Temporary substitution (Article 12(1)[2]) No access
              2. b) Reassignment (Article 12(2)) No access
            1. 1. General duties and powers (Article 12(1) and (5)) No access
            2. 2. Power to give instructions (Article 12(3)) No access
            3. 3. Internal Review within the Structure of a National Prosecutor’s Office (Article 12(4)) No access
            4. 4. Further Duties and Powers (not regulated in Article 12) No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
          1. I. Status of the European Delegated Prosecutor No access
          2. II. Competence of the European Delegated Prosecutor; division of competence between the European Delegated Prosecutors in one Member State No access
          3. III. Powers and Duties of the European Delegated Prosecutor No access
        1. A. Appointment and dismissal of the members of the EPPO: General overview, purpose, legislative history, evaluation No access
          1. I. Appointment of the European Chief Prosecutor; term of office (Article 14(1), (4) and (6)) No access
          2. II. Preconditions for candidates (Article 14(2)) No access
          3. III. Selection Procedure (Article 14(3)) No access
          4. IV. Excursus: The members of and the operating rules for the first selection panel No access
          5. V. Dismissal (Article 14(5)) No access
          1. I. Appointment (Article 15(1), (2) sentence 1, and (3)) No access
          2. II. Dismissal (Article 15(2) sentence 2 and (3) sentence 2) No access
          1. I. Appointment (Article 16(1) to (4), (6)) No access
          2. II. Dismissal (Article 16(5)) No access
          3. III. (Temporary) Substitution (Article 16(7)) No access
          1. I. Appointment (Article 17(1), (2) and (5)) No access
          2. II. Dismissal and disciplinary action (Article 17(3) and (4)) No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history, summary evaluation No access
          1. I. The Administrative Director as a temporary agent (Article 18(1)) No access
          2. II. Appointment of a new Administrative Director (Article 18(2)) No access
          3. III. Term of office; assessment procedure; extension of term of office (Article 18(3) to (5)) No access
          4. IV. Accountability (Article 18(6)) No access
          5. V. Removal from office (Article 18(7)) No access
        1. Analysis and interpretation of elements No access
      7. Article 20 Provisional administrative arrangements of the EPPO No access 134 - 138
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Legal nature, binding force, and effects No access
          2. II. Scope No access
          1. I. General clause (Article 21(1)) No access
          2. II. Adoption (Article 21(2)) No access
          3. III. Modification (Article 21(3)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Genesis of the PIF-Directive No access
            1. 1. Common requirements (Article 3(1) PIF-Directive) No access
              1. a) Misappropriation or wrongful retention of funds or assets No access
              2. b) Use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents (Article 3(2)(a)(i) PIF-Directive) No access
              3. c) Non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation (Article 3(2)(a)(ii) PIF-Directive) No access
              4. d) Misapplication of funds or assets (Article 3(2)(a)(iii) PIF-Directive) No access
              5. e) Sanctions with regard to natural persons (Article 7 PIF-Directive) No access
              6. f) Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt (Article 5 PIF-Directive) No access
              1. a) Misappropriation or wrongful retention of funds or assets No access
              2. b) Use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents (Article 3(2)(b)(i) PIF-Directive) No access
              3. c) Non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation (Article 3(2)(b)(ii) PIF-Directive) No access
              4. d) Misapplication of funds or assets (Article 3(2)(b)(iii) PIF-Directive) No access
              5. e) Sanctions with regard to natural persons (Article 7 PIF-Directive) No access
              6. f) Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt (Article 5 PIF-Directive) No access
              1. a) Illegal diminution of the resources of Union budgets No access
              2. b) Use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents (Article 3(2)(c)(i) PIF-Directive) No access
              3. c) Non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation (Article 3(2)(c)(ii) PIF-Directive) No access
              4. d) Misapplication of a legally obtained benefit (Article 3(2)(c)(iii) PIF-Directive) No access
              5. e) Sanctions with regard to natural persons (Article 7 PIF-Directive) No access
              6. f) Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt (Article 5 PIF-Directive) No access
              1. a) Use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete VAT-related statements or documents (Article 3(2)(d)(i) PIF-Directive) No access
              2. b) Non-disclosure of VAT-related information in violation of a specific obligation (Article 3(2)(d)(ii) PIF-Directive) No access
              3. c) Disguising the non-payment of VAT or wrongful creation of rights to VAT refunds (Article 3(2)(d)(iii) PIF-Directive) No access
              4. d) Sanctions with regard to natural persons (Article 7 PIF-Directive) No access
              5. e) Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt (Article 5 PIF-Directive) No access
            1. 1. Money laundering (Article 4(1) PIF-Directive) No access
