Cover of book: The Contractual Networks of Digital Commons
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Book Titles No access

The Contractual Networks of Digital Commons

Self-organized criticality through individual autonomy
Authors:
Publisher:
 2024

Summary

The work deals with Digital Commons. These are a case of the new organizational forms developed in the realm of digital economy and fall under the notion of “Network Enterprise”, substituting the classical hierarchical forms of firms with horizontal cooperation between independent agents. They are hybrid forms of organization, which reject both markets and hierarchies, as the two mainstream organizational modes of conventional economics. They are based on individual autonomy combined with egalitarian cooperative mechanisms, trying to reap the best of the organizational structure of firms without sacrificing individual autonomy.

Keywords

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2024
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0842-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-1590-4
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
The Regulation of Digital Technologies
Volume
1
Language
English
Pages
228
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 14
  2. 1. Introduction No access 15 - 26
      1. 2.1.1 Complex systems No access
      2. 2.1.2 Micro-macro states No access
      3. 2.1.3 Emergence No access
        1. 2.1.4.1 Self-organized criticality No access
      1. 2.2.1 Complexity and the law No access
      1. 3.1.1 A systemic view of commons No access
    2. 3.2 Public goods and cooperation No access 63 - 80
    3. 3.3 Distributive justice and cooperation No access 81 - 84
  5. 4. Digital Economy No access 85 - 92
    1. 5.1 Characteristics No access 93 - 99
    2. 5.2 The structure of digital commons No access 100 - 104
      1. 6.1.1 Persons No access
        1. 6.1.2.1 Enspiral Foundation No access
          1. 6.1.2.2.1 Working Groups No access
          2. 6.1.2.2.2 Livelihood Pods No access
        3. 6.1.2.3 Enspiral Ventures No access
      3. 6.1.3 Decision Mechanisms No access
      4. 6.1.4 Cobudget No access
      1. 6.2.1 Participation No access
      2. 6.2.2 Collective entities No access
        1. 6.2.3.1 Value Accounting System (VAS) No access
      4. 6.2.4 Nondominium No access
      1. 7.1.1 Enspiral No access
      2. 7.1.2 Sensorica No access
      1. 7.2.1 Associations and quasi-association organizational contracts No access
        1. 7.2.2.1 Interdependent linked bilateral contracts No access
        2. 7.2.2.2 Multilateral framework contract and bilateral executory contracts No access
        3. 7.2.2.3 Emergent properties of contractual networks: the doctrine of good faith No access
      3. 7.2.3 Steward ownership No access
      1. 7.3.1 Enspiral No access
      2. 7.3.2 Sensorica No access
  9. 8. Conclusions No access 187 - 206
  10. Bibliography No access 207 - 224
  11. Index No access 225 - 228

Bibliography (346)

  1. Adar Y/Gelbard M (2013) Contract Remedies – A Relational Perspective, in: Grundmann S/Caffagi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 269–291. Open Google Scholar
  2. Ågren A/Davies N/Foster K (2019) Enforcement is central to the evolution of cooperation, Nature Ecology & Evolution: 1018–1029. Open Google Scholar
  3. Aleta A/Moreno Y (2018) Multilayer Networks in a Nutshell. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.03488.pdf (accessed: February 2023). Open Google Scholar
  4. Allen B/Nowak M (2014) Games on graphs, EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences: 113–151. Open Google Scholar
  5. Amstutz M (2009) The Constitution of Contractual Networks, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.), Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 309–346. Open Google Scholar
  6. Amstutz M (2013) The Nemesis of European Private Law: Contractual Nexus as a Legislative Conundrum, in: Grundmann S/Cafaggi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 319–356. Open Google Scholar
  7. Anderson E (1993) Value in Ethics and Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  8. Archer M (1995) Realist social theory: the morphogenetic approach. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  9. Arnet R (2016) Art. 641, in: Breitschmidt P/Jungo A (Hrsg.), Handkommentar zum Schweizer Privatrecht, 3. Auf. Zürich, Basel, Genf: Schulthess. Open Google Scholar
  10. Arvidsson A (2019) Capitalism and Commons. Theory, Culture & Society: 1–28. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0263276419868838 (accessed: August 2019). Open Google Scholar
  11. Arvidsson et. al (2017) Commons Based Peer Production in the Information Economy. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessandro_Caliandro/publication/310624903_Commons_Based_Peer_Production_in_the_Information_Economy/links/5834403108ae004f74c85030.pdf (accessed: December 2019). Open Google Scholar
  12. Axelrod R (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Open Google Scholar
  13. Bachmann G (2022) § 241, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. II, §§ 241 – 310, 9. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  14. Baer S (2015) Rechtssoziologie, 2. Auf. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. Open Google Scholar
  15. Bak P (1996) How nature works: the science of self-organized criticality. New York: Copernicus. Open Google Scholar
  16. Bak P/Chen K (1989)The Physics of Fractals, Physica D 38: 5–12. Open Google Scholar
  17. Bak P/Tang C/Wiesenfeld K (1987) Self-organized Criticality: An explanation of 1/f Noise, Physical Review Letters 59 (4): 381–384. Open Google Scholar
  18. Banzhaf W (2001) Self-Organizing Systems, in: Meyers R (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3rd Ed. San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  19. Baquero PM (2022) Networks of Collaborative Contracts for Innovation. Oxford, London, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  20. v. Bar C (2015) Gemeineuropäisches Sachenrecht, Bd. I. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  21. Barabási A-L (2016) Network Science. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  22. Barton N et al (2007) Evolution. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Open Google Scholar
  23. Battiston et al (2017) Determinants of public cooperation in multiplex networks, New J Phys 19 073017. Open Google Scholar
  24. Bauwens M/Niaros V (2017) Value in the Commons Economy: Developments in Open and Contributory Value Accounting. Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation. Also available in: http://confrontations.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1.Value-in-the-Commons-Economy_M.-Bauwens.pdf (accessed: August 2023). Open Google Scholar
  25. Beatson J/Burrows A/Cartwright J (2020) Anson’s Law of Contract, 31st Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  26. Beekhuis J (1973) Civil Law, in: International Association of Legal Science, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Vol. VI, Ch. 2, Lawson F (Ed.), Property and Trust. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck: 3–21. Open Google Scholar
  27. Bénabent A (2017) Droit des Obligatios, 16e Ed. Issy-les-Moulineaux: LGDJ. Open Google Scholar
