Economically-dependent Workers as Part of a Decent Economy

Claudia Schubert

doi:10.17104/9783406792786

Zusammenfassung

Traditionally, labour law focuses on employment contracts. The legal analysis of the working world is based on the distinction between employees and self-employed. However, in addition to this traditional dichotomy, a significant number of European countries provide specific legal protection for so-called economically-dependent workers acknowledging thereby that there are workers, who are personally independent but nonetheless require social protection. This development has begun long before the digitalisation started blurring the boundaries of typical employment relationships. Still, recent developments have resulted in demands for the extension of labour laws to platform workers putting the topic on the agenda whilst in the past economically-dependent workers have played only a minor role in labour law developments. Wrongly, because their protection plays a vital role in creating a differentiated economy with adequate working conditions and a decent standard of social security for its various players. This book contains eleven country reports that outline the legal bases for the protection of economically-dependent workers in labour and social security law. In addition, a comparative analysis explores the characteristics of such workers and the regulatory models for their legal protection as well as pointing out protection gaps. Further contributions evaluate the impact of international law and European law on the legal protection of economically dependent workers and highlight the need for future developments.

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Bibliographische Angaben

Erscheinungsjahr: 2022
Erscheinungsdatum: 15.11.2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-406-76964-1
ISBN-Online: 978-3-406-79278-6
Verlag: C.H.BECK Recht - Wirtschaft - Steuern, München
Reihe: Beck International
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 306
Produkttyp: Sammelband