              1. a) Common provisions No access
              2. b) Public official (Article 4(4) PIF-Directive) No access
            3. 3. Misappropriation of funds (Article 4(3) PIF-Directive) No access
            4. 4. Sanctions with regard to natural persons (Article 7 PIF-Directive) No access
            5. 5. Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt (Article 5 PIF-Directive) No access
          1. I. Common requirement: criminal offence according to national law No access
          2. II. Material competence in respect of PIF offences (Article 22(1)) No access
          3. III. Material competence in respect of participation in a criminal organisation (Article 22(2)) No access
          4. IV. Material competence in respect of inextricably linked offences (Article 22(3)) No access
          5. V. Protective clause concerning offences relating to national direct taxes (Article 22(4)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. EPPO competence and Member States’ rules on jurisdiction No access
          2. II. EPPO competence on the basis of the principle of territoriality (Article 23(a)) No access
          3. III. EPPO competence on the basis of the active personality principle (Article 23(b) and (c)) No access
        3. C. Jurisdictional principles, case allocation and choice of forum No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The EPPO’s sources of information on possible criminal conduct No access
            1. 1. General obligation to inform the EPPO (Article 24(1)) No access
            2. 2. Specific obligation to inform the EPPO about investigations initiated in the Member States (paragraph 2) No access
            3. 3. Information to be provided about cases assumed to be outside of the competence of the EPPO (Article 24(3)) No access
            4. 4. Content of information to be provided (Article 24(4)) No access
            5. 5. Reporting obligation where no final assessment of EPPO competence is possible (Article 24(5)) No access
            1. 1. Process of registration and verification (Article 24(6)) No access
            2. 2. Grounds to initiate an investigation (Article 24(6)) No access
            3. 3. No grounds to initiate an EPPO investigation (Article 24(7)) No access
            4. 4. Information to national authorities in case of possible criminal conduct outside of EPPO competence (Article 24(8)) No access
          3. III. Right of the EPPO to request further information (Article 24(9) and (10)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The concept of “shared competences” No access
          1. I. Exercising competence of the EPPO (Article 25(1)) No access
            1. 1. Minor case (Article 25(2)) No access
              1. a) Inextricably linked offences (point (a)) No access
              2. b) Damage caused to EU and other victims (point (b)) No access
            3. 3. Exercise of EPPO competence by consent (Article 25(4)) No access
          3. III. Information obligation (Article 25(5)) No access
          4. IV. Conflicts of competence between the EPPO and national prosecution authorities (Article 25(6)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The concept of initiating an investigation under the EPPO Regulation No access
            1. 1. Reasonable grounds to believe that an offence within the competence of the EPPO has been committed (Article 26(1)) No access
            2. 2. Jurisdiction of the Member State and the EDP’s competence to initiate an investigation (Article 26(1)) No access
            3. 3. Decision to initiate an investigation – legality principle (Article 26(1)) No access
            4. 4. Multiple jurisdictions – criteria for case allocation (Article 26(4)) No access
            5. 5. Role of the Permanent Chamber (Article 26(3) and (4)) No access
          2. II. Information obligations (Article 26(2) and (7)) No access
          3. III. Reallocation, merging and splitting of cases between Member States (Article 26(5) and (6)) No access
        4. D. Legal consequences of a decision to initiate an investigation and judicial review No access
        5. E. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. Preconditions for exercising the right of evocation No access
            1. 1. Receipt of information in accordance with Article 24(2) No access
            2. 2. Receipt of information from other sources (Article 27(3)) No access
            3. 3. No applicability of the legality principle No access
            1. 1. Competence of an EDP (Article 27(6)) No access
            2. 2. Multiple jurisdictions – criteria for case allocation No access
            3. 3. Internal decision-making competences and reporting obligations (Article 27(6), (8) and (9)) No access
            4. 4. Decision-making procedures and time limits (Article 27(1), (2) and (4)) No access
          3. III. Legal consequences of a decision to exercise the right of evocation (Article 27(5)) No access
          4. IV. Decision to refrain from exercising the right of evocation (Article 27(7)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The relationship between the EPPO and the national law enforcement authorities No access
            1. 1. The EDP’s role to conduct investigations No access
            2. 2. The national authorities’ obligation to follow the EDPs instructions No access
            3. 3. Reporting by the EDP and supervision by the Central Office No access
          2. II. The competence of national authorities to take urgent measures (Article 28(2)) No access