  28. Benkler et al (2015) Peer Production: A Form of Collective intelligence, in: Malone/Bernstein, Handbook of Collective Intelligence. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 175–204. Open Google Scholar
  29. Benkler Y (2002) Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm, Yale Law Journal (112): 369–446. Open Google Scholar
  30. Benkler Y (2004) Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, Yale Law Journal (114): 273–358. Open Google Scholar
  31. Benkler Y (2006) The Wealth of Networks. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Open Google Scholar
  32. Benkler Y (2011) The Penguin and the Leviathan. New York: Crown Business. Open Google Scholar
  33. Benkler Y (2013) Commons and Growth: The Essential Role of Open Commons in Market Economies, U.Chi.L.Rev. (80): 1499–1555. Open Google Scholar
  34. Benkler Y (2017) Peer Production, the commons, and the future of the firm, Strategic Organization (15): 264–274. Open Google Scholar
  35. Bently L/Sherman B (2014) Intellectual Property Law. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  36. Bergren Miller A (2014) Enspiral: Changing the Way Social Entrepreneurs Do Business. Available at: https://www.shareable.net/blog/enspiral-changing-the-way-social-entrepreneurs-do-business (accessed: June 2023). Open Google Scholar
  37. Bollier D (2007) The growth of the Commons Paradigm, in: Hess C/Ostrom E, Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 27–40. Open Google Scholar
  38. Bollier D (2014) Think like a Commoner. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  39. Bonan A/Canon C/Pokraka L (2020) Steward-ownership. A short guidebook to legal frameworks. Hamburg: Purpose Stiftung gemeinnützige GmbH. Open Google Scholar
  40. Bove A/Langa M (2021) The Perpetual Business Purpose Trust: The Business Planning Vehicle for the Future, Starting Now, ACTEC Law Journal, Vol. 47: No. 1, Article 3. Open Google Scholar
  41. Bowles S/Gintis H (2011) A cooperative Species. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
  42. Bresnahan T (2002) Conclusion: Computer, Productivity, and Wages; Reflections on the Economics of the Information Age, in: Greenan N/L’Horty Y/Mairesse J, Productivity, Inequality and the Digital Economy – A Transatlantic Perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 279–297. Open Google Scholar
  43. Bresnahan T/Trajtenberg M (1995) General Purpose Technologies. “Engines of Growth”?, Journal of Econometrics (65): 83–108. Open Google Scholar
  44. Bridge M (2015) Personal Property Law, 4rd Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  45. Broumas A (2020) Intellectual Commons and the Law: A Normative Theory for Commons-Based Peer Production. London: University of Westminster Press. Open Google Scholar
  46. Brownsword R (2009) Network Contracts Revisited, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G, Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 31–52. Open Google Scholar
  47. Brownsword R (2013) Contracts with Network Effects: Is the Time Now Right?, in: Grundmann S/ Cafaggi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 137–162. Open Google Scholar
  48. Busche J (2018) Vor § 145, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. I, §§ 1–240, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  49. Buxbaum R (1993) Is “Network” a Legal Concept, JITE (149/4): 698–705. Open Google Scholar
  50. Bydlinski F (1996) System und Prinzipien des Privatrechts. Wien: Springer, (2013) Österreich Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  51. Byrne D/Callaghan G (2014) Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences. London, New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  52. Cabraal A/Basterfield S (2018) Better Work Together. Enspiral Foundation Ltd. Open Google Scholar
  53. Cafaggi F (2008) Contractual Networks and the Small Business Act: Towards European Principles, EUI Woriking Papers, LAW No. 2008/15. Open Google Scholar
  54. Cafaggi F/Grundmann S (2013) Towards a Legal Framework for Transnational European Networks?, in: Grundmann S/Cafaggi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 357–365. Open Google Scholar
  55. Caldarelli G/Catanzaro M (2012) Networks. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  56. Caldarelli G/Vespignani A (2007) Large Scale Structure and Dynamics of Complex Networks. New Jersey: World Scientific. Open Google Scholar
  57. Cameron K/Quinn R (2011) Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, 3rd Ed. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Open Google Scholar
  58. Campbell DT (1974) Downward causation in hierarchically organized biological systems, in: Ayala FJ/Dobzhansky T (eds.), Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems. London, Basingstoke: Macmillan: 179–186. Open Google Scholar
  59. Canaris CW (1995) Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft, 3. Auf. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  60. Canaris CW (1988) Bankvertragsrecht, 3. Auf. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. Open Google Scholar
  61. Canaris CW (1983) Systemdenken und Systembegriff in der Jurisprudenz, 2 Auf. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Open Google Scholar
  62. Carley K (2000) Organizational Change and the Digital Economy: A Computational Organization Science Perspective. In: Brynjolfsson E/Kahin B (eds.), Understanding the Digital Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 325–351. Open Google Scholar
  63. Castells M (2000) Towards a Sociology of the Network Society, Contemporary Sociology (29): 693–699. Open Google Scholar
  64. Castoriadis C (1975) L’ institution imaginaire de la societé. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. Open Google Scholar
  65. Cinyabuguma M/Page T/Putterman L (2005) Cooperation under the threat of expulsion in a public goods experiment, Journal of Public Economics (89): 1421–1435. Open Google Scholar
  66. Coase RH (1937) The Nature of the Firm, Economica (4): 386–405. Open Google Scholar
  67. Coleman J (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  68. Collins H (2009) The Weakest Link: Legal Implications of the Network Architecture of Supply Chains, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.), Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 187–210. Open Google Scholar
  69. Collins H (2011) Introduction to Networks as Connected Contracts, in: Teubner G (ed.), Networks as Connected Contracts. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 1–72. Open Google Scholar
  70. Collins H/Ewing KD/McColgan A (2012) Labour Law. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  71. Comfort L (1994) Self-Organization in Complex Systems, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (4/3): 393–410. Open Google Scholar
  72. Cronk L/Leech B (2013) Meeting at Grand Central: Understanding the Social and Evolutionary Roots of Cooperation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
  73. Davies P/Worthington S (2016) Gower’s Principles of Modern Company Law, 10th Ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar
  74. Deakin S/Adams Z (2019) Markesinis and Deakin’s Tort Law, 8th Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  75. Dekkers R (2017) Applied Systems Theory, 2nd Ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  76. Demsetz H (2002) Toward a Theory of Property Rights II: The Competition between Private and Collective Ownership, Journal of Legal Studies: 653–672. Open Google Scholar