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten I - XXVI
1. I. The aim and the background of the present research project Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 3
2. 1. 1. Legal comparison Kein Zugriff
  2. 2. International law Kein Zugriff
  3. 3. European law Kein Zugriff
1. 1. I. ‘Economically-dependent workers’ as a category of work Kein Zugriff
  2. II. The legal position of economically-dependent workers from a labour law perspective Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Introduction – The development of and the basic principles of the Austrian social security system Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The different categories of the insured persons Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Values and interests in the early social security system Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. A shift in the approach Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Reforms for the extension of the social security protection Kein Zugriff
2. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The fundamental binary distinction Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. A border, but a permeable one Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Personal safety Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Economic security Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. The coverage of self-employed workers by the national social security system Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The financing of the social security system Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Complementary health insurance Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. ‘Unemployment benefits’ for the self-employed Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. New normative measures for some ‘gig workers’: private insurance and social charters Kein Zugriff
3. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The distinction between employees and economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The distinction between self-employed persons and economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Overview of the legal position of economically-dependent workers from a labour law perspective Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The social protection of the individual (life, health, physical integrity, and integrity of the person) Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The social protection of workers as economic actors Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Representation of workers Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Access to labour courts Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. The overview of the inclusion of employee-like persons in the statutory social security system Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Health insurance Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. (Statutory) accident insurance Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Pension insurance Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Unemployment insurance Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Summary Kein Zugriff
4. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The legislation Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The courts Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. No ‘Third Way’ Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Individual rights Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Collective rights Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Social security for economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
5. 1. 1. 1. The coordinated continuous collaborations Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The specific regulation of coordinated and continuous collaborations Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The general legal regulation of autonomous work (including coordinated and continuous collaborations) Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The special discipline of platform workers Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Autonomous workers’ and co.co.co-s’ collective rights Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Social security for economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
6. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. II. The rise of solo self-employment in the Netherlands Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Comprehensive protection for employees Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Meagre protection for solo self-employed workers Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Who is an ‘employee’? Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Who is a ‘solo self-employed worker’? Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The judicial practice of the Supreme Court: the holistic assessment Kein Zugriff
  5. 1. 1. A certain level of protection for solo self-employed workers under (certain) social security schemes Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The notion of ‘economically-dependent self-employed workers’ Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The quest to provide legal certainty only for the independent solo self-employed Kein Zugriff
  6. 1. 1. Collective bargaining and (the representation of) the solo self-employed Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The Dutch Competition Authority’s assessment of solo self-employed workers Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Minimum fees for solo self-employed workers who cannot be deemed to be undertakings Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Minimum standards for the solo self-employed workers who do qualify as undertakings? Kein Zugriff
  7. VII. Concluding remarks Kein Zugriff
7. 1. 1. 1. Legal dependence Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Employment contract and contract for services Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Economically-dependent work – a comparative overview Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The Employment Contract Act of 1969 Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The approaches in professional literature regarding Article 2 of the Employment Contract Act of 1969 Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Law No. 101/2009 Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. General overview Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Rights and obligations of the contracting parties Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Health and safety at work Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Professional qualification Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Remuneration Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Compensation in the case of the suspension or the reduction of the activity Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. Termination of the contract Kein Zugriff
    8. 8. Registration of homework Kein Zugriff
    9. 9. Inspection of homework Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. General overview Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Eventualities and contributions Kein Zugriff
  5. 1. 1. Economically-dependent workers under Portuguese law Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Social protection from a labour law perspective Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Social security for economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
8. 1. I. ‘Economically-dependent workers’ as a category of work Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The definition of ‘economically-dependent self-employed person’ Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The scope of labour law protection Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The identification of economically-dependent persons Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Social security for economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
9. 1. I. Abstract Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. A binary system: employees and self-employed persons Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. A subcategory of self-employed persons: TRADEs as economically-dependent selfemployed persons Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Individual rights Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Collective rights Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Social security for economically-dependent self-employed persons Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Health and safety regulations Kein Zugriff
  6. VI. Jurisdiction Kein Zugriff
  7. VII. Conclusion: the legislation applicable to economically-dependent self-employed persons is inadequate Kein Zugriff
10. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The concept of employee in labour law Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The concept of employee in social security legislation Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Dependent contractor’ as a subcategory of ‘self-employed’ Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Statutory labour legislation Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Collective agreements Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Unions and the organisation of economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The role of the courts Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Social security legislation Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The financing of the social security system Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Who is responsible for paying taxes and social contributions? Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
11. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. ‘False’ self-employment Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. ‘Worker’ in employment legislation Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Worker’ in equality law Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. ‘Worker’ in EU law Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Economic dependence Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Employment rights for workers Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Contributory benefits Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Non-contributory benefits Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Statutory sick pay Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
12. 1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. The definition of ‘employee’ or ‘employment contract’ as the point of departure regarding social protection Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Extending the scope of labour law through a broad notion of ‘employment relationship’ Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. ‘Economically-dependent worker’ as a legal category and its position in the legal systems examined Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Criteria for the definition of ‘economically-dependent worker’ Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Sui generis regulation or the selective extension of labour law Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The categories of social protection through labour law Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The satisfaction of economic needs and/or the removal of or the transfer of economic risks Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The reconciliation of family life and working life Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Health and safety at work Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. The protection of personal rights Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. Judicial and/or administrative safeguards Kein Zugriff
    8. 8. Collective bargaining and collective agreements as means of autonomous self-help Kein Zugriff
    9. 9. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Economically-dependent workers in the national social security systems Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Benefits from the social security scheme Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Contributions to the social security schemes Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Final conclusions Kein Zugriff
1. 1. I. Overview Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Constitutional and policy framework Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Background Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Instruments on home work Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Attempts to regulate ‘contract labour’ Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The Employment Relationship Recommendation Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Guidance on labour statistics Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Recommendation No. 204 addressing the ‘informal economy’ Kein Zugriff
    7. 7. The 2020 CEACR General Survey Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Freedom of association and collective bargaining Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Prohibition of forced labour and elimination of child labour Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Elimination of discrimination Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Standards on social protection Kein Zugriff
  6. VI. Standards applicable to particular categories of workers who may be economically dependent Kein Zugriff
  7. VII. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
2. 1. 1. 1. The development of the Charter Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The personal scope of the Charter and its Articles Kein Zugriff
  2. II. The means of the interpretation of the Charter Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Article 3: The right to safe and healthy working conditions Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Article 6 paragraph 2: The right to bargain collectively and to conclude collective agreements Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Article 7 paragraph 1: The right of children and young persons to protection – setting the minimum age of admission to employment at 15 years Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Article 8 paragraph 5: The right of employed women to protection of maternity – prohibition of work in underground mining and of all other work of dangerous, unhealthy or arduous nature Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Article 18 paragraph 3: The right to engage in a gainful occupation in the territory of other Parties – the liberalisation of the regulations governing employment Kein Zugriff
    6. 6. Article 19 paragraph 10:The protection of self-employed migrant workers Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusions Kein Zugriff
1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff Seiten 255 - 256
2. 1. 1. Lack of a legal definition of ‘economically-dependent worker’ Kein Zugriff
  2. 2. Freedom of movement for workers as a point of reference Kein Zugriff
  3. 3. Social protection for self-employed persons Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. a) Reference to national labour law Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Broad interpretation of EU law Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. The legal bases for future labour law directives Kein Zugriff
  2. 2. The potential content of new labour law directives Kein Zugriff
4. IV. Collective bargaining and the role of competition law Kein Zugriff Seiten 272 - 274
5. V. Conclusions Kein Zugriff Seiten 274 - 277
1. I. Introduction Kein Zugriff Seiten 277 - 278
2. 1. 1. Bogus self-employment or a separate group of self-employed persons in need of social protection Kein Zugriff
  2. 2. Alternative regulatory models Kein Zugriff
  3. 3. Protection against social dumping Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. Economically-dependent workers and their underdeveloped protection Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. a) A necessary step for the reconciliation of fundamental rights and competition law Kein Zugriff
    2. b) Restricting the notion of ‘undertaking’ in the context of Article 101 of the TFEU Kein Zugriff
    3. c) Extending the scope of the exemption provided for in Article 101 paragraph 3 of the TFEU Kein Zugriff
    4. d) Separate regulation on allowing collective agreements for economically-dependent workers Kein Zugriff
  3. 3. Minimum remuneration – legislative standards as a necessary measure Kein Zugriff
4. IV. Social protection for economically-dependent workers within a globalised economy Kein Zugriff Seiten 286 - 287
Bibliography Kein Zugriff Seiten 287 - 306

Economically-dependent Workers as Part of a Decent Economy

Zusammenfassung

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

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