          3. III. Reallocation of the case to another EDP of the same Member State (Article 28(3)) No access
          4. IV. The European Prosecutor as handling EDP (Article 28(4)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Privileges and immunities No access
          2. II. Protection of privileges and immunities under the EPPO Regulation No access
            1. 1. National law (Article 29(1)) No access
            2. 2. Union law (Article 29(2)) No access
          2. II. Obstacle to a specific investigation No access
          3. III. Lifting procedure in national or Union law No access
          4. IV. Procedure No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
            1. 1. General requirement (Article 30(1)) No access
              1. a) Search (Article 30(1)(a)) No access
              2. b) Production order (Article 30(1)(b)) No access
              3. c) Production and decryption order relating to data (Article 30(1)(c)) No access
              4. d) Freezing of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (Article 30(1)(d)) No access
              5. e) Interception of electronic communications (Article 30(1)(e)) No access
              6. f) Tracking and tracing an object by technical means(Article 30(1)(f)) No access
            3. 3. Conditions and restrictions regarding persons or professionals bound by an obligation of confidentiality (Article 30(2)) No access
            4. 4. Conditions and limitations to specific measures (Article 30(3)) No access
            5. 5. Further conditions and limitations; non-compliance by a Member State No access
          2. II. Member States’ obligation to make further measures available to EDP (Article 30(4)) No access
            1. 1. Proportionality and subsidiarity requirement (Article 30(5) sentence 1) No access
            2. 2. Procedures and modalities (Article 30(5) sentence 2) No access
        3. C. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. Cross-border investigations – “single Office” without “single legal area” No access
          1. I. The respective tasks of the handling and the assisting EDP (Article 31(1)) No access
          2. II. Adoption and assignment of an investigation measure (Article 31(2)) No access
            1. 1. Overview – the concept of “judicial authorization” being “required” No access
            2. 2. Judicial authorization required in Member State of the assisting EDP or in both Member States No access
            3. 3. Judicial authorization required only in Member State of the handling EDP No access
            1. 1. Undertake the measure or instruct a national authority (Article 31(4)) No access
            2. 2. Consultation requirement (Article 31(5)) No access
            3. 3. Decision-making competence of Permanent Chamber (Article 31(7) and (8)) No access
          5. V. Possible recourse to instruments on mutual recognition or mutual legal assistance (Article 31(6)) No access
        4. D. Judicial review of cross-border investigation measures No access
        5. E. Assessment No access
        1. Analysis and interpretation of elements No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision, legislative history No access
          1. I. Arrest and pre-trial detention (Article 33(1)) No access
          2. II. Issuance of an EAW (Article 33(2)) No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The concept of referral and transfer of proceedings No access
            1. 1. No EPPO competence (Article 34(1)) No access
            2. 2. EPPO should not exercise competence (Article 34(2)) No access
            3. 3. Optional referral in less serious cases (Article 34(3) and (4)) No access
            4. 4. Referral instead of dismissal by the EPPO (Article 34(6)) No access
          2. II. Legal consequences if national authority does not take the case (Article 34(5)) No access
          3. III. Transferring the file to the national authority (Article 34(7) and (8)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. Decision making processes and the EPPO’s structure No access
            1. 1. Investigations considered to be completed No access
            2. 2. Possible decisions to be taken No access
            3. 3. Procedures No access
          2. II. Proposal on the choice of forum (Article 35(3)) No access
          3. III. Decision making competences of the Chamber (Article 35(2)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. The EPPO as prosecutor in the national courts No access
            1. 1. Decision-making procedure No access
            2. 2. Decision making powers of the Chamber No access
            1. 1. The EPPO’s decision to choose a forum for prosecution No access
            2. 2. Judicial review of the choice of forum by the EPPO No access
          3. III. Joining cases for purpose of prosecution (Article 36(4)) No access
          4. IV. Determination of the competent national court (Article 36(5)) No access
          5. V. Information on decision to prosecute (Article 36(6)) No access
          6. VI. Decision-making procedures in the main proceedings No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Purpose of the provision; legislative history No access
          1. I. Admissibility of evidence (Article 37(1)) No access
          2. II. Assessment of evidence (Article 37(2)) No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. Minimum requirements on confiscation measures under Union law No access
          1. I. Referral to national law (Article 38 sentence 1) No access
          2. II. Compensation of victims (Article 38 sentence 2) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Scope No access