  77. Depenheuer O (2010) Artikel 14, in: Mangoldt H/Klein F/Starck C (Hrsg.) GG Kommentar zum Grundgesetz, Bd. 1, 6. Auf. München: Franz Vahlen Verlag: 1313–1503. Open Google Scholar
  78. Deutsch M (1975) Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice?, Journal of Social Issues (31): 137–149. Open Google Scholar
  79. Deutsch M (2011) Cooperation and Competition, in: Coleman P (Ed.), Conflict, Interdependence and Justice, The Intellectual Legacy of Morton Deutsch. New York: Springer: 23–40. Open Google Scholar
  80. Dross W (2012) Droit des biens. Paris: Montchrestien – Lextenso éditions. Open Google Scholar
  81. Druey JN (2009) The Difficult Legal Access of Networks, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.) Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 88–99. Open Google Scholar
  82. Dukeminier et al (2010) Property, 7th Ed. New York: Aspen Publishers / Wolters Kluwer. Open Google Scholar
  83. Eggertsson T (2003) Open Access versus Common Property, in: Anderson T/McChesney F (eds.), Property Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 73–89. Open Google Scholar
  84. Eisenberg M (2018) Foundational Principles of Contract Law. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  85. Elder-Vass D (2010) The Causal Power of Social Structures: Emergence, Structure and Agency. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  86. Elder-Vass D (2016) Profit and Gift in the Digital Economy. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  87. Elster J (1992) Local Justice. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  88. Emerson R (2017) An International Model for Vicarious Liability in Franchising, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (50/2): 245–295. Open Google Scholar
  89. Enspiral (2016) Enspiral Handbook, in: GitBook (repository). Available at: https://www.gitbook.com/book/enspiral/enspiral-handbook/details (accessed: March 2021). Open Google Scholar
  90. Esser H (1999) Soziologie, Allgemeine Grundlagen, 3. Auf. Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag GmbH. Open Google Scholar
  91. Exner A/Kratzwald B (2012) Solidarische Ökonomie & Commons. Wien: Mantelbaum. Open Google Scholar
  92. Faust F (2016) Digitale Wirtschaft – Analoges Recht: Braucht das BGB ein Update?, in: Ständigen Deputation des Deutschen Juristentages, Verhandlungen des 71. Deutschen Juristentages. München: C.H. Beck: A9-A92. Open Google Scholar
  93. Fehl K/van der Post D/Semmann D (2011) Co-evolution of behaviour and social network structure promotes human cooperation, Ecology Letters (14): 546–551. Open Google Scholar
  94. Fici A (2013) An Introduction to Cooperative Law, in: Cragona D/Fici A/Henry H (eds.), International Handbook of Cooperative Law. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 3–64. Open Google Scholar
  95. Fikentscher W/Heinemann A (2017) Schuldrecht, 11. Auf. Berlin: De Gruyter. Open Google Scholar
  96. Fletcher G (1996) Basic Concepts of Legal Thought. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  97. Flume W (1983) Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, B. I/2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  98. Flume W (1992) Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, Bd. II, 4. Auf. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  99. Frank R (2010) Microeconomics and Behavior, 8th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Open Google Scholar
  100. Frankel T (2011) Fiduciary Law. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  101. Fu et al (2008) Reputation-based partner choice promotes cooperation in social networks, Phys Rev E 78: 026117. Open Google Scholar
  102. Furubotn E/Richter R (2011) Institutions & Economic Theory, 2nd Ed. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Open Google Scholar
  103. Gächter S/Herrmann B (2006) Human cooperation from an economic perspective, in: Kappeler P/Schaik C (eds.), Cooperation in Primates and Humans. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 279–301. Open Google Scholar
  104. Gadamer H-G (1975) Wahrheit und Methode, 4. Auf. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar
  105. Gaier R (2019) § 314, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. III, §§ 311–432, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  106. Gardner A/Griffin A/West S (2009) Theory of Cooperation, in: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0021910. Open Google Scholar
  107. Garnsey P (2007) Thinking about Property. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  108. Germain M/Magnier V (2017) Les sociétés commerciales, 22e éd. Issy-les-Moulineaux: LGDJ, Lextenso éditions. Open Google Scholar
  109. Giesler JP (2016) Franchising und Schuldrecht, in: Giesler JP/Nauschütt J (Hrsg.), Franchiserecht, 3. Auf. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag: 298–494. Open Google Scholar
  110. Giesler JP/Nauschütt J (2016) Einleitung, in: Giesler JP/Nauschütt J (Hrsg.), Franchiserecht, 3. Auf. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag: 1–32. Open Google Scholar
  111. Giotitsas C/Ramos J (2017) A new model of production for a new economy. The New Economics Foundation. Open Google Scholar
  112. Gold A (2019) The Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty, in: Criddle E (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law. Oxford: OUP: 384 – 403. Open Google Scholar
  113. Gold A (2016) Accommodating Loyalty, in: Miller P/Gold A (Ed.), Contract, Status and Fiduciary Law. Oxford: OUP: 187–212. Open Google Scholar
  114. Goldberg (2012) Introduction: Pragmatism and Private Law, 125 Harvard Law Review: 1640–1663. Open Google Scholar
  115. Gordley J (2012) The functional method, in: Monateri (Ed.), Methods of Comparative Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar: 107–119. Open Google Scholar
  116. Gordon HS (1954) The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery, Journal of Political Economy 62 (2): 124–142. Open Google Scholar
  117. Gottwald P (2019) § 328, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. III, §§ 311–432, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  118. Gould SJ (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge Massachusetts, London England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  119. Graeber D (2001) Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value. New York: Palgrave. Open Google Scholar
  120. Graziadei M (2006) Comparative Law as the Study of Transplants and Receptions, in: Reimann M/Zimmermann R (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law. Oxford, New York: OUP: 441–475. Open Google Scholar
  121. Greenan et al. (2002) Introduction: The Puzzling Relations between the Computer and the Economy. In: Greenan N/L’Horty Y/Mairesse J (eds.), Productivity, Inequality and the Digital Economy – A transatlantic Perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 1–16. Open Google Scholar
  122. Greenstein S (2000) The Evolving Structure of Commercial Internet Markets, in: Brynjolfsson E/Kahin B (eds.), Understanding the Digital Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 151–184. Open Google Scholar
