WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

Wolfgang Weiß

doi:10.17104/9783406779343

Zusammenfassung

Weiß

WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

The book explores the impact of WTO law on domestic regulatory autonomy. It identifies and critically analyses the mechanisms working in WTO law that cause increasing interferences with domestic law and thus restrain the regulatory autonomy of the WTO members. The book proposes ways how WTO law be conceptualized to enhance the policy space of WTO members. Therefore, the book demonstrates the flexibilities in interpreting and applying WTO core principles and provisions and explores interpretive and institutional conceptions that could serve as a pathway of allocating greater policy leeway to WTO members. The analyses presented address the disturbing observation that even though WTO law appreciates the regulatory leeway of WTO members in several provisions across agreements, the WTO judiciary´s case law, but also other governance mechanism active in the WTO appear to narrow down the WTO members´ regulatory autonomy and to considerably limit the space for domestic policy choices. Wide spread, even scholarly perception of the WTO, and most recently the Trump administration blame the WTO, in particular its dispute settlement branch, for being biased towards free trade and unduly restraining even legitimate domestic policies, and voiding the domestic policy space needed for addressing societal concerns and global problems. A closer look at the development of GATT/WTO law, however, reveals that, in GATT era, panels were aware of the effect their interpretations had on domestic policy space, and that some of the more recent WTO dispute settlement reports show attempts to expand WTO member´s leeway again. These observations are the starting point for an in-depth analysis of the different mechanisms present in WTO law which impact on domestic regulation.

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Copyrightjahr: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-3-406-74410-5
ISBN-Online: 978-3-406-77934-3
Verlag: C.H.BECK Recht - Wirtschaft - Steuern, München
Reihe: Beck International
Sprache: Englisch
Seiten: 442
Produkttyp: Monographie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