          2. II. Dismissal of cases beyond Article 39 No access
              1. a) Death; winding up of a legal person No access
              2. b) Insanity No access
              3. c) Amnesty No access
              4. d) Immunity No access
              5. e) Statutory limitation to prosecute No access
              6. f) Ne bis in idem No access
              7. g) Lack of relevant evidence No access
            2. 2. Procedure; judicial review No access
          2. II. Reopening investigations (Article 39(2)) No access
            1. 1. Applicability No access
            2. 2. Grounds for dismissal; relation to Article 34(1) and (3) No access
            3. 3. Procedure No access
            1. 1. Notification No access
            2. 2. Recovery and other administrative follow-up No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Scope No access
          2. II. Simplified prosecution procedures in applicable national law No access
            1. 1. Procedure; discretion No access
            2. 2. Consultation with national prosecution authorities (Article 40(1)[2]) No access
            1. 1. Procedure; discretion; judicial review (Article 40(2)[1]) No access
            2. 2. Specific criteria to be taken into account (Article 40(2)[1]) No access
            3. 3. Guidelines (Article 40(2)[2]) No access
          3. III. Application of a simplified prosecution procedure and disposal of the case (Article 40(3)) No access
        4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
      2. B. Defence rights in Europeanized criminal proceedings No access
          1. 1. Personal, material and temporal scope No access
          2. 2. Rights of suspects and accused persons enshrined in the Charter No access
          3. 3. Full compliance No access
          1. 1. Personal, material and temporal scope No access
          2. 2. Procedural rights provided for in Union law as a minimum standard No access
            1. a) Right to interpretation and translation (Directive 2010/64/EU) No access
            2. b) Right to information and access to the case materials (Directive 2012/13/EU) No access
            3. c) Right of access to a lawyer and the right to communicate with and have third persons informed in the event of detention (Directive 2013/48/EU) No access
            4. d) Right to remain silent and the right to be presumed innocent (Directive (EU) 2016/343) No access
            5. e) Right to legal aid (Directive (EU) 2016/1919) No access
            6. f) Procedural rights provided for in other Union law; future legislative action No access
          1. 1. Personal, material and temporal scope No access
          2. 2. Subsidiarity to other provisions in Articles 41 and 42 No access
          3. 3. Reference to applicable national law on procedural rights No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Scope ratione materiae No access
        2. II. Treaty compliance and raison d’être No access
        3. III. Scope ratione personae No access
          1. 1. Competence of the national courts – no competence of the CJEU No access
            1. a) Procedural acts of the EPPO No access
            2. b) Acts intended to produce legal effects vis-à-vis third parties No access
            3. c) EPPO’s failures to act No access
            1. a) Requirements and procedures laid down by national law No access
            2. b) Benchmarks for the review by national courts No access
            3. c) Possible types of decisions by national courts No access
          4. 4. Member States’ obligation to provide effective judicial review No access
          5. 5. Challengeable procedural acts of the EPPO No access
            1. a) Possibility to request a preliminary ruling No access
            2. b) Obligation to request a preliminary ruling No access
            3. c) Formulating preliminary questions and legal effects of preliminary rulings on validity No access
          2. 2. Interpretation or validity of Union law (Article 42(2)(b)) No access
          3. 3. Conflicts of competence (Article 42(2)(c)) No access
        3. III. Competence of the CJEU for review of the EPPO’s decision to dismiss a case (Article 42(3)) No access
          1. 1. Disputes relating to compensation for damage (Article 42(4)) No access
          2. 2. Disputes concerning arbitration clauses (Article 42(5)) No access
          3. 3. Disputes concerning staff matters (Article 42(6)) No access
          4. 4. Dismissal of the European Chief Prosecutor or European Prosecutors (Article 42(7)) No access
            1. a) Judicial review of decisions that affect the data subject’s rights under Chapter VIII of the Regulation No access
            2. b) Judicial review of administrative decisions of the EPPO No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
    1. Article 43 Access to information by the EPPO No access 441 - 443
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
      2. B. Analysis of the individual provisions No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Opening and managing of case files No access
        2. II. Access to case files No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
      2. B. Analysis of the individual provisions No access
    1. Introduction to Chapter VIII (Articles 47 to 89) No access 456 - 461
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. General principles of data protection (Article 47(1)) No access
          2. II. The principle of accountability and the scope of Chapter VIII (Article 47(2)) No access