  123. Grundmann S (2011) Contractual Networks in German private law, in: Cafaggi F (Ed.), Contractual Networks, Inter-Firm Cooperation and Economic Growth. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing: 111–162. Open Google Scholar
  124. Grundmann S/Cafaggi F/Vettori G (2013) The Contractual Basis of Long-Term Organization – The Overall Architecture, in: Grundmann S/Cafaggi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 3–38. Open Google Scholar
  125. Grundmann S/Micklitz H-W/Renner M (2015) Privatrechtstheorie – eine Einführung, in: Grundmann S/Micklitz H-W/Renner M (Hrsg.), Privatrechtstheorie, Bd. I. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck: 1–38. Open Google Scholar
  126. Guest AG (2017) Implied terms, in: Beale HG (Ed.), Chitty on Contracts, Vol. I, 32nd Ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar
  127. Hadfield G (1990) Problematic Relations: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts, Stanford Law Review (42): 927–992. Open Google Scholar
  128. Hall P (1997) The role of Interests, Institutions, and Ideas in the comparative economy of the industrialized nations, in: Lichbach M/Zuckerman A (Ed.), Comparative Politics, Rationality, Culture and Structure. Cambridge: CUP: 174–207. Open Google Scholar
  129. Hardin G (1968) The Tragedy of the Commons, Science (162): 1243–1248. Open Google Scholar
  130. Hardin G (1994) The tragedy of the unmanaged commons, Trends Ecol Evol 9 (5): 199. doi: 10.1016/0169–5347(94)90097–3. Open Google Scholar
  131. Harke JD (2010) Allgemeines Schuldrecht. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  132. Hart HLA (1997) The Concept of Law, 2nd Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  133. Hart HLA (1954) Definition in Theory and Jurisprudence, LQR (70): 37–60. Open Google Scholar
  134. Hauert et al (2002) Volunteering as Red Queen Mechanism for Cooperation in Public Goods Games, Science (296): 1129–1132. Open Google Scholar
  135. Heap S/Varoufakis Y (2004) Game Theory. 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  136. Heclo H (1994) Ideas, Interests, and Institutions, in: Dodd L/Jillson C (Ed.), The Dynamics of American Politics, Approaches and Interpretations. London and New York: Routledge: 366–391. Open Google Scholar
  137. Heenen J (1973) Partnership and Other Personal Associations for Profit, in: International Association of Legal Science, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Conard A (Ed.), Vol. XIII, Ch. 1, Business and Private Organizations. New York: Oceana: 1–97. Open Google Scholar
  138. Heermann PW (2009) The Status of Multilateral Synallagmas in the Law of Connected Contracts, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.), Networks: legal issues of multilateral co-operation. Oxford, Portland: Hart Pub: 103–118. Open Google Scholar
  139. Helfrich S (2012) Gemeingüter sind nicht, sie werden gemacht, in: Helfrich S/Heinrich Böll Stiftung (Hrsg.) Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag: 85–91. Open Google Scholar
  140. Helfrich S/Bollier D (2012) Commons als transformative Kraft. Zur Einführung, in: Helfrich S/Heinrich Böll Stiftung (Hrsg.) Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag: 15–23. Open Google Scholar
  141. Heller M (1999) The Boundaries of Private Property, Yale Law Journal (108): 1163–1223. Open Google Scholar
  142. Herrmann E (2013) Kernstrukturen des Sachenrechts. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar
  143. Hess C/Ostrom E (2007) Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons, in: Hess C/Ostrom E (eds.), Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 3–26. Open Google Scholar
  144. Hess-Fallon B/Simon A-M (2005) Droit Civil, 8e Ed. Paris: Dalloz. Open Google Scholar
  145. Hitt L/Brynjolfsson E (2002) Information Technology, Organizational Transformation, and Business Performance, in: Greenan N/L’Horty Y/Mairesse J (eds.) Productivity, Inequality and the Digital Economy – A transatlantic Perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 55–91. Open Google Scholar
  146. Holland J (1998) Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford, New York: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  147. Holmström B/Roberts J (1998) The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited, The Journal of Economic Perspectives (12): 73–94. Open Google Scholar
  148. Hondius E (2004) Towards a European Civil Code, in: Hartkamp et al (Ed.), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd Ed. Nijmegen: Ars Aequi Libri, Kluwer Law International: 3–20. Open Google Scholar
  149. Honoré AM (1968 [1961]) Ownership, in: Guest AG (Ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence. London: OUP: 107–147. Open Google Scholar
  150. Horsey K/Rackley E (2019) Tort Law, 6th Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  151. Hutter M/Teubner G (1993) The Parasitic Role of Hybrids, JITE (149): 706–715. Open Google Scholar
  152. Isaeva V (2022) Self-Organization at Different Levels of Metazoan Complexity in Comparative Genomic-Phenomic Context, in: Dambricourt Malassé A (Ed.), Self-Organization as a New Paradigm in Evolutionary Biology. Cham: Springer: 119–160. Open Google Scholar
  153. Jackson M (2008) Social and Economic Networks. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
  154. Jensen HJ (1998) Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behavior in Physical and Biological Systems. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  155. Johnson D (2003) Social Interdependence: Interrelationships Among Theory, Research and Practice, American Psychologist: 934–945. Open Google Scholar
  156. Johnson J (2004) Collaboration, Peer review and Open Source Software. Cornell University working paper available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=535022 (accessed: May 2023). Open Google Scholar
  157. Jones C/Hesterly W/Borgatti S (1997) A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms, The Academy of Management Review: 911–945. Open Google Scholar
  158. Junker A (2020) Grundkurs Arbeitsrecht, 19. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  159. Kalss S/Nowotny C/Schauer M (2008) Österreichisches Gesellschaftsrecht. Wien: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung. Open Google Scholar
  160. Kasper et al (2017) Genetics and developmental biology of cooperation, Molecular Ecology: 4364–4377. Open Google Scholar
  161. Kennedy D (2000) From the Will Theory to the Principle of Private Autonomy: Lon Fuller’s “Consideration and Form”, 100 Columbia Law Review: 94–175. Open Google Scholar
  162. Kitcher P (1993) The Evolution of Human Altruism, The Journal of Philosophy (90): 497–516. Open Google Scholar
  163. Kleene S (1952) Introduction to Mathematics. Amsterdam/Groningen: North-Holland Publishing Co/ P. Noordhoff N.V. Open Google Scholar
  164. Kling R/Lamb R (2000) IT and Organizational Change in Digital Economies: A Sociotechnical Approach, in: Brynjolfsson E/Kahin B (eds.) Understanding the Digital Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 295–324. Open Google Scholar
  165. Kornilakis A (2016) The Social Cooperative Enterprise in Greece. A Vehicle for the Social & Solidarity Economy, European Company Law: 23 – 26. Open Google Scholar