KapitelSeiten

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis Kein Zugriff Seiten I - XIV
1. A. The Mission of this Book: Identifying the Determinants of the WTO’s Impact on Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff Seiten 1 - 4
2. B. Globalisation’s Challenges to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff Seiten 4 - 8
3. C. WTO Law Ambivalences with regard to Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff Seiten 8 - 15
4. D. Core message and structure of the book Kein Zugriff Seiten 15 - 17
1. 1. I. The Notion of Regulation Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Rationales for Regulation Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Instruments of Regulation Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Regulatory Convergence since the 1980s Kein Zugriff
2. 1. I. Legitimacy and Self-determination Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Non-Economic Policy Choices Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Constitutional Functions Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Regulatory Competition Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Reconciling International Regulation and Regulatory Competition? Kein Zugriff
3. 1. I. Peculiarities of Regulating Trade in Services Compared to Trade in Goods Kein Zugriff
  2. II. The Complexity of Regulating Services Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Consequences for the International Regulation of Trade in Services and its Drawbacks on Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. In Particular: GATS and Domestic Regulation Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
4. 1. I. Conceptualization of WTO Disciplines as an Allocation of Jurisdiction Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Interpretation of WTO law as Choice between the Country of Origin or the Country of Destination Principle Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Choices for the Interpretation of Core WTO Rules Kein Zugriff
5. E. Conclusion Kein Zugriff Seiten 46 - 49
1. A. The Usefulness of a comparison to the EU for an Analysis of the WTO Kein Zugriff Seiten 49 - 51
2. 1. I. Substantial and Progressing Transfer of Competences and Continuous Expansion of Secondary Law Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Dynamic and Purposive Conception of EU Competences, and Direct Effect of EU Law having Priority over Domestic Law Kein Zugriff
  3. III. From Fundamental Freedom Non-Discrimination to Bans against Any Impediment to Trade, and its Consequences (Mutual Recognition, Country of Origin Principle, Expansion of Justifications) Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Importance of Judicial Law-Making, and of the Substantial Role of the Individual in EU law Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Elements preserving the Regulatory Autonomy of EU Member States Kein Zugriff
3. 1. I. Limited Finality of the WTO Kein Zugriff
  2. II. WTO Poor Decision Making Structures, and their Consequences for the Role of the Judiciary Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Consequences of the WTO’s Institutional Structure: Negative Integration and Careful Interpretive Approaches Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. The Role of the Individual in WTO Law Kein Zugriff
4. D. Conclusion: Consequences for the further Development of the WTO’s legal matrix Kein Zugriff Seiten 75 - 79
1. A. Introduction Kein Zugriff Seiten 79 - 81
2. 1. 1. 1. The liberal model Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The governance model Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The coordinated interdependence model Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. WTO objectives according to the text Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Objectives in the subsequent treaty practice Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Institutional Changes corresponding to non-trade objectives Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Objection: Non-economic concerns as mere “exceptions”? Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. WTO non-trade objectives Kein Zugriff
  5. V. WTO’s object(ive) and purpose: Neither free trade nor deregulation, but trade liberalisation according to defined disciplines that balance conflicting interests Kein Zugriff
  6. 1. 1. Exceptions provide for WTO objectives, reflect the respect for regulatory heterogeneity and must not be interpreted narrowly Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Unbiased balancing does not privilege trade interests and makes way for deference to national concepts Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Objective Balancing considers Policies under Contemporary Circumstances Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Objective Balancing gives a Role to Non-WTO International Law Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. 1. Wide versus Narrow Conceptions of Non-Discrimination and Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The three basic Alternatives in Interpreting Non-Discrimination, and their Effect on Domestic Regulation Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The Elements of the Non-Discrimination Test and the Role of Likeness Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Interpretation of MFN non-discrimination Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. De facto discrimination Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Likeness Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Object and purpose of NT Non-Discrimination Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. National Treatment and Domestic Policies Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Concept of National Treatment (1): Fiscal National Treatment in Article III:2 GATT Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Concept of National Treatment (2): Regulatory National Treatment in Article III: 4 GATT, Article 2.1 TBT Agreement, and Article XVII GATS Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. Material Notion of Non-Discrimination and Likeness Distinctions based on PPMs Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Applying a Material Notion of Non-Discrimination within the Treatment Standard Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Neither a Ban against any Impediment to Trade, nor a Necessity or Reasonableness Standard Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Objections against a Material Non-Discrimination Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Burden of Proof Kein Zugriff
4. 1. I. Per se Prohibitions of Domestic Measures in Article XI GATT and Article XIV GATS and domestic regulatory autonomy Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Same Rationale, but different Tests Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Inconsistent Case Law on the Scope of Article III versus Article XI GATT Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. In particular: The Ad Note to Article III GATT and PPMs Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Delineating Articles XVI and XVII GATS in the same way as Articles III and XI GATT Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Objections against transferring the interpretive logic for the demarcation of Article III and XI GATT to Article XVI and XVII GATS Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Conclusion on the demarcation between Article XVI GATS and Article XVII GATS from the perspective of domestic regulatory autonomy Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusion: Conceptualising Market Access and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
5. 1. 1. 1. Exceptions: Confirming Regulatory Autonomy and Requiring a More Principled Reasoning Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The double-edged Structure of Exceptions: A Threat to Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Undue Restraints to Exception Provisions Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Expanding the Closed List of Regulatory Objectives in Justification Clauses Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Cross-Agreement Application of General Exceptions? Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. The notion of “necessary”: Less restrictiveness test or weighing and balancing? Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Conclusion: the Notion of “necessary” from the Perspective of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Burden of Proof Kein Zugriff
  5. V. The Chapeau as a unifying Necessity Test? Kein Zugriff
  6. VI. The Chapeau: The Final Litmus Test for Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  7. VII. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
6. F. Conclusion: Conceptualising Core Principles for the Benefit of Domestic Regulatory Autonomy, and Identifying the Determinants for the Impact of WTO Law Kein Zugriff Seiten 281 - 285
1. A. Restraining Regulatory Autonomy: Harmonisation, Standardisation, and Mutual Recognition Kein Zugriff Seiten 285 - 289
2. 1. I. The Confines of Non-Discrimination Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Disciplining Domestic Regulation by Rationality Requirements Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Disciplining Domestic Regulation by International Regulatory Conceptions Kein Zugriff
3. 1. 1. 1. “Use as Basis” is not “Conforming to” Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Which kind of Relationship then? Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Requirements for deviation Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Complying or Being Challenged, OR neither Complying nor Being Challenged? Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Minimum standards? Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Requirements for International Standards Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusion: Harmonisation by International Standards and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
4. 1. 1. 1. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Factors Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Flexibility in Methodology Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. The Requirement of Risk Assessment refers to Actual and Specific Risks Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: the WTO judiciary as final arbiter about issues of science Kein Zugriff
    5. 5. The Requirement of Risk Assessment: Considerable Incentive but no Obligation to comply with International Standards Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Determination of Appropriate Level of Protection Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Not More Trade Restrictive than Required: Article 5.6’s Necessity Test Kein Zugriff
  4. 1. 1. Preliminary Results: Risk Assessment and the Determination of the Level of Protection Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Scientific Requirements of Risk Assessment versus Diverse Approaches to Risks Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Standard of Review and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
5. E. Procedural Harmonisation Kein Zugriff Seiten 339 - 343
6. 1. I. Mutual Recognition and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  2. II. WTO Recognition Provisions Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Equivalence Recognition by virtue of Necessity Requirements? Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusion: Recognition Rules and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
7. 1. 1. 1. The normative value of Committee rules Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. WTO normative competences: Article 12.1 SPS Agreement as an enabling provision? Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Alternative Ways for Legal Relevance of Committee Acts Kein Zugriff
  2. 1. 1. Article VI:4 GATS and domestic sovereignty Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Elaborate disciplines Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Legal status of disciplines Kein Zugriff
8. H. Conclusion Kein Zugriff Seiten 371 - 377
1. A. Introduction Kein Zugriff Seiten 377 - 379
2. 1. I. Standard of Review and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Guidance on the Standard of Review in WTO provisions Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. Functions of the Standard of Review Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Reviewing Legal versus Factual Issues Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Allocation of Competence in Determining Facts Kein Zugriff
    4. 4. Consequences for the Standard of Review Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
3. 1. I. Burden of Proof versus Standard of Review Kein Zugriff
  2. II. Allocation of Burden of Proof in WTO law and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  3. 1. 1. WTO Judicial Practice Kein Zugriff
    2. 2. Burden of Proof and Categorisation of Norms Kein Zugriff
    3. 3. Critique of the Vital Importance of Categorisation Kein Zugriff
  4. IV. Enlarging Domestic Policy Space by Raising the Standard of Proof Kein Zugriff
  5. V. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
4. 1. I. Non-WTO International Law and Domestic Regulatory Autonomy Kein Zugriff
  2. II. The Role and Use of non-WTO International Law in WTO Judicial Practice Kein Zugriff
  3. III. Conclusion Kein Zugriff
Bibliography Kein Zugriff Seiten 423 - 442

WTO Law and Domestic Regulation

Zusammenfassung

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Bibliographische Angaben

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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