          3. III. Processing for purposes other than that for which the data have been collected (Article 47(3)) No access
      2. Article 48 Administrative personal data No access 470 - 471
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Purpose definition and limitation (Article 49(1)) No access
          2. II. Temporary processing for other purposes (Article 49(4)) No access
          3. III. Categories of personal data (Article 49(2) and (3)) No access
          4. IV. Keeping track of the origin of personal data (Article 49(5)) No access
          5. V. Compliance with national procedural law (Article 49(6)) No access
      4. Article 50 Time-limits for the storage of operational personal data No access 477 - 479
      5. Article 51 Distinction between different categories of data subjects No access 479 - 481
      6. Article 52 Distinction between operational personal data and verification of quality of personal data No access 481 - 483
      7. Article 53 Specific processing conditions No access 483 - 485
      8. Article 54 Transmission of operational personal data to institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union No access 485 - 487
      9. Article 55 Processing of special categories of operational personal data No access 487 - 488
      10. Article 56 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling No access 488 - 490
      1. Article 57 Communication and modalities for exercising the rights of the data subject No access 490 - 492
      2. Article 58 Information to be made available or given to the data subject No access 492 - 495
      3. Article 59 Right of access by the data subject No access 495 - 497
      4. Article 60 Limitations of the right of access No access 497 - 499
      5. Article 61 Right to rectification or erasure of operational personal data and restriction of data processing No access 499 - 504
      6. Article 62 Exercise of rights by the data subject and verification by the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 504 - 506
      1. Article 63 Obligations of the EPPO No access 506 - 508
      2. Article 64 Joint controllers No access 508 - 510
      3. Article 65 Processor No access 510 - 512
      4. Article 66 Processing under the authority of the controller or processor No access 512 - 513
      5. Article 67 Data protection by design and by default No access 513 - 514
      6. Article 68 Records of categories of processing activities No access 514 - 516
      7. Article 69 Logging in respect of automated processing No access 516 - 518
      8. Article 70 Cooperation with the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 518 - 519
      9. Article 71 Data protection impact assessment No access 519 - 520
      10. Article 72 Prior consultation of the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 520 - 522
      1. Article 73 Security of processing of operational personal data No access 522 - 523
      2. Article 74 Notification of a personal data breach to the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 523 - 523
      3. Article 75 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject No access 523 - 524
      4. Article 76 Authorised access to operational personal data within the EPPO No access 524 - 527
      1. Article 77 Designation of the Data Protection Officer No access 527 - 528
      2. Article 78 Position of the Data Protection Officer No access 528 - 528
      3. Article 79 Tasks of the data protection officer No access 528 - 533
      1. Article 80 General principles for transfers of operational personal data No access 533 - 534
      2. Article 81 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision No access 534 - 534
      3. Article 82 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards No access 534 - 535
      4. Article 83 Derogations for specific situations No access 535 - 535
      5. Article 84 Transfers of operational personal data to recipients established in third countries No access 535 - 544
      1. Article 85 Supervision by the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 544 - 545
      2. Article 86 Professional secrecy of the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 545 - 545
      3. Article 87 Cooperation between the European Data Protection Supervisor and national supervisory authorities No access 545 - 546
      4. Article 88 Right to lodge a complaint with the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 546 - 546
      5. Article 89 Right to judicial review against the European Data Protection Supervisor No access 546 - 550
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        2. B. Relevant EU legal framework No access
        3. C. Analysis of the individual provisions No access
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. General budgetary principles (Article 91(1) to (4)) No access
          2. II. Operational expenditure (Article 91(5) and (6)) No access
          3. III. Budgetary consequences of enhanced cooperation (Article 91(7) and (8)) No access
      3. Article 92 Establishment of the budget No access 559 - 561
      4. Article 93 Implementation of the budget No access 561 - 563
      5. Article 94 Presentation of accounts and discharge No access 563 - 565
      6. Article 95 Financial rules No access 565 - 566
        1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. I. Applicability of EUSR and CEOS (Article 96(1) and (2)) No access
          2. II. Role and competences of the appointing authority (Article 96(3)) No access
          3. III. The EPPO’s implementing rules (Article 96(4)) No access