  166. Kornilakis A (2017) Report from Greece: The New Law on Social Enterprises in Greece, European Company Law: 206 – 210. Open Google Scholar
  167. Kornilakis A (2020) On the Legal Structure of Digital Commons, European Company Law: 148–155. Open Google Scholar
  168. Kornilakis A (2023) Biological populations, cooperation mechanisms and distributive justice, JBRT 30:2, https://doi.org/10.26262/jbrt.v30i0.9245 (accessed: August 2023). Open Google Scholar
  169. Kostakis V/Roos A (2018) New Technologies Won’t Reduce Scarcity, but Here’s Something That Might, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2018/06/new-technologies-wont-reduce-scarcity-but-heres-something-that-might (accessed: June 2023). Open Google Scholar
  170. Kostakis et al (2018) The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases, Journal of Cleaner Production (197): 1684–1693. Open Google Scholar
  171. Kostakis et al (2015) Design Global, manufacture local: Exploring the contours of an emerging productive model, Futures (73): 126–135. Open Google Scholar
  172. Laloux F (2014) Reinventing organizations. Nelson Parker. Open Google Scholar
  173. Landemore H (2012) Collective Wisdom, in: Landemore H/Elster J (eds.), Collective wisdom: Principles and Mechanisms. New York: CUP: 1–10. Open Google Scholar
  174. Landes D (2003) The Unbound Prometheus. Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd Ed. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  175. Lando O/Beale H (2000) Principles of European Contract Law. The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International. Open Google Scholar
  176. Lange K (1998) Das Recht der Netzwerke. Heidelberg: Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft GmbH. Open Google Scholar
  177. Larenz K (1975) Methodenlehre der Rechtswissenschaft, 3. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  178. Larenz K/Wolf M (2004) Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 9. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  179. Lawson FH/Rudden B (2002) The Law of Property, 3rd Ed. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  180. Lerner J/Tirole J (2005) The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(2): 99–120. Open Google Scholar
  181. Lessig L (2002) The Future of Ideas. New York: Vintage Books. Open Google Scholar
  182. Lessig L (2006) Code. Version 2.0. New York: Basic Books. Open Google Scholar
  183. Levine P (2007) Collective action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons, in: Hess C/Ostrom E (eds.), Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 247–275. Open Google Scholar
  184. Li A/Horvath S (2007) Network neighborhood analysis with the multi-node topological overlap measure, Bioinformatics: 222–231. Open Google Scholar
  185. Lindenfors P (2017) For Whose Benefit? The Biological and Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG. Open Google Scholar
  186. Löwisch M/Feldmann C (2013) § 311, in: Staudinger Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch. Berlin: Sellier – de Gruyter. Open Google Scholar
  187. Luhmann N (1984) Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt am Main: Schurkamp Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  188. Luhmann N (1993) Das Recht der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Schurkamp Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  189. Macneil I (1974) The Many Futures of Contract, 47 S. Cal. L. Rev.: 691–816. Open Google Scholar
  190. Malaurie P/Aynés L (2005) Les Biens, 2e Ed. Paris: Editions juridiques associées. Open Google Scholar
  191. Malaurie P/Aynés L/Stoffel-Munck P (2017) Droit des Obligations, 9e Ed. Issy-les-Moulineaux: LGDJ. Open Google Scholar
  192. Mandelbrot B (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. W.H. Freeman: San Francisco. Open Google Scholar
  193. Martin JA/ de Lope J/Maravall D (2009) Adaptation, anticipation and rationality in natural and artificial systems: computational paradigms mimicking nature, Nat Comput (8): 757–775. Open Google Scholar
  194. Masclet D (2003) Ostracism in work teams: a public good experiment, International Journal of Manpower (27): 867–887. Open Google Scholar
  195. Mason A/Stephenson D (2018) American Constitutional Law, 17th Ed. New York, London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  196. Matthews B (2017) Precarity, globalism and resistance in emergent collectivism: The case of Enspiral, Global Media Journal, Australian Edition, available at: https://www.academia.edu/33447713/Precarity_globalism_and_resistance_in_emergent_collectivism_The_case_of_Enspiral (accessed: May 2023). Open Google Scholar
  197. Mayr E (1988) Towards a new philosophy of biology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  198. Melis A/Semmann D (2010) How is human cooperation different?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B: 2663–2674. Open Google Scholar
  199. Ménard C (2004) The Economics of Hybrid Organizations, JITE (160): 345–376. Open Google Scholar
  200. Ménard C (2005) A New Institutional Approach to Organization, in: Ménard C/Shirley M (eds.), Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Dordrecht: Springer: 281–318. Open Google Scholar
  201. Merill T/Smith H (2010) The Oxford Introductions to U.S. Law: Property. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  202. Michaels R (2006) The Functional Method of Comparative Law, in: Reimann M/Zimmermann R (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law. Oxford; New York: OUP: 339–382. Open Google Scholar
  203. Micklitz H-W (2015) Recht als Produkt, in: Grundmann S/Micklitz H-W/Renner M (eds.), Privatrechtstheorie, Bd. II. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck: 1723–1741. Open Google Scholar
  204. Milinski M (2006) Reputation, personal identity and cooperation in a social dilemma, in: Kappeler P/Schaik C (eds.), Cooperation in Primates and Humans. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 265–278. Open Google Scholar
  205. Miller D (1995) Complex Equality, in: Miller D/Walzer M (eds.), Pluralism, Justice, and Equality. Oxford: OUP: 197–225. Open Google Scholar
  206. Mitchell M (2009) Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford; New York: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  207. Mitchell S (2009) Unsimple Truths: Science, Complexity and Policy. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Open Google Scholar
  208. Mobus G/Kalton M (2015) Principles of Systems Science. New York: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  209. Morris C (Ed.) (1992) Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  210. Möschel W (1986) Dogmatische Strukturen des bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehrs, AcP (186): 187–236. Open Google Scholar
  211. Müller-Graff PC (1974) Rechtliche Auswirkungen einer laufenden Geschäftsverbindung im amerikanischen und deutschen Recht. Karlsruhe: VVW GmbH. Open Google Scholar
  212. Müller-Graff PC (1985) Long-Term Business Relations: Conflicts and the Law, JITE (141): 547–557. Open Google Scholar
  213. Nicolis G / Prigogine I (1977) Self-Organization in Nonequillibrium Systems. Wiley-Interscience: New York. Open Google Scholar
  214. Nowak M (2006) Five rules for the evolution of cooperation, Science: 1560–1563. Open Google Scholar