          4. IV. Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities (Article 96(5)) No access
            1. 1. Status as “Special Advisor” in accordance with the CEOS No access
            2. 2. Responsibilities of the national authorities No access
            3. 3. Employment conditions and work environment No access
          6. VI. Independence of the EPs and the EDPs (Article 96(7)) No access
      2. Article 97 Temporary agents and contract agents No access 576 - 577
      3. Article 98 Seconded national experts and other staff No access 577 - 579
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Cooperative Relations (Article 99(1)) No access
        2. II. Exchange of Information (Article 99(2)) No access
        3. III. Working Arrangements (Article 99(3)) No access
      3. C. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Eurojust: legal basis, objective, tasks No access
        2. II. Coordination of the execution of Eurojust’s and the EPPO’s competences No access
        3. III. On Eurojust’s cooperation with the EPPO No access
        1. I. Relationship with Eurojust; regular meeting (Article 100(1)) No access
        2. II. Operational cooperation (Article 100(2)) No access
        3. III. Indirect access to case management systems (Article 100(3)) No access
        4. IV. Assistance in matters of administration (Article 100(4)) No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. OLAF: legal basis, objective, tasks No access
        2. II. Administrative investigations by OLAF under the OLAF Regulation (Regulation [EU, Euratom] 883/2013) No access
        3. III. On the relation between OLAF and the EPPO No access
        1. I. Relationship with OLAF (Article 101(1)) No access
        2. II. Precedence of criminal investigations by the EPPO (Article 101(2)) No access
        3. III. Supportive or complementary actions on request by the EPPO (Article 101(3)) No access
        4. IV. Information on cases not brought to judgment (Article 101(4)) No access
        5. V. Indirect access to case management systems (Article 101(5)) No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Europol: legal basis, objective, tasks No access
        2. II. Europol’s role relating to the investigation of PIF offences No access
        3. III. Information sharing by Europol and Europol’s information and data protection regime No access
        1. I. Relationship with Europol; working arrangement (Article 102(1)) No access
        2. II. Request for information (Article 102(2) alternative 1) No access
        3. III. Inquiry for analytical support (Article 102(2) alternative 2) No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
      2. B. On the role of the victim in the EPPO Regulation No access
        1. I. Relation with the Commission (Article 103(1)) No access
          1. 1. General remarks No access
          2. 2. Specific measures No access
      4. D. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. 1. Working arrangements (Article 104(1)) No access
          2. 2. Contact points in third countries (Article 104(2)) No access
            1. a) Analysis of Article 104(3) No access
            2. b) International agreements No access
          2. 2. International agreements between Member States and third countries: the EPPO as a competent authority (Article 104(4)) No access
          3. 3. Recourse to the national level for requesting legal assistance from third countries (Article 104(5)[1]) No access
          4. 4. Requests for legal assistance by the EPPO (Article 104(5)[2]) No access
          5. 5. Outgoing legal assistance (Article 104(6)) No access
        3. III. Extradition (Article 104(7)) No access
      3. C. Assessment No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
          1. 1. Working arrangements (Article 105(1)) No access
          2. 2. Contact points in non-participating Member States (Article 105(2)) No access
          1. 1. (Future) legal instruments No access
            1. a) Analysis of the provision No access
            2. b) Specific instruments No access
      3. C. Assessment No access
    1. Article 106 Legal status and operating conditions No access 644 - 646
    2. Article 107 Language arrangements No access 646 - 648
    3. Article 108 Confidentiality and professional secrecy No access 648 - 650
    4. Article 109 Transparency No access 650 - 652
    5. Article 110 OLAF and the Court of Auditors No access 652 - 654
    6. Article 111 Rules on the protection of sensitive non-classified and classified information No access 654 - 655
    7. Article 112 Administrative inquiries No access 655 - 656
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Contractual liability of the EPPO (Article 113(1), (2) and (6)) No access
        2. II. Non-contractual liability of the EPPO (Article 113(3) to (5)) No access
        3. III. Personal liability of the staff of the EPPO (Article 113(7)) No access
      1. A. Introduction No access
      2. B. Procedure; “implementing rules” and “programme documents” No access
      3. C. Minimum set of “implementing rules” and “programme documents” No access
      1. A. Introduction No access
      2. B. Material and temporal scope of delegation powers in the EPPO Regulation (Article 115(1) to (3)) No access
      3. C. Adoption of delegated acts and related procedural aspects (Article 115(4) to (6)) No access
    11. Article 116 Urgency procedure No access 666 - 667
      1. A. Introduction No access
      2. B. Designation and notification of relevant authorities (Article 117 sentence 1 and 2) No access
      3. C. Notification of national substantive criminal law provisions (Article 117 sentence 3) No access
      4. D. Notification of limitations to specific investigation measures (Article 117 sentence 5) No access
      5. E. Transparency (Article 117 sentence 4) No access
    13. Article 118 Review of the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the EPPO No access 671 - 672
      1. A. Purpose of the provision; legislative history No access
        1. I. Evaluation (Article 119(1)) No access
        2. II. Legislative proposals (Article 119(2)) No access
      1. A. Introduction; genesis of the provision No access
        1. I. Entry into force (Article 120(1)) No access
        2. II. Temporal competence (Article 120(2)[1]) No access
        3. III. Deferred exercise of competence (Article 120(2)[2] and [3]) No access
        4. IV. Subsequent participation, withdrawal, and accession (Article 120(2)[4]) No access
      3. C. Assessment No access
      1. Article 1 Subject matter No access
      2. Article 2 Definitions No access
      1. Article 3 Establishment No access
      2. Article 4 Tasks No access
      3. Article 5 Basic principles of the activities No access
      4. Article 6 Independence and accountability No access
      5. Article 7 Reporting No access
        1. Article 8 Structure of the EPPO No access
        2. Article 9 The College No access
        3. Article 10 The Permanent Chambers No access
        4. Article 11 The European Chief Prosecutor and the Deputy European Chief Prosecutors No access
        5. Article 12 The European Prosecutors No access
        6. Article 13 The European Delegated Prosecutors No access
        1. Article 14 Appointment and dismissal of the European Chief Prosecutor No access
        2. Article 15 Appointment and dismissal of the Deputy European Chief Prosecutors No access
        3. Article 16 Appointment and dismissal of the European Prosecutors No access
        4. Article 17 Appointment and dismissal of the European Delegated Prosecutors No access
        5. Article 18 Status of the Administrative Director No access
        6. Article 19 Responsibilities of the Administrative Director No access
        7. Article 20 Provisional administrative arrangements of the EPPO No access
        1. Article 21 Internal rules of procedure of the EPPO No access
        1. Article 22 Material competence of the EPPO No access
        2. Article 23 Territorial and personal competence of the EPPO No access
        1. Article 24 Reporting, registration and verification of information No access
        2. Article 25 Exercise of the competence of the EPPO No access
        1. Article 26 Initiation of investigations and allocation of competences within the EPPO No access
        2. Article 27 Right of evocation No access
        3. Article 28 Conducting the investigation No access
        4. Article 29 Lifting privileges or immunities No access
        1. Article 30 Investigation measures and other measures No access
        2. Article 31 Cross-border investigations No access
        3. Article 32 Enforcement of assigned measures No access
        4. Article 33 Pre-trial arrest and cross-border surrender No access
        1. Article 34 Referrals and transfers of proceedings to the national authorities No access
        2. Article 35 Termination of the investigation No access
        3. Article 36 Prosecution before national Courts No access
        4. Article 37 Evidence No access
        5. Article 38 Disposition of confiscated assets No access
        1. Article 39 Dismissal of the case No access
        1. Article 40 Simplified prosecution procedures No access
      1. Article 41 Scope of the rights of the suspects and accused persons No access
      2. Article 42 Judicial review No access
      1. Article 43 Access to information by the EPPO No access
      2. Article 44 Case management system No access
      3. Article 45 Case files of the EPPO No access
      4. Article 46 Access to the case management system No access
      1. Article 47 Principles relating to processing of personal data No access
      2. Article 48 Administrative personal data No access
      3. Article 49 Processing of operational personal data No access
      4. Article 50 Time limits for the storage of operational personal data No access
      5. Article 51 Distinction between different categories of data subject No access
      6. Article 52 Distinction between operational personal data and verification of quality of personal data No access
      7. Article 53 Specific processing conditions No access
      8. Article 54 Transmission of operational personal data to institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union No access
      9. Article 55 Processing of special categories of operational personal data No access
      10. Article 56 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling No access
      11. Article 57 Communication and modalities for exercising the rights of the data subject No access
      12. Article 58 Information to be made available or given to the data subject No access
      13. Article 59 Right of access by the data subject No access
      14. Article 60 Limitations to the right of access No access
      15. Article 61 Right to rectification or erasure of operational personal data and restriction of processing No access
      16. Article 62 Exercise of rights by the data subject and verification by the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      17. Article 63 Obligations of the EPPO No access
      18. Article 64 Joint controllers No access
      19. Article 65 Processor No access