  215. Nowak M/Highfield R (2011) Super Cooperators. New York: Free Press. Open Google Scholar
  216. Nowak M/Tarnita C/Antal T (2010) Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (365): 19–30. Open Google Scholar
  217. Odlyzko A/Tilly B (2005) A refutation of Metcalfe's Law and a better estimate for the value of networks and network interconnection. Available at: http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/metcalfe.pdf (accessed: June 2023). Open Google Scholar
  218. Olson M (1971) The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  219. Orbel J/Dawes R (1993) Social Welfare, Cooperators’ Advantage, and the Option of Not Playing the Game, American Sociological Review (58): 787–800. Open Google Scholar
  220. Ostrom E (1990) Governing the Commons. New York: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  221. Ostrom E (2010) Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems, The American Economic Review (100): 641–672. Open Google Scholar
  222. Ostrom E/Hess C (2007) A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons. In: Hess C/Ostrom E (eds.) Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 41–81. Open Google Scholar
  223. P2P Foundation (2017) Commons Transition and P2P: a primer. Transnational Institute. Available at: http://commonstransition.org/commons-transition-p2p-primer (accessed: March 2023). Open Google Scholar
  224. P2P Foundation (2017b) Enspiral. Available at: http://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Enspiral (accessed: November 2022). Open Google Scholar
  225. Parsons T (1951 [2005]) The Social System. Abingdon: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  226. Pasderski E/Dornbusch D (2016) Franchising und Gesellschafts- und Konzernrecht. In: Giesler JP/Nauschütt J (Hrsg.), Franchiserecht, 3. Auf. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag: 564–589. Open Google Scholar
  227. Payne J/Bettman J (2007) Walking with the Scarecrow: The Information processing Approach to Decision Research, in: Koehler D/Harvey N (eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment & Decision Making. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing: 110–132. Open Google Scholar
  228. Pazaitis A (2020) Breaking the Chains of Open Innovation: Post-Blockchain and the Case of Sensorica, Information (11): 104, https://doi.org/10.3390/info11020104 (accessed: August 2023). Open Google Scholar
  229. Pazaitis A/De Filippi P/Kostakis V (2017) Blockchain and value systems in the sharing economy: The illustrative case of Backfeed, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, available at: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016//j/techfore.2017.05.025 (accessed: October 2022). Open Google Scholar
  230. Pazaitis A/Kostakis V/Bauwens M (2017) Digital Economy and the rise of open cooperativism: the case of the Enspiral Network, Transfer: 1–16. Also available at: http://www.p2plab.gr/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Pazaitis_et_al_2017.pdf (accessed: March 2023). Open Google Scholar
  231. Peel E (2015) The Law of Contract, 14th Ed. London: Thomson Reuters. Open Google Scholar
  232. Perc M/Szolnoki A (2010) Co-evolutionary games – A mini review, Biosystems (99): 109–125. Open Google Scholar
  233. Poteete A/Janssen M/Ostrom E (2010) Working Together. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
  234. Powell W (1990) Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization, Research in Organizational Behavior: 295–316. Open Google Scholar
  235. Puranam P (2018) The Microstructure of Organizations. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  236. Queller D (1997) Cooperators since life began, Q. Rev. Biol. (72): 184–188. Open Google Scholar
  237. Rand D/Arbesman S/Christakis N (2011) Dynamic social networks promote cooperation in experiments with humans, PNAS (108), available at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1108243108 (accessed: November 2022). Open Google Scholar
  238. Rand D/Nowak M (2013) Human Cooperation, Trend in Cognitive Sciences (17): 413–424. Open Google Scholar
  239. Rand D et al (2009) Positive interactions promote public cooperation, Science: 1272–1275. Open Google Scholar
  240. Ranieri F (2012) Good Faith, in: Basedow J/Hopt K/Zimmerman R/Stier A (eds.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law. Oxford: OUP: 790–794. Open Google Scholar
  241. Rawls J (1973) A Theory of Justice. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  242. Rawls J (1993) Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Open Google Scholar
  243. Reed D (2001) The Law of the Pack, Harvard Business Review: 23–24. Open Google Scholar
  244. Renner K (1965 [1928]) Die Rechtsinstitute des Privatrechts. Stuttgart: Fischer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  245. Rey H (2007) Die Grundlagen des Sachenrechts und das Eigentum, 3. Auf. Bern: Stämpfli Verlag AG. Open Google Scholar
  246. Richards P (2017) Law of Contract, 13th Ed. Harlow: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  247. Ritzer G (2014) Prosumption: Evolution, Revolution, or Eternal return of the Same? Journal of Consumer Culture (14): 3–24. Open Google Scholar
  248. Ritzer G/Jurgenson N (2010) Production, Consumption, Prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital “prosumer”, Journal of Consumer Culture (10): 13–36. Open Google Scholar
  249. Rogers W (2010) Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort, 18th Ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar
  250. Rohe M (1998) Netzverträge – Rechtsprobleme komplexer Vertragsverbindungen. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar
  251. Röhl K (1992) Die Gerechtigkeitstheorie des Aristoteles aus der Sicht sozialpsychologischer Gerechtigkeitsforschung. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  252. Rose C (1986) The Comedy of the Commons: Commerce, Custom, and Inherently Public Property, U.Chi.L.Rev. (53): 711–781. Open Google Scholar
  253. Rubenstein et al (2011) Vicarious and other Franchisor Liability. Available at: http://www.franchise.org/sites/default/files/ek-pdfs/html_page/vicariousliability(1)_0.pdf (accessed: July 2022). Open Google Scholar
  254. Rubin P (1978) The theory of the Firm and the structure of the Franchise Contract, Journal of Law and Economics (21): 223–233. Open Google Scholar
  255. Runge C (1986) Common Property and Collective Action in Economic Development, World Development (14): 623–635. Open Google Scholar
  256. Saenger I (2013) Gesellschaftsrecht, 2. Auf. München: Verlag Franz Vahlen. Open Google Scholar
  257. Sanders A (2021) Vermögensbindung und „Verantwortungseigentum“ im Entwurf einer GmbH mit gebundenem Vermögen, NZG: 1573–1582. Open Google Scholar
  258. Sanders A (2022) Binding Capital to Free Purpose: Steward Ownership in Germany, ECFR (19): 622–653. Open Google Scholar
  259. Santos F/Pacheco J/Lenaerts T (2006) Cooperation Prevails When Individuals Adjust Their Social Ties, PLOS Computational Biology, e140: 1284–1291. Open Google Scholar
  260. Sawyer R (1999) The emergence of creativity, Philosophical Psychology 12 (4): 447–469. Open Google Scholar
  261. Sawyer R (2005) Social Emergence: Societies as Complex Systems. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  262. Schacherreiter J (2006) Das Franchise-Paradox. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar
  263. Schäfer C (2020) Vor § 705 – § 740, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. 7, §§ 705–853, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  264. Schaik C/Kappeler M (2006) Cooperation in primates and humans: closing the gap, in: Kappeler P/Schaik C (eds.), Cooperation in Primates and Humans. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 3–21. Open Google Scholar
  265. Schöne T (2023) § 705, in: Hau W/Poseck R (Hrsg.), BeckOK BGB, 65. Auf., https://beck-online.beck.de/Dokument?vpath=bibdata%2Fkomm%2Fbeckokbgb_65%2Fbgb%2Fcont%2Fbeckokbgb.bgb.p705.glii.gl3.glc.htm&pos=1&hlwords=on (accessed: April 2023) Open Google Scholar
  266. Schmidt K (2002) Gesellschaftsrecht, 4. Auf. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  267. Schmidt K (2014) Handelsrecht, 6. Auf. Köln-Berlin-Bonn-München: Karl Heymanns Verlag KG. Open Google Scholar
  268. Schmidt K (2018) vor § 343, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Handelsgesetzbuch, Bd. V, 4. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  269. Schmidt V (1992) Lokale Gerechtigkeit, Zeitschrift für Soziologie (21): 3–15. Open Google Scholar
  270. Schlager E/Ostrom E (1992) Property-Rights Regime and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis, Land Economics (68): 249–262. Open Google Scholar
  271. Schluchter W (2009) Grundlegungen der Soziologie, Bd. II. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar
  272. Schluep W (2003) Zusammengesetzte Verträge: Vertragsverbindung oder Vertragsverwirrung, in: Honsell H/Portmann W (Hrsg.), Aktuelle Aspekte des Schuld- und Sachenrechts: Festschrift für Heinz Rey zum 60. Geburtstag. Zürich: Schulthess: 285–306. Open Google Scholar
  273. Schubert C (2018) § 167, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. I, §§ 1–240, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  274. Schubert C (2022) § 242, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. II, §§ 241–310, 9. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  275. Schubert C (2021) § 164, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. I, §§ 1–240, 9. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  276. Schulte E (2014) France, in: Zeidman P (Ed.), Franchise in 30 Jurisdictions Worldwide, available at: http://www.franchise.org/sites/default/files/ek-pdfs/html_page/F2014-France_0.pdf (accessed: July 2021). Open Google Scholar
  277. Schweik C (2007) Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science, in: Hess C/Ostrom E (eds.) Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. Cambridge, Massachusetts/ London, England: The MIT Press: 277–309. Open Google Scholar
  278. Scott W.R. (2014) Institutions and Organizations, 4th Ed. Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore/Washington DC: SAGE Publications. Open Google Scholar
  279. Semmann D/Krambeck HJ/Millinski M (2003) Volunteering leads to rock-paper-scissors dynamics in a public goods game, Nature (425): 390–393. Open Google Scholar
  280. Sensorica (2013) Open Value Network: A framework for many-to-many innovation, available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iwQz5SSw2Bsi_T41018E3TkPD-guRCAhAeP9xMdS2fI/edit (accessed: October 2022). Open Google Scholar
  281. Sensorica (2013b) Reputation System, available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1U_SK1GlQUmLnDCpQGanxVnKmsdqoTHoEkwgAVkWJEXs/edit?hl=en_US (accessed March 2023). Open Google Scholar
  282. Sesorica (2015) Business model 3.0, available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VB_TBnIUstHb7XaYSawx81Bo6WWCkE9n2uv2r5o-xd8/edit# (accessed: October 2020). Open Google Scholar
  283. Sensorica (2017) The Roadmap v. 4, available at: https:// docs.google.com/document/d/1e3RJJH24cCDp0vnVTi5Qv8LcwUO7M4NSL92ZS17rHG8/edit (accessed October 2020). Open Google Scholar
  284. Sensorica (2018) About us. In: Sensorica Website. Available at: http://www.sensorica.co/home/about-us (accessed: March 2019). Open Google Scholar
  285. Sensorica (2020) OVN organizational structure, available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/10ytVGkt56a8gaWs64a6Ggj8Sg4WZqo6VDDK0GcH2Kvc/edit?hl=en# (accessed: October 2020). Open Google Scholar
  286. Sensorica (2020b) How to organize an event, available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tV4P7QflF4jPCK6vE538H4Erlr3hIKV13qk_CsoESrY/edit (accessed: November 2022). Open Google Scholar
  287. Shannon C (1948) A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, 27 (3): 379–423. Open Google Scholar
  288. Shearer J et al (2016) Why do policies change? Institutions, interests, ideas and networks in three cases of policy reform, Health Policy and Planning (31): 1200–1211. Open Google Scholar
  289. Siems M (2018) Comparative Law, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, New York: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  290. Simon H.A. (1955) A behavioral model of rational choice, Quarterly Journal of Economics (69): 99–118. Open Google Scholar
  291. Smith A (1776 [1994]) The Wealth of Nations. New York: The Modern Library, BK. V, Ch. I, Pt. III. Open Google Scholar
  292. Smith R (2014) Property Law, 8th Ed. London, New York: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  293. Smith S (2016) The Deed, Not the Motive, in: Miller P/Gold A (eds.), Contract, Status and Fiduciary Law. Oxford: OUP: 213–237. Open Google Scholar
  294. Soper CH (2020) Commercial expectations and cooperation in symbiotic contracts. London & New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  295. Sornette D (2006) Critical Phenomena in Natural Sciences. Chaos, Fractals, Selforganization and Disorder: Concepts and Tools, 2nd Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  296. Stewart N/Campbell N/Baughen S (2011) The Law of Unincorporated Associations. Oxford: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  297. Stiglitz J/Walsh C (2006) Principles of microeconomics, 4th Ed. New York: Norton. Open Google Scholar
  298. Stone R/Devenney J (2015) The Modern Law of Contract, 11th Ed. London and New York: Routledge-Cavendish. Open Google Scholar
  299. Summers R/McRoberts W/Goodhart A (2000) Rudolf von Jhering’s Influence on American Legal Theory, in: Summers R (Ed.), Essays in Legal Theory. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media: 21–42. Open Google Scholar
  300. Tapscott D (2015) The Digital Economy, 20th Anniversary Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Education. Open Google Scholar
  301. Tapscott D/Williams A (2008) Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio, Penguin Group. Open Google Scholar
  302. Teubner G (1991) Beyond Contract and Organization? The external liability of franchising systems in German law, in: Joerges C (Ed.), Franchising and the Law: Theoretical and Comparative Approaches in Europe and the United States. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. Open Google Scholar
  303. Teubner G (2001) Das Recht hybrider Netzwerke, ZHR (165): 550–575. Open Google Scholar
  304. Teubner G (2009) Coincidentia oppositorum: Hybrid Networks Beyond Contract and Organization, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.), Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 3–30. Open Google Scholar