      20. Article 66 Processing under the authority of the controller or processor No access
      21. Article 67 Data protection by design and by default No access
      22. Article 68 Records of categories of processing activities No access
      23. Article 69 Logging in respect of automated processing No access
      24. Article 70 Cooperation with the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      25. Article 71 Data protection impact assessment No access
      26. Article 72 Prior consultation of the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      27. Article 73 Security of processing of operational personal data No access
      28. Article 74 Notification of a personal data breach to the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      29. Article 75 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject No access
      30. Article 76 Authorised access to operational personal data within the EPPO No access
      31. Article 77 Designation of the Data Protection Officer No access
      32. Article 78 Position of the Data Protection Officer No access
      33. Article 79 Tasks of the data protection officer No access
      34. Article 80 General principles for transfers of operational personal data No access
      35. Article 81 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision No access
      36. Article 82 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards No access
      37. Article 83 Derogations for specific situations No access
      38. Article 84 Transfers of operational personal data to recipients established in third countries No access
      39. Article 85 Supervision by the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      40. Article 86 Professional secrecy of the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      41. Article 87 Cooperation between the European Data Protection Supervisor and national supervisory authorities No access
      42. Article 88 Right to lodge a complaint with the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
      43. Article 89 Right to judicial review against the European Data Protection Supervisor No access
        1. Article 90 Financial actors No access
        2. Article 91 Budget No access
        3. Article 92 Establishment of the budget No access
        4. Article 93 Implementation of the budget No access
        5. Article 94 Presentation of accounts and discharge No access
        6. Article 95 Financial rules No access
        1. Article 96 General provisions No access
        2. Article 97 Temporary agents and contract agents No access
        3. Article 98 Seconded national experts and other staff No access
      1. Article 99 Common provisions No access
      2. Article 100 Relations with Eurojust No access
      3. Article 101 Relations with OLAF No access
      4. Article 102 Relations with Europol No access
      5. Article 103 Relations with other institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union No access
      6. Article 104 Relations with third countries and international organisations No access
      7. Article 105 Relations with Member States of the European Union which do not participate in enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the EPPO No access
      1. Article 106 Legal status and operating conditions No access
      2. Article 107 Language arrangements No access
      3. Article 108 Confidentiality and professional secrecy No access
      4. Article 109 Transparency No access
      5. Article 110 OLAF and the Court of Auditors No access
      6. Article 111 Rules on the protection of sensitive non-classified and classified information No access
      7. Article 112 Administrative inquiries No access
      8. Article 113 General regime of liability No access
      9. Article 114 Implementing rules and programme documents No access
      10. Article 115 Exercise of the delegation No access
      11. Article 116 Urgency procedure No access
      12. Article 117 Notifications No access
      13. Article 118 Review of the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the EPPO No access
      14. Article 119 Review clause No access
      15. Article 120 Entry into force No access
      1. Article 1 Subject matter No access
      2. Article 2 Definitions and scope No access
      1. Article 3 Fraud affecting the Union's financial interests No access
      2. Article 4 Other criminal offences affecting the Union's financial interests No access
      1. Article 5 Incitement, aiding and abetting, and attempt No access
      2. Article 6 Liability of legal persons No access
      3. Article 7 Sanctions with regard to natural persons No access
      4. Article 8 Aggravating circumstance No access
      5. Article 9 Sanctions with regard to legal persons No access
      6. Article 10 Freezing and confiscation No access
      7. Article 11 Jurisdiction No access
      8. Article 12 Limitation periods for criminal offences affecting the Union's financial interests No access
      9. Article 13 Recovery No access
      10. Article 14 Interaction with other applicable legal acts of the Union No access
      1. Article 15 Cooperation between the Member States and the Commission (OLAF) and other Union institutions, bodies, offices or agencies No access
      2. Article 16 Replacement of the Convention on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests No access
      3. Article 17 Transposition No access
      4. Article 18 Reporting and assessment No access
      5. Article 19 Entry into force No access
      6. Article 20 Addressees No access

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