  305. Teubner G (2011) Networks as Connected Contracts. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing. Open Google Scholar
  306. Teubner G (2013) ‘And if I by Beelzebub Cast out Devils, …’: An Essay on the Diabolics of Network Failure, in: Grundmann S/Cafaggi F/Vettori G (eds.), The Organizational Contract. London and New York: Routledge: 113–135. Open Google Scholar
  307. Toffler A (1980) The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow. Open Google Scholar
  308. Torggler U (2013) Gesellschaftsrecht, AT und Personengesellschaften. Wien: Verlag Österreich. Open Google Scholar
  309. Tourneau P (1990) Les professionnels ont-ils du coeur?, Dalloz 1990: 21–25. Open Google Scholar
  310. Turgeon N/Thai MTT/Epuran G (2014) OSH Start-ups’ Business Development Challenges: The case of SENSORICA from a Total Integrated Marketing Perspective, International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories: 135–145. Open Google Scholar
  311. Turing A (1936) On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (42): 230–265. Open Google Scholar
  312. Turniansky B/Hare A.P. (1998) Individuals and Groups in Organizations. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Open Google Scholar
  313. Varian H (2010) Intermediate Microeconomics, 8th International Student Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Open Google Scholar
  314. Vial J (2012) How is Enspiral structured? Available at: https://www.quora.com/How-is-Enspiral-structured (accessed: June 2023). Open Google Scholar
  315. Vial J (2016) Why I started Enspiral. Available at: http://joshuavial.com/category/enspiral (accessed: June 2023). Open Google Scholar
  316. Vieweg K/ Werner A (2018) Sachenrecht, 8. Auf. München: Verlag Franz Vahlen. Open Google Scholar
  317. Vincelles CA (2011) Linked Contracts under French law, in: Cafaggi F (Ed.), Contractual Networks, Inter-Firm Cooperation and Economic Growth. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing: 163–178. Open Google Scholar
  318. Vogelsang M (2010) Digitalization in Open Economies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  319. Wagner G (2020) Vor § 823, in: Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch, Bd. VII, §§ 705–853, 8. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  320. Walzer M (1983) Spheres of Justice. Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar
  321. Walzer M (1995) Response, in: Miller D/Walzer M (eds.), Pluralism, Justice, and Equality. Oxford: OUP: 281–297. Open Google Scholar
  322. Wang Z/Szolnoki A/Perc M (2013) Optimal interdependence between networks for the evolution of cooperation, Sci Rep. 2013; 3: 2470, doi: 10.1038/srep02470. PMID: 23959086; PMCID: PMC3747507. Open Google Scholar
  323. Watkins N et al (2016) 25 Years of Self-Organized Criticality: Concepts and Controversies, Space Sci Rev (198): 3–44. Open Google Scholar
  324. Weber J/Gover K (2013) Proprietary constitutionalism, in: Tushnet M/Fleiner T/Saunders C (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law. New York, London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  325. Weber R (1987) Rahmenverträge als Mittel zur rechtlichen Ordnung langfristiger Geschäftsbeziehungen, ZSR (106): 403–434. Open Google Scholar
  326. Weise P et al (2005) Neue Mikroökonomie, 5. Auf. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  327. Wellenhofer M (2009) Third Party Effects of Bilateral Contracts, in: Amstutz M/Teubner G (eds.), Networks. Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing: 119–136. Open Google Scholar
  328. West S/ Griffin A/ Gardner A (2007a) Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation, Current Biology (17): R661-R672. Open Google Scholar
  329. West S/ Griffin A/ Gardner A (2007b) Social Semantics: altruism, cooperation, strong reciprocity and group selection, Journal of Evolutionary Biology (20): 415–432. Open Google Scholar
  330. Westermann HP (2020) Vorbemerkung vor § 705, in: Erman BGB Kommentar, 16. Auf. Köln: ottoschmidt Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  331. Whittaker S (2017) Introductory, in: Beale HG (Ed.), Chitty on Contracts, Vol. I, 32nd Ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Open Google Scholar
  332. Whittaker S/Zimmermann R (2000) Good faith in European contract law: surveying the legal landscape, in: Whittaker S/Zimmermann R (eds.), Good Faith in European Contract Law. Cambridge: CUP. Open Google Scholar
  333. Wieling HJ (2006) Sachenrecht, Bd. 1, 2. Auf. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  334. Williamson O (1975) Market and Hierarchies. London: The Free Press. Open Google Scholar
  335. Williamson O (1979) Transaction-cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations, Journal of Law & Economics (22): 233–261. Open Google Scholar
  336. Williamson O (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York, London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  337. Williamson O (1991) Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives, Administrative Science Quarterly: 269–296. Open Google Scholar
  338. Williamson O (2005) The Economics of Governance, The American Economic Review (95): 1–18. Open Google Scholar
  339. Wilson E (1980 [1998]) Sociobiology. The Abridged Edition. Cambridge Massachusetts, London England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  340. Wimsatt W (2000) Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionism, Foundations of Science 5: 269–297. Open Google Scholar
  341. Wolf M/ Neuner J (2016) Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 11. Auf. München: CH Beck. Open Google Scholar
  342. Wolff M (1938) On the Nature of Legal Persons, LQR 54 (1938): 494-521. Open Google Scholar
  343. Worthington S (2006) Equity, 2nd Ed. Oxford, New York: OUP. Open Google Scholar
  344. Yoshida Z (2010) Nonlinear Science. The Challenge of Complex Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  345. Zumbroich J (2016) Die Außenhaftungsrisiken bei Franchissystemen, Produkt- und Produzentenhaftung, in: Giesler JP/Nauschütt J (Hrsg.), Franchiserecht, 3. Auf. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag: 495–522. Open Google Scholar
  346. Zweigert K/Kötz H (1996) Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung, 3. Auf. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Open Google Scholar

Similar publications

from the topics "European Law & International Law & Comparative Law"
Cover of book: Unbeabsichtigte Normenkonflikte zwischen EU-Recht und nationalem Recht
Book Titles No access
Yannis Ockernahl
Unbeabsichtigte Normenkonflikte zwischen EU-Recht und nationalem Recht
Cover of book: Der Volkseinwand
Book Titles No access
Florian Feigl
Der Volkseinwand
Cover of book: Wie fördert die EU Menschenrechte in Drittstaaten?
Book Titles No access
Dennis Traudt
Wie fördert die EU Menschenrechte in Drittstaaten?
Cover of book: Future-Proofing in Public Law
Edited Book No access
Nicole Koblenz LL.M., Nicholas Otto, Gernot Sydow
Future-Proofing in Public Law
Cover of book: Das Weltraumrecht und seine Eignung für den Rohstoffabbau durch Privatakteure
Book Titles No access
Justus Schmidt
Das Weltraumrecht und seine Eignung für den Rohstoffabbau durch Privatakteure

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via Open Athens